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2014-11-10
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Edgar Allan Poe's tales of the macabre and his balladic poetry were more influential in France than at home, but the romantic American novel developed fully with the atmosphere and melodrama of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850). Later Transcendentalist writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson still show elements of its influence and imagination, as does the romantic realism of Walt Whitman. The poetry of Emily Dickinson--nearly unread in her own time--and Herman Melville's novel MobyDick can be taken as epitomes of American Romantic literature. By the 1880s, however, psychological and social realism was competing with romanticism in the novel. The first great American writer of this period was Washington Irving, whose Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, first published in 1819, was a
Transcendentalism. Although the Am frontier was being pushed westward, Massachusetts and Virginia, the Puritan strongholds in the east, remained the centre of cultural activity. The Puritan heritage is clearly evident in the work of Nathaniel Hawthorne, who wrote about the conflict between the good and evil set in the dark, Puritan, New England past. In his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter he uses a mixture of fantasy and realism, symbols and allegories to explore one of his constant themes: the relationship between the individual and society. Herman Melville dedicated his greatest work, Moby Dick, to Hawthorne, in recognition of his friendship and the contribution he made in revising the first draft of the novel. When it first appeared, Moby Dick was described as a `wild and mad novel', but it was quickly recognised as an important development in the novel genre. The
These criminals are doing what nature, environment, their unconscious tells them to do. Naturalists do not judge their characters, they simply report. Try to describe facts like they are. Naturalists depict the lower, coarser forms of life. · Drab, squallid set of scene. Revolting, disgusting · Characters are people with strong animal desires · Neurotic characters unable to understand the forces that control them · By the end of the 18th century the naturalism depicts in europe, but stars to become the literature method no 1 in america · Naturalism appealed American authors because they found it very right to describe what was going on in the turn of century in America · They wanted something fresh, new · They were disgusted by romantics · Showed the harsh tone in moral life · Refleced the development of science · Period of intense urbanisation, the city is in the center of the novel, often
problems of the day; Tennyson's favourite themes were conflict of religion and science; wrote much about death and other morbid themes; Browning's works were full on monologues, psychological insight into man's motives and passions; Rossetti's works have medieval subjects and forms (like ballad) and dreamy melancholy; Hopkins focused on relationships with God 4. The Victorian novel and Charles Dickens · What kind of trend is literary realism? Literary realism is the accurate observation of individual problems and social relationships. · What were the main issues that the Victorian novel dealt with? The Victorian novel dealt with the economic and social changes that the Industrial Revolution had created, mass migration of workers to industrial towns(people lived in new urban slums), more radical changes in the 19th century, democratization resulting from extension of the franchise(valimisõigus), challenges to
American literature The literary history of this nation when the first humanbeing living in what has since become the U.S used language creatively. · Mid to late 18 century put down · Words are powerful, magical · Words must be remembered · Native Americans stories creation of the world · Attidude thought their land/language · Similar stories Dates and names · America was discovered in 1492 by Columbus · 1497 John Cabot went to Canada · 1579 San Fransisco/St. Fransis · 1607 Jamestown collony/John Smith · 1620 a boat called MayFlower · 1630 Boston was established · 1636 Harvard University · 1773 Boston Teaparty · 1775 War of Independence · 1776 4 July Declaration of Independence · First President George Washington Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus (1451
these powers. Many authors politically active (for instance Aldous Huxley). Much of the literature of the 1930s is very bleak and pessimistic. Topics: questions of class and sexual repression. The literature of the interwar period was extremely versatile – from modernist experimentation to realism, to propaganda, to conventional fiction, drama and poetry for the general market. Film – a great impact; the question of time.
psychiatrist, Septimus-afraid doctors will take his soul, throws himself out of the window, would not compromise his soul, siw wiliam comes to clarissa's party, society full of dangerous peple like sir wiliams. 9. English Literature of the 1930s-1950s. Aggravating political and economic situation in the 1930s-1940s. A turn in the mood, aesthetic programme, moral convictions and public taste. The Golden Age of crime fiction. The literature of `fair play'. Graham Greene. Realism and Existentialism. English Literature of the 1930s-1950s. Reception theory. Only the process of reading generates a meaning for a text. Reading connects reader and the text. A good degree of inderterminacy and gaps to make the connection possible. Gaps-places in a text- require reader's imagination, thinking ability. Allusions, symbols, metaphors, digression, rhetorical question, open endings. Balance is the key. Too many gaps in Modernist texts. Fiction as a way
· 1657 Martinus Hoffman, born in Tallinn (Reval), came to New York (New Amsterdam), started to work as a saddlemaker. · His great-granddaughter Cornelia Hoffmann (b. 1734) married Isaac Roosevelt, which makes her the great-great-grandmother of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, president of the US from 193345. · Hans Rebane = 1897 founded the first Estonian-language newspaper in the US Eesti Ameerika Postimees (published in NY until 1911) · 1898 founded an Estonian Lutheran congregation in NY (still exists today) 2. Signficant waves of migration from Estonia to the US in the 20th century, their reasons. *The failure of the 1905 Revolution: The first significant wave of immigration · Brought a strong Socialist contingent to the United States; led to the formation of many Estonian American Socialist and Communist organizations. * The 1920s30s:
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