Medieval literature Religious literature- mostly written in church languages(Latin, Greek, Old Slavic) Secular literature- written in vernacular languages as well 6th -15th century Anonymity Religious writing Liturgical writing-hymns, psalms Theological writing-aquinas, abelard etc Religious poetry Mystery plays-reenactment of bible stories Secular writing Troubadour writing:"courtly love", romance Epic poem(song of roland) Travel writing History writing-chronicles Allegory The use of symbols and analogy to convey a certain meaning /message Literary output of medieval English Anglo-saxon or Old English literature(7th century-1066)
All definitions of drug abuse imply a negative judgement of the drug use in question. Some of the drugs most often associated with this term include alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine and opium alkaloids. Use of these drugs may lead to criminal penalty. Other definitions of drug abuse fall into four main categories: public health definitions, mass communication and vernacular usage, medical definitions, and political and criminal justice definitions. Depending on the actual compound, drug misuse including alcohol may lead to health and social problems: such as injuries, unprotected sex, violence, deaths, vehicle accidents, homo and suicides and mortality. Drug abuse makes central nervous system effects, which produce changes in mood, levels of awareness or perceptions and sensations. Some drugs appear to be more likely to lead to uncontrolled use than others.
• he's somebody who understood that it was his youth that made him and maybe America what it was • one of the first authors to actually use the language of common people – spoken language has power • Life on the Missisippi (1883)- based on his own experience • The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) – based on his own childhood • The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) – begins as a sequel to 'Tom Sawyer' - Huck vernacular hero - there doesn't seem to much plot or structure, open story, open spirit - tension between laws of society and insticts - contrast between riverbank and river. Riverbank = fixed, social roles and concealed meanings, River = place of harmony, no clock time, wonder - possibility of human development - not a perfect book, but raises many significant questions about American life at a time etc.
Glaswegian Cromarty · Wales o Welsh English Ireland · Mid Ulster English · Hiberno-English o Dublin o Cork Isle of Man · Manx English Channel Islands · Guernsey English · Jersey English Malta · Maltenglish North America · American English (AmE, AmEng, USEng) o Cultural African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) Chicano English General American New York Latino English Pennsylvania Dutchified English Yeshivish Yinglish o Regional Northeastern dialects Boston English Hudson Valley English (Albany) Maine-New Hampshire English
ice. This era was known as the Ice Age. Population The populaion of Republic of Ireland is about three and a half million people and two offical languages English, and Gaelic, which is spoken by about half a million people. Economy **** Culture For an island of relatively small population, Ireland has made a disproportionately large contribution to world literature in all its branches, mainly in English. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century; Jonathan Swift, still often called the foremost satirist in the English language, was wildly popular in his day and remains so in modern times amongst both children and adults. The Irish tradition of folk music and dance is also widely known. In the middle years of the 20th century, as Irish society was attempting to modernise, traditional music tended to fall out of favour, especially in urban areas
Kaasaegsed arhitektuuristiilid ja esindajad 1. Vernakulaarne stiil (vernacular architecture) Vernakulaarne stiil on termin iseloomustamaks kohalikke ressursse ja traditsioone kasutavat ehitusstiili, mis ühtlasi vastab paiksetele vajadustele ja tingimustele. Kuna vernakulaarne stiil on pidevas muutumises ja aregus sõltuvalt keskkonnast ja kultuurist, kajastab ta endas palju kohalikku ajalugu. Ehituseks vajalikud teadmised on tihti puudulikud ja saadud kogemuste ning katse-eksitus meetodi teel. Üht
· The Wars of the Roses (1455 1485) the remaining French-speaking noblemen killed one another off! 1362 English becomes the language of Parliament and the courts of law. · 1485 end of the Wars of the Roses · 1500 turn of the century · 1533 Reformation (Henry VIII) · Individual responsibility before God, no need for the mediation of the (Roman Catholic) Church · Need for religious literature, particularly the Bible, in the vernacular the language of the native speakers (as opposed to Latin as a lingua franca) · Need for general literacy · Renaissance- Need for terminology and new (scientific, philosophical, etc) vocabulary in the vernacular The Great Vowel Shift was a major change in the pronunciation of the English language that took place in the south of England between 1450 and 1750. First studied by Otto Jespersen, who coined the term. The phonetic values of the long vowels form the main
kihtide või stiiliga, inimene tunneb ära ja oskab kategoriseerida, kes millisesse rühma kuulub; c) stereotüübid. Uurimismetoodika on juhuslik, inimesi valitakse igast sotsiaalsest grupist enam-vähem võrdselt. Labov uskus, et pole võimalik pelgalt ühe inimese keelekasutuse põhjal kindlaks määrata kõigi samasse gruppi kuuluvate inimeste kõnejooni. Uuritakse linnakeelt tavainimese poolt tavalistes situatsioonides kasutatav igapäevakeel ehk vernacular, mis on kõige vähem mõjutatud teistest allkeeltest ja korrektsusest. Stiilide määramine tuleneb sellest, kas inimene mõtleb sellele, mida ta räägib või ei, nt põllumees vs riigikogulane. Stiilid vabast ametliku vestluseni, madalama klassi inimesed kasutavad hüperkorrektsust tahetakse näidata, et nad kuuluvad kõrgemasse gruppi. Observer's paradox keeleuurimise eesmärk on uurida, kuidas inimesed kõnelevad, kui neid ei jälgita
Later, during the Spanish missions in Texas, the Spanish and Mexican cuisines blended in Texas and, over time, became known as Tex-Mex. Today, the term refers not only to the cuisine but sometimes also to the music of Mexican-American people. y’all –The term came to use by 1879 as the U.S. dialect abbreviation of you all (“see you”), used as a plural second-person pronoun. It is commonly believed to have originated in the Southern United States, in association with African-American Vernacular English. However the term probably goes back to the Scots-Irish phrase “ye aw,” when Scots-Irish immigrants had settled in th U.S in the late 18th century. you bet – The term in the meaning of "be assured"came into use by 1857. An American phrase bet your bottom dollar was first cited in the La Crosse Independent Republican, September 1856. According to one theory, the phrase was commonly used in reference to the notorious gambling habits of the time
quite different tradition, so to say Eng poetry began with an end. But by contrast, the earliest monuments of English prose represent the true beginning of a tradition of written prose. But indeed the only work of prose which can claim a foothold of English literature is `Mandeville's Travels' and it's translated from the French. With the religious works bulk much larger and important writers are Thomas More, Jeremy Taylor, etc. The main tradition of vernacular prose began in England in late 800s with the Anglo-Saxon chronicle and with the group of translations made or inspired by the king himself. However, the best of Anglo-Saxon prose was produced a century later by the monks Wulfstan and Ælric, who left a large number of writings devoted to the exposition of Christian faith. That includes homilies and Saint's Lives. It is now believed that these monks were responsible for developing the form of written English known as Late West Saxon
The Hymn itself was composed between 658 and 680, recorded in the earlier part of the 8th century Middle English Geoffrey Chaucer 13431400 Known as the ,,Father of English literature", the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages An author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, diplomat Wrote The Book of the Duchess, the House of Fame, the Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde Best known today for "The Canterbury Tales" Crucial figure in developing the legitimacy of the vernacular, Middle English, at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French Modern English William Shakespeare 26 April 1564 23 April 1616 The Elizabethan Era English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's most important dramatist ,,England's national poet" Early plays in 1590's were mostly comedies (The Taming of the Shrew, The Merchant of Venice..)
known as Gaelic Games. All GAA players, even at the highest level, are amateurs and receive no wages. Golf is a popular sport in Ireland and golf tourism is a major industry. Culture Literature and the arts For an island of relatively small population, Ireland has made a disproportionately large contribution to world literature in all its branches, mainly in English. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century; Jonathan Swift, still often called the foremost satirist in the English language, was wildly popular in his day and remains so in modern times amongst both children and adults. Music and dance The Irish tradition of folk music and dance is also widely known. In the middle years of the 20th century, as Irish society was attempting to modernise, traditional music tended to fall out of favour, especially in urban areas
America's pop culture America's pop culture is the music, movies, television. It doesn't really reflect the true culture of American people. We all know The Simpsons, Mickey Mouse, Elvis Presley, Superman, Indiana Jones, Madonna and South Park because America has exported them to other countries. Nowadays ofcourse spreads American culture the Internet and TV. Pop culture is Heavily influenced by mass media (at least from the early 20th century on) and perpetuated by that culture's vernacular language, this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of the society. America's pop culture is widely spread into Europe, but not very much into the East countries, because India has Bollywood and it is as huge as Hollywood. Of course America has stolen some ideas from other countries, like Japan, where there are very many TV shows and comedy shows. Pop culture is meant for the masses. Pop music is a wide variety of styles which
3. Indulge- rahuldama, järele andma, vaba voli andma 4. Various- mitmekesine, mitmesugune, erinevus 5. Bother- tüütama, tüli tegema, tülitama 6. Tap- kergelt koputama, toksama, toksima 7. Inclined- kallutama, painutama, kummardama, kalduma 8. Affect- harrastama, eelistama, teesklema, mõjutama, tabama Lk 37 1. Grudge- mitte hea meelega andma, pahaks panema, mitte raatsima 2. Predisposition- eelsoodumus, kalduvus 3. Instantly- silmapilkselt, otsekohe, jalamaid 4. Vernacular- kohalik, pärismaine 5. Expect- ootama, lootma 6. Interfere- sekkuma, vahele segama, häirima 7. Amply- avaralt, rohkesti, küllaselt 8. Overlook- üle vaatama, üle paistma, valama 9. Intuitive- intuitiivne 10. Glimpses- välgatus, vilgatus 11. Afford- lubama, võimaldama, esile tooma Lk 38 1. Lightly- kergelt, kergesti, kergemeelselt 2. Tread- astuma, sammuma, tallama 3. Shallow- madal, pinnapealne, pealiskaudne 4. Consumerism- tarbijaõigus 5
class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscripts. Increased literacy and a growing body of secular vernacular literature encouraged the representation of secular themes in art. With the growth of cities, trade guilds were formed and artists were often required to be members of a painters' guild--as a result, because of better record keeping, more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous; some artists
material with different speech styles, the recording consisted of two stages: `Quick and Anonymous' Survey (elicitation tasks a passage of prose and a word reading list) and sociolinguistic interviews of 2 to 3 informants with the fieldworker. Finally, six speakers' data were analysed auditorily in two phases. The outcomes suggest that the variety used in Basildon displays the characteristics of Cockney, rather than Estuary English: "there appears to be a case for claiming that the vernacular is simply 'Cockney moved East'" (Fox 2000). Therefore, it is tempting to disagree that ex-Londoners accommodated in terms of language to speakers of traditional dialects by adopting what some people now call `Estuary English', but this situation may have been one of the many contributory factors in the gradual process of the establishment of Estuary English. Altendorf 1997: London Project (1) Altendorf's study was conducted in London. The adolescent informants, born and
Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky, a poet, playwright, essayist, translator and contemporary to Antiokh Kantemir, also found himself deeply entrenched in Enlightenment conventions in his work with the Russian Academy of Sciences and his groundbreaking translations of French and classical works to the Russian language. A turning point in the course of Russian literature, his translation of Paul Tallemant's work Voyage to the Isle of Love, was the first to use the Russian vernacular as opposed the formal and outdated Church-Slavonic. This introduction set a precedent for secular works to be composed in the vernacular, while sacred texts would remain in Church-Slavonic. However, his work was often incredibly theoretical and scholarly, focused on promoting the versification of the language with which he spoke. While Trediakovsky's approach to writing is often described as highly erudite, the young
Rahvausundit iseloomustab heterogeensus, ebaloogilisus, vastuolulisus Seostiub etniliste traditsioonide ja folgiga Oluline on silmas pidada, mis ajastu rahvausundit kirjeldame. 19nda sajandi rahvausundis elasid kõrvuti jumal, vaimud jm müütilised olendid. Rahavausundiga seotud mõisted Rahvausund o Kui kõrgerligiooni rahvapärased ja eeldsed vormid. o Kui elatud usk ja kogemus o Kui alternatiivne maailmapilt Rahvapärane usund (vernacular religion) Ebausk määratus, mis esitatud kõrgreligiooni seisukohalt (vrd paganlus) Muinasusund ei ole rahvausund. Tunnuslikkus elava rahvausundi kohta Kesksel kohal üleloomulik kogemus Võtted kuidas üleloomulikuga kontakti saada ja sel viisil oma elu elu muuta (maagia Eesti folklooris on rahvausundi põhiallikateks usundiline muiste (vt juurde slaidilt) Rahvaluule lühivormid Aines ja uurimine Arhiveerimise ülesanne on konserveerida ja säilitada lühivorme.
arusaamade alusel), varieeruv (uute tähenduste loomine pidevas loomisprotsessis), horisontaalne (liigub inimeselt inimesele). Rahvausundit iseloomustab heterogeensus, ebaloogilisus, vastuolulisus; seostub etniliste traditsioonide ja folklooriga. Mõlemat ühendavad pärimuse kandjad. 42. Mille poolest erineb vernakulaarse usundi mõiste varasemast rahvausundi mõistest? Leonard N. Primiano: rahvapärane/vernakulaarne usund (ingl. k. vernacular religion): Rahvausundi ja kõrgreligiooni vastandamine on õigeusu rahvapäraste ja lokaalsete tõlgenduste uurimiseks sobimatu, sest rahvausundi mõiste eksotiseerib ja marginaliseerib oma uuritavat; selles kajastuvad võimusuhted, normatiivne ja hierarhiline mõõde. Paremini sobib "elatud usundi" mõiste, mis võimaldab jälgida religioossust nii, nagu seda praktiseeritakse, kogetakse ja väljendatakse inimeste igapäevaelus.
Kvantitatiivne sotsiolingvistika kasutab informantide valikul juhuvaliku meetodit. Valitakse inimesi igast sotsiaalsest grupist ja püütakse teha nii, et igal inimesele oleks potentsiaalselt sama suur võimalus sattuda informandiks. Tekstide kogumisel on oluline väide, et lingvistilised hüpoteesid ja teooriad peavad põhinema tavaliste inimeste poolt igapäevastes sotsiaalsetes kontekstides kasutatavate keelevariantide vaatlusel ja analüüsil. Selliseid keelevariante nimetatakse vernacular variety. Vernakulaar on mingi keeleühiskonna kohalik (indigenious) variant. See on dialekt, mis pole rahvuskeel või normikeel (standard variety) või lingua franca. See on stiil, mis on seotud argiste/informaalsete kontekstidega. Uurimine on kvantitatiivne, sest inimesed kasutavad väga harva ainult ühte või teist varianti. Tavaliselt kasutavad nad teatud määral ühte ja teatud määral teist. Selle taga on ka
Alliteration and assonance could be used to strenghten this effect. Another option: Miltonic blank verse. Dramatic change in prose style, sought concision and clarity (John Locke’s writings). Analogy for new style mathematics. Former complexity (typical to the Restoration wits and scholars) gave way to more factual prose. Simple positive style, exact reflection of the new scientific and rational outlook of the Enlightenment. Vernacular literature. More people went to school. Imitation of classical models (Homer, Cicero, Virgil, Horace). In verse, tight heroic couplet, in prose essay and satire predominant forms. Qualities of order, clarity, and stylistic decorum. Represented in Pope’s Essay on Criticism. Insist that nature is the true model and standard for writing. Nature for Augustans: a rational and comprehensive moral order in the universe. 20. The Grand Tour and its impact on British culture
The number of Baltic German students increased in Halle, the centre of German Pietism. One of the leaders of the movement, August Hermann Francke, also dispatched Pietist pastors to fill the numerous teaching posts at Estonian church and town schools left vacant by the Northern War. Pietism stressed individual religious experience and encouraged the faithful to read the Bible themselves. The Pietists thus strove to develop the Estonian language and religious literature. The full vernacular Bible appeared in 1739. The translators tried to eliminate the vast difference between the `country language' and `church language'. The Bible translation became the basic text that regulated the written Estonian language for more than a century. Despite its enormous impact on the development of the Estonian language, individualistic Pietism found a direct response primarily among the German-speaking clergy and nobility.
mereandidele ja kalaroogadele. Tammevaadis laagerdunud veinid panevad õla alla ka linnulihast ja metslindudest valmistatud toitudele. Vernaccia di San Gimignano valge kuiv vein Toscanast. Vernaccia di Serrapetrona kergelt gaasiline punavein Marche piirkonnast. Vernaccia di Oristano Sardiinias valmistatav kangestatud serri tüüpi vein. Vernaccia di Cagliari Sardiinia valge kuiv vein. Kõik need pole valmistatud Vernaccia viinamarjast, vaid tulenevad sõnast vernacular (algupärane). Veine kutsuti Vernacciaks ja Vernageks. Seda sõna kasutatasid veinikaupmehed keskajal ning sellest ka erinevad Vernaccia'd. Viognier Rhone'i oru väga kvaliteetne valge marjasort, mida kasvatatakse Põhja- Rhone'is Condrieu's ja Chateau Grillet's täidlaste, samas elegantse happe ja värskete ürtide aroomiga valgete veinide valmistamiseks. Veinid on mahlase happega, maitses on vihjeid küpsetele puuviljadele ja pehmetele vürtsidele
Whitman is concerned with cataloguing the new America he sees growing around him. Just as America is far different politically and practically from its European counterparts, so too must American poetry distinguish itself from previous models. Thus we see Whitman breaking new ground in both subject matter and diction. In a way, though, Whitman is not so unique. His preference for the quotidian links him with both Dante, who was the first to write poetry in a vernacular language, and with Wordsworth, who famously stated that poetry should aim to speak in the "language of ordinary men." Unlike Wordsworth, however, Whitman does not romanticize the proletariat or the peasant. Instead he takes as his model himself. The stated mission of his poetry was, in his words, to make "[a]n attempt to put a Person, a human being (myself, in the latter half of the 19th century, in America) freely, fully, and truly on record
David Ehrenfeld has pointed out that biology departments no longer hire faculty in such areas as systematics, taxonomy, or ornithology. In other words, important knowledge is being lost because of the recent overemphasis on molecular biology and genetic engineering, which are more lucrative, but not more important, areas of inquiry. We still lack the the science of land health that Aldo Leopold called for half a century ago. It is not just knowledge in certain areas that we're losing, but vernacular knowledge as well, by which I mean the knowledge that people have of their places. In the words of Barry Lopez: "[I am] forced to the realization that something strange, if not dangerous, is afoot. Year by year the number of people with firsthand experience in the land dwindles. Rural populations continue to shift to the cities.... In the wake of this loss of personal and local knowledge, the knowledge from which a real
the way they go here. And, because worlds differ among themselves in respect of their component facts, of course the truth of a given sentence depends on which world we are considering. This affords a new version of the idea of a sentence's truth condition. The sentence is true in some possible circumstances and not in others. Which, in Truth-Condition Theories: possible worlds and intensional semantics 127 the vernacular of possible worlds, is to say that the sentence is true in some worlds and not in others. When two sentences have the same truth condition, they will be true in just the same circumstances, in just the same worlds. When they differ in truth condition, that means there will be some worlds in which one is true but the other is false, so they will not be true in just the same worlds. As a first approximation, then, let us take a sentence's truth
Sleepless in Seattle "Vogler was the genius behind The Writer's Journey, which should be on the shelf o f every screenwriter. Studies classical m y t h o l o g y and its use in moviemaking for stories." — Fade In M a g a z i n e 1 9 9 6 (From Article " T h e Top 1 0 0 People in H o l l y w o o d You N e e d to Know") " T h e Katzenberg m e m o has joined the show-biz vernacular. But there's another, lesser-known Disney m e m o whose influence arguably exceeded Katzenberg s. T h i s seven-page m e m o distills myth-master Joseph Campbell's storytelling theories into an algorithm for screenplays." — Los Angeles Times M a g a z i n e , 1 9 9 4 " T h e current industry bible ... — Spy M a g a z i n e , H o l i d a y Issue, 1 9 9 7
annaabi.ee 
