Electrical drives and power electronics TESTS · The synchronous machines are associated with the names of Ferraris · Name the scientists who first studied electrical phenomena Coulomb · The DC machines are associated with the names of Jacobi Henry · The leading companies in the world market of electrical drive engineering are Mitsubishi · · The electromagnetic torque is born in air gap · What kind of drives the majority of drive systems present low accuracy · The induction machines are associated with the names of Dolivo-Dobrovolsky Tesla · One of the first eletrical motors has been built by Jacobi · Electromagnetic efficiency is measured in tesla · Time constants are measured by ms s hours · Who is the author of the first electrical motor Henry · Which rectifier cannot be built without a transformer 3-phase midpoint · Call the benefits of 3-phase rectifiers upon the 1-phase ones output voltage
3. Quiz on Electrical Drive Motors and Models 1. What types of motors have the single-sided excitation? -(linear) synchronous 2. What types of motors have the dc excitation? - 3. What types of motors have the permanent magnet excitation? -synchronous, DC 4. What types of motors have the dc supply? -DC, synchronous 5. What types of motors have the slip rings? -induction 6. What types of motors are the brushless motors? -DC, synchronous 7. What orthogonal reference frames do you know? -(,)stator; (d,q)rotor;(x,y)arbitrary 8. What natural reference frames do you know? -3 phase 9. What stationary reference frames do you know? -stator 10. Write the frequency equilibriums that you know. -induction:w1=w2+w12;synchronous:w1=w12;DC:w2=-w12 11. What is the result of the mutual motion of the stator and rotor windings? -torque??? 12
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering Report on laboratory work 1 on General Course of Electrical Drive SENSORLESS DRIVE POWER FLEX (ALLEN BRADLEY) Jüri Lina 666BMW Group M16 Variant 2 Tallinn 2014 1. Functional Diagram 2. Tables of observations Task Operation/Record Observation 1 Reverse the motor speed. How long Time to reverse was 16 does the motor reverse
225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn, MA 01801-2041 Tel: 781-904-2500 Fax: 781-904-2620 For information on all Newnes publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.newnespress.com 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface ix Introduction xi 1 System Design 1 Dynamic Range 1 Calibration 2 Bandwidth 5 Processor Throughput 6 Avoiding Excess Speed 7 Other System Considerations 8 Sample Rate and Aliasing 11 2 Digital-to-Analog Converters 13 Analog-to-Digital Converters 15 Types of ADCs 17 Sample and Hold 26 Real Parts 29 Microprocessor Interfacing 30 Serial Interfaces 36 Multichannel ADCs 41 Internal Microcontroller ADCs 41 Codecs 42 Interrupt Rate 43 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers 43
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering Report on laboratory work 4 on General Course of Electrical Drive INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE (LUCAS-NÜLLE) Jüri Lina 666BMW Group M16 Variant 2 Tallinn 2014 1. Functional Diagram Nameplate data: Loading Machine SO3636- VDE 0530 IP:5 Is.KL: 6V 4 F U: 390V I: 4,4 A 4Nm/1.7k cos: W
Microcontroller homework for week 12 1. Three different stepper motors (illustrations on page 162-163): · permanent-magnet, · variablereluctance, · hybrid. The VR stepper has a soft iron rotor with teethand a wound stator. As current is applied to two opposing stator coils, the rotor is pulled into alignment with these twocoils. As the next pair of coils is energized, the rotor advances to the next position. The permanent magnet (PM) stepper has a rotor with alternating north and south. As the coils are energized, the rotor is pulled around. This figure shows a single coil to illustrate the concept, but a realstepper would have stator windings surrounding the rotor. The PM stepper has more torque than an equivalent VR stepper. The hybrid stepper essentially adds teeth to a permanent magnet motor,resulting in better coupling of the magnetic field into the rotor and moreprecise movement. In a hybrid stepper,
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering Report on laboratory work 3 on General Course of Electrical Drive SERVO DRIVE (FESTO) Jüri Lina 666BMW Group M16 Variant 2 Tallinn 2014 1. Functional Diagram Component list: PC with Wmmemoc software SEC-AC-305 controller MTR-AC-55 servo motor with encoder External 24VDC power supply unit Test stand with slide and limit switches 4. Tables of observations
Contents Air cleaner element renewal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Fuel filter renewal - fuel injection engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Alternator drivebelt check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Hinge and lock check and lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Automatic transmission fluid level check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Idle speed and mixture adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Automatic transmission selector mechanism check . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Ignition system components check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Battery check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Ignition timing check - models with contact breaker distributor . . .14 Brake components check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Power dissipation refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operational. Question 2 Output Code = 001111012 Voltage LSB = 0.0195 V Question 3 1010111011011002 Question 4 VE = 0.01484375 V Question 5 13 Bit ADC Question 6 Question 7 A) tU = 400 µs B) td = 1000 µs (1 ms) Question 8 A) -85 dB B) -82 dB C) -84 dB Question 9 A) Sparkle codes / metastability, high power consumption, large size, expensive. B) Speed limited to ~5Msps. May require anti-aliasing filter. C) Slow Conversion rate. High precision external components required to achieve accuracy. D) Higher order (4th order or higher) - multibit ADC and multibit feedback DAC. Question 10 A) SAR B) ± 0.4 LSB C) 1.4 ms D) 8.4 us Question 11 VO = 3,925 V Question 12 VO = 5,67 V Question 13 Resolution = 65536 bits (64K) Question 14 1. Resolution 2. Offset Error 3. Gain Error 4. Monotonicity 5
Ticket No1 1)The characteristic is called output characteristic or volt-ampere charateristic of a Rectifier Diode. 2)Rectifier Diode. 3) A is called Anode and C is called Cathode. An Anode has positive potential and therefore collects electrons in the device. Cathode has negative potential and therefore emits electrons to anode. The symbol looks like an arrow that ponts from the anode to the cathode, and reminds that conventional current flows easily from the p side(anode) to the n side(cathode). BIASING. Forward biasing. If the current in a diode is too large, excessive heat will destroy the device. Even approaching the burnout current value without reaching it can shorten its life. Therefore manufacturer's data sheet specifies the maximum forward current, that diode can withstand. This average current IF is the rate a diode can handle up to the forward direction when used as a rectifier
phase? 𝑡𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 = (𝑉𝑖𝑛 ∙ 𝑡𝑢𝑝 )/ −𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 0,001 = 1𝑚𝑠 The run-down phase takes 1 ms. Question 8 What is the typical performance in terms of THD at a frequency of 500 kHz of: a) MAX1200 pipeline ADC. -85dB b) MAX1201 pipeline ADC. -85dB c) MAX1205 pipeline ADC. -84dB Question 9 Name two disadvantages of: a) Flash ADC - expensive, high power consumption b) SAR ADC - speed is limited, needs anti-aliasing filter c) Dual-slope ADC -slow conversion, expensive external components required (high accuary components) a) Sigma Delta ADC -multibit ADC and multibit feedback DAC – higher order Question 10 Find the following for the built-in ADC in the PIC18F45K20: a) Architecture - SAR(Succesive Approximation Register) b) Differential linearity - +- 0.4 LSB c) Minimum acquisition time – 1.4ms d) Minimum conversion time – 8
segregated into various spaces. The engine room is one of these spaces, and is generally the largest physical compartment of the machinery space. The engine room houses the vessel's prime mover, usually some variations of a heat engine - diesel engine, gas or steam turbine. On some ships, the machinery space may comprise more than one engine room, such as forward and aft, or port or starboard engine rooms, or may be simply numbered. 1.1)Main engine The engine room of a motor vessel typically contains several engines for different purposes. Main, or propulsion engines are used to turn the ship's propeller and move the ship through the water. They typically burn diesel oil or heavy fuel oil, and may be able to switch between the two. There are many propulsion arrangements for motor vessels, some including multiple engines, propellers, and gearboxes. Large engines drive electrical generators that provide power for the ship's electrical systems.
electric car powered by sunlight is a solar car, and an electric car powered by a gasoline generator is a form of hybrid car. Thus, an electric car that derives its power from an on-board battery pack is a form of battery electric vehicle (BEV). Most often, the term "electric car" is used to refer to pure battery electric vehicles. What types electric cars we have Usual electric cars have a batterey and elecrtic motor jusr like toy cars. Hybrid vehicle Then we have already hybrid vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle, or better performance. Toyota prius Plug in hybrid
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each bit signal clocked onto SIPO register exactly 32 clock periods between each sample. transfer sequentially numbered frames(each containing an information field) across in data link frame secure communications through the use of user logins NRZI encoding (non-return to zero, inverted) · signal level changes for `0' doesn't change for `1' the data link. Requires connection setup prior to data transfer carry network layer data of any network layer protocol have the ability to measure the volume of traffic each `111...' results in no transitions `000..
little history and the recent advancements in railgun related science. 3 1. What a railgun basically is A railgun is an electrically powered electromagnetic projectile launcher and a large electric circuit, made up of three parts: a power source, a pair of parallel rails and a moving armature. Along the pair of parallel conducting rails a sliding armature is accelerated by the electromagnetic effects of a current that flows down one rail, into the armature and then back along the other rail. Railguns have long existed as experimental technology but the mass, size and cost of the required power supplies have prevented railguns from becoming practical military weapons. However, in recent years, significant efforts have been made towards their development as feasible military technology. For example, in the late 2000s, the U.S. Navy tested a railgun that accelerates a 3
13 Bits Question 6. From Wikipedia Question 7. a) How long would it take for this ADC to complete the run-up phase? 400 µs b) How long would it take for this ADC to complete the run-down phase? 1 ms Question 8. What is the typical performance in terms of THD at a frequency of 500 kHz of: a) MAX1200 pipeline ADC. -85dB b) MAX1201 pipeline ADC. -85dB c) MAX1205 pipeline ADC. -84dB Question 9. Name two disadvantages of: a) Flash ADC Cost, high power demand b) SAR ADC Limited speed, requires anti-aliasing filter c) Dual-slope ADC Slow conversion, expensive components d) Sigma Delta ADC multibit ADC and multibit feedback DAC- higher order Question 10. a) Architecture SAR b) Differential linearity +- 0,4 LSB c) Minimum acquisition time 1,4 ms d) Minimum conversion time 8,4 us Question 11. A 10 bit DAC has a reference voltage of 5.12V. What is the output voltage for a binary input code of 11000100012? 3,925V Question 12
America is a nation on the move. About 28 percent of the energy we use goes to transporting people and goods from one place to another. Cars, vans, and buses are commonly used to carry people. Trucks, airplanes, and railroads can be used to carry people and freight. Barges and pipelines only carry freight. In 2005, 12 there were almost 239 million vehicles (cars, buses, and trucks) in the United States. That's more than three motor vehicles for every four people! Automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, and buses drove nearly 3.0 trillion miles in 2005. That's almost one-twelfth the distance to the nearest star beyond the solar system. It's like driving to the sun and back 13,440 times. Picture 2.11. Energy use for transportation Gasoline is used mainly by cars, motorcycles, and light trucks; diesel is used mainly by heavier trucks, buses, and trains
The period of waves is the time between two following wave crests over a fix point over the ground. @tper D = s The frequency f is the number of oscillating waves per second. It’s reciprocal is the period. 1 1 f= @fD = tper s The velocity v of a wave is defined as the speed over the ground. It is equal to the wavelength divided by the period. l m v= @vD = tper s The power of waves is given by rH O *g2 * h2 *tper W 2 P= @PD = 32 *p mcrl
Since the invention of the internal combustion engine, automotive engineers, speed junkies and racecar designers have been searching for ways to boost its power. One way to add power is to build a bigger engine. But bigger engines, which weigh more and cost more to build and maintain, are not always better. Another way to add power is to make a normal-sized engine more efficient. You can accomplish this by forcing more air into the combustion chamber. More air means more fuel can be added, and more fuel means a bigger explosion and greater horsepower
State as a physicist! Though it Magic (Sport Aviation, January craft normally make allowances for never became his profession, Alex 1990), a tiny 30 h. p. machine that builder variances, still there may be has continued to carry a torch for held the world's Class C-1.A/O 3 those who have a nagging uneasi- aviation throughout his life. While kilometer speed record for a time. ness about the integrity of the still a young engineer and glider Alex is also the author of several structures they have built. To those instructor in Yugoslavia, he books on the design of aircraft with people, Alex says that load testing designed and built an all-wood, tail- laminar flow characteristics (see their airframes is so straightfor- less glider, the S-1 . .
Hoop stress Variation Ring Bending Strain Design Life Creep Toxicity & Taint Stiffness Abrasion Resistance Chemical Resistance Ultraviolet Resistance Modulus Published as Strain rate & loading 2200MPa at 20ºC changes modulus (instantaneous) values Resin properties Value determined change modulus values by ASTM test Modulus affects Standard dog wavespeed in surge bone test events specimen Modulus important in Fixed strain rate buried pipeline design Modulus is needed to Modulus values at determine deflection other temperatures and buckling from and design life are design loads required for design Determination of Modulus
The supply system compresses, stores and supplies high-pressure air to the control system as well as to additional air operated auxiliary truck systems (gearbox shift control, clutch pedal air assistance servo, etc.). How airbags work The design is conceptually simple; a central "Airbag control unit"[14] (ACU) (a specific type of ECU) monitors a number of related sensors within the vehicle, including accelerometers, impact sensors, side (door) pressure sensors[15], wheel speed sensors, gyroscopes, brake pressure sensors, and seat occupancy sensors. When the requisite 'threshold' has been reached or exceeded, the airbag control unit will trigger the ignition of a gas generator propellant to rapidly inflate a nylon fabric bag. As the vehicle occupant collides with and squeezes the bag, the gas escapes in a controlled manner through small vent holes. The airbag's volume and the size of the vents in the bag are
University of Pennsylvania "It's about time this book was written. It is a long-overdue manifesto for the mobile lifestyle, and Tim Ferriss is the ideal ambassador. This will be huge." --Jack Can eld, cocreator of Chicken Soup for the Soul®, 100+ million copies sold "Stunning and amazing. From mini-retirements to outsourcing your life, it's all here. Whether you're a wage slave or a Fortune 500 CEO, this book will change your life!" --Phil Town, New York Times bestselling author of Rule #1 "The 4-Hour Workweek is a new way of solving a very old problem: just how can we work to live and prevent our lives from being all about work? A world of in nite options awaits those who would read this book and be inspired by it!" --Michael E. Gerber, founder and chairman of E-Myth Worldwide and the world's #1 small business guru "Timothy has packed more lives into his 29 years than Steve Jobs has in his 51." --Tom
Printed circuit board (PCB) - a thin, laminated sheet composed of a series of epoxy resin and copper layers and etched electronic circuits (signal, ground and power) Chipset (or core logic) - two or more integrated circuits which control the interfaces between the system processor, RAM, I/O devises, and adapter cards. Processor slot/socket - the slot or socket used to mount the system processor on the motherboard AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port - a high speed interface for video cards; runs at 1X (66MHz), 2X (133MHz), or 4X (266MHz). PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect - a high speed interface for video cards, sound cards, network interface cards, and modems; runs at 33MHz. ISA - Industry Standard Architecture - a relatively low speed interface primarily used for sound cards and modems; runs at approx. 8MHz. RAM - Random Access Memory - see System RAM Port (serial, parallel, PS/2, USB, sound, LAN, VGA, SCSI) - interface connectors for the
External marketing environment is divided into 4 different groups; socio-cultural, economic, technological and political factors. Internal marketing evironment is divided into 6 different groups; which are customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, employees and stakeholders. Also this assignment is provided with the SWOT analysis, where strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are examined. Mini Mini was at first manufactured by the Austin Motor Company Ltd. In 1957 Alec Issigonis was commissioned to develop a new type of small car. At the same year were the first sketches of Mini made and after that the Mini model is been created from wood and also the most important mechanical parts for Mini has been developed. Four years later the Mini hits the streets. In 1965 the first Mini with an automatic transmission enters the market and in 1969 Mini gets itself an own badge. In 1971 Mini was the best-selling British car in the world. 1994
abienergeetikaseade auxiliary powerplant abimehhanismid auxiliary machinery ahter stern aurulaev steamship, steamer auruturbiin steam turbine avariielektrijaam emergency generating set, stand-by generating set diiselgeneraator diesel generator, (diesel alternator ) (vahelduvvoolu ~ ) diiselmootor diesel engine ekspluatatsiooniline kiirus service speed, operating speed elektriline ülekanne electric transmission erimass specific weight esmane energiaallikas primary energy source gaasiturbiin gas turbine gaasiturbiinlaev gas turbine ship jõuseade power (generation) plant jäämurdja icebreaker kalapüügilaev fishing ship kasutegur effeciency kaubalaev cargo ship
-18 -20 U ac, V Figure 5. Volt-amphere characteristics, reverse biased Conclusion Multisim gave us a virtual diode with the idealized symmetrical output characteristic. This means that if the voltage drops across anode-cathode are bigger than the knee voltage, then the current increases rapidly. But if not, then only very small current occurs. In the reverse biased, the voltage across the diode could be large, but only a small current occurs. is obtained as 0,57V from figure 4, which is made by the data we can see from table 1. 2.2 Series clippers VD f = 9 kHz R = 96 k US = 10 V
that photographic plates stored in the dark near uranium were blackened like X-ray plates, which had been just recently discovered at the time 1895. It is energy released by the splitting (fission) or merging together (fusion) of the nuclei of atoms. The conversion of nuclear mass to energy is consistent with the mass-energy equivalence formula E = m.c², in which E = energy release, m = mass defect, and c = the speed of light in a vacuum. Nuclear chemistry can be used as a form of alchemy to turn lead into gold or change any atom to any other atom (albeit through many steps). Radionuclide (radioisotope) production often involves irradiation of another isotope (or more precisely a nuclide), with alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. Iron has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any atom. If an atom of lower
relative to the outside. This brief flare lasts about 1 millisecond and quickly subsides. The potential then returns to the resting state. This entire sequence of electrical evets is called the action potential. The all-or-none law: One point must be stressed. Size of the reaction is unaffected by the intensity of the stimulus, once the stimulus is a t threshold level or above. Increasing the stimulus value above this level will not increase the intensity of the action potential or affect its speed of conduction to other points in the fiber. This phenomenon is sometimes referred to as the allornone-law of neuron stimulation. The all-or-none law clearly implies that the stimulus does not provide the energy for the nervous impulse. It serves as a trigger and no more. Given that the trigger is pulled hard enough , pulling yet harder has no effec. Like a gun, a neuron either fires or does not fire. it knows no in-between.
01 µF. a) For Vin = 0.0836 V, fOUT= 100 Hz b) For Vin = 0.418 V, fOUT= 500 Hz c) For Vin = 0.836 V, fOUT= 1kHz Question 6 (10 marks) One of the reasons for using time/frequency based measurements in microcontroller systems is to be able eliminate ground loops. Explain the unwanted ground loop that may occur in an electrical scheme with the help of a figure. Solution: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_loop_(electricity) In an electrical system, a ground loop usually refers to a current, almost always unwanted, in a conductor connecting two points that are supposed to be at the same potential, often ground, but are actually at different potentials. Ground loops created by improperly designed or improperly installed equipment are a major cause of noise and interference in audio and video systems. They can also create an electric shock hazard, since ostensibly "grounded" parts of the equipment, which are often accessible to users, are not at ground potential.
the boundaries between the individual zones. In 1940, D. Philpot suggested to use columns with a density gradient of buffer solutions, and in the 50s years the method has been refined and was developed the device for electrophoresis in density gradient. However, the method was deficient, because after switching off the electric current, formed during electrophoresis zones have "blurred". Subsequent achievements in electrophoresis associated with the stabilization establishment of zones in the solid support medium. So, in 1950, as a solid carrier scientists began to use a filter paper, in 1955 it was proposed to use
4 lactose binds to repressor; 5 changes shape of protein molecule; 6 unable to bind (to operator); 7 RNA polymerase binds (at promoter) / transcription occurs / genes switched on; 8 AVP; e.g. production of lactose permease / production of beta- galactosidase; max 5 [5] 4. a change in the genetic material; unpredictable / AW; extra detail; e.g. addition / substitution / deletion / frame shift / small part of chromosome / may code for different protein / may code for no protein [2] 5. 1 mark max for general effect of mutations: mutation may give different, amino acid / primary structure; A ref stop codon
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