Aim Determining the identity of an unknown metal. Measurement of gas volume, calculations with gases based on reaction equations. Substances 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, 5,0...10,0 mg piece of a metal. Equipment Apparatus for measuring the volume of gas, measuring cylinder (25 cm 3), funnel, filter paper, thermometer, barometer and hygrometer. Experimental procedure 1. The experimental apparatus (Figure 1) consists of two burettes connected with a rubber hose (a), which is filled with water. One burette is connected to a test tube (b), in which the metal reacts with the acid. 2. Preparation for the experiment
q is calculated by the equation: μc = 6πηr , where q ion charge; η viscosity of the solution; r the radius of the ion Small highly charged particles have high mobility; large particles having a low charge, in contrast, have a low mobility. Moreover, the electrophoretic mobility is dependent on the pH of the solution. The electrophoretic mobility is shown in tables as a physical constant defined on complete dissociation of the electrolyte and extrapolation to infinite dilution. However, in practice it is often substantially different, because the socalled effective mobility, in many cases highly dependent on the pH and composition of the used buffer.
Aim of the work The determination of the concentrations of acid and base solutions through titration. Used compounds HCl solution with an unknown concentration. NaOH solution with a known accurate concentration, indicators phenolphthalein (ff/pp) and methyl red (mp/mr). Equipment Conical flasks (250 cm3), 2 burettes (25 cm3), pipette (10 cm3). Procedure A. Determining the concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution through titration 1. To determine the concentration of the acid solution take the NaOH solution with a known concentration (the standard solution) and pour it into the burette (α in figure 2.2). See that there are no air bubbles near the tip. Fill the burette until the 0-point of the scale. When measuring the level of the solution keep your eyes at the same level with the liquid level. The lower edge of the liquid level has to be at the 0 calibration mark (see figure 2.1).
insulator when reverse biased. 7) A power diode is more complicated in structure and operational characteristics than the small signal diode. The forward bias characteristic of the power diode is approximately linear, which means that the voltage drop is proportional to the omic resistance and to the current. The rated currents of power diodes are thousands of amperes and the area of the pn junction may be tens of square centimeters. In the case of power diode, the additional n- layer exists between these two layers, which is termed as a drift region. This layer can be quitewide for the diode. The wide lightly doped region adds significant ohmic resistance to the forward-biased diode and causes larger power dissipation in the diode when it is conducting current. Most of the power dissipation in a diode occurs in the forward-biased on-state operation. Real
form moodustama cooling water space jahutusvee ruum whereas kuna; kuna aga scavenge air space läbipuheõhu ruum (kolvialune ruum) piston rod stuffing box kolvisääre tihendikarp (tihend) double kahekordne hollow space õõnsus exhaust side väljalaske pool furthermore pealegi longitudinal piki- cooling oil jahutusõli CYLINDER LINER Liners are cast in pearlitic grey cast iron. Chromium plating of the internal surface can be carried out to reduce wear and corrosion. Chrome plated liners have extended life but the initial cost is greater. The upper end of the liner forms a flange to support it. The liner thickness must give strength to resist the internal gas load. Thickness may be reduced towards the lower end where pressures and temperatures are less. In the two-stroke engine (MAN B&W) the upper part of the cylinder liner is
1. (a) (i) gene length of DNA; codes for a (specific), polypeptide / protein / RNA; max 1 allele alternative form of a gene; found at a, locus / particular position on, a chromosome; max 1 (ii) assume allele refers to coat colour allele (coat colour) gene / alleles, only on X chromosome; A no (coat colour), gene / allele, on Y chromosome male cats, XY / only have one X chromosome; males have only one (coat colour) allele / cannot have two (coat colour) alleles; need black and orange alleles for tortoiseshell colour; 2 r r w w (b) parental genotypes C C × C C ; r w gametes C , C ; F1 genotypes and pheno
consistent with the mass-energy equivalence formula E = m.c², in which E = energy release, m = mass defect, and c = the speed of light in a vacuum. Nuclear chemistry can be used as a form of alchemy to turn lead into gold or change any atom to any other atom (albeit through many steps). Radionuclide (radioisotope) production often involves irradiation of another isotope (or more precisely a nuclide), with alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. Iron has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any atom. If an atom of lower average binding energy is changed into an atom of higher average binding energy, energy is given off. What is nuclear fusion? Nuclear fusion is the process by which multiple like- charged atomic nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus. It is accompanied by the release or absorption of energy. Iron and nickel nuclei have the largest binding energies per nucleon of all nuclei. The fusion of two nuclei
axisymmetric cases? 1.1 Vorticity is equal to the curl of the flow velocity. Vorticity is the tendency for elements of the fluid to "spin." Mathematically, vorticity is a vector field and is defined as the curl of the velocity field. w = curl (u ) = × u 1.2 Vorticity transport equation on the plane From the Navier-Stokes equation u 1 + u ( u ) = - p + g + v 2 u t We derive equation for two dimentional case on x-y plane (in the absence of gravity). x component: u u u 1 p +u +v =- + v 2 u t x y x (1.21) y component: v v v 1 p +u +v =- + v 2 u t x y y (1.22) Now differentiating 1.21in respect to y and 1.22 in respect to x, so we get: 2 u u u 2 u v u 2u 1 2 p u + +u + +v 2 = - + v 2
denudation. Most of the rocks have turned into sand. There are big sand deserts on the Western Plateau; the Great Desert and the Victoria Desert. In central Australia there are lowlands, covered with sedimentary rocks (settekivimid). The Great Dividing Range runs along the Pacific coast. The mountains are old and worn down. The Australian Alps are the highest of them. The highest top of Australia is Mount Kosciusko (2,2 km above sea level). Australian rocks are rich in gold, polymetallic ores, iron ore, copper, uranium. Much coal is mined in the sedimentary rocks of south-east. The greatest attraction in the Northern Territory is Uluru. It is a huge monolith rock, 862 metres above the sea level, rising out of the desert. The local Aborigines regarded it as a sacred site. No one is sure when the first Aborigines moved into the area but the best evidence suggests that it was at least 10000 years ago. The first graded road was built in 1948 on mount Uluru. Ayers Rock was
Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature. It has a pungent, distinct odor and may cause a burning sensation to the eyes, nose, and lungs at high concentrations. Formaldehyde is also known as methanal, methylene oxide, oxymethylene, methylaldehyde, and oxomethane. Formaldehyde can react with many other chemicals, and it will break down into methanol (wood alcohol) and carbon monoxide at very high temperatures. Formaldehyde is naturally produced in very small amounts in our bodies as a part of our normal, everyday metabolism and causes us no harm. It can also be found in the air that we breathe at home and at work, in the food we eat, and in some products that we put on our skin. A major source of formaldehyde that we breathe every day is found in smog in the lower atmosphere
Since the beginning of time, the goal of bridge builders has been to create as wide a span as possible which is commodious, firm, and occasionally delightful. Spanning greater distances is a distinct measure of engineering prowess. In terms of engineering, bridges are discussed by design or type (beam, arch, truss, cantilever, suspension, or moveable); length (usually expressed in terms of clear or overall span); and materials (stone, wood, cast and wrought iron, and what we use today - concrete and steel). The purpose of this contextual essay is to provide parameters of value and significance so that we can focus our attention on those bridges - globally - that best illustrate the history of bridge building, and to encourage their preservation. What is a World Heritage bridge? The World Heritage Committee states that to be of World Heritage status a monument or site must be of outstanding universal value. It must illustrate or interpret the
enough to produce the same effect. The barrel must withstand these conditions for up to several rounds per minute for thousands of shots without failure or significant degradation. These parameters are well beyond the state of the art in materials science for now. 1.3 How a railgun works The power supply is simply a source of electric current. Typically, the current used in medium- to large-caliber railguns is in the millions of amps. The rails are lengths of conductive metal, such as copper. They can range from 1.2 to 9 meters long. The armature bridges the gap between the rails. It can be a solid piece of conductive metal or a conductive sabot -- a carrier that houses a dart or other projectile. Some railguns use a plasma armature. In this set-up a thin metal foil is placed on the back of a non-conducting projectile. When power flows through this foil it vaporizes and becomes a plasma, which carries the current. Picture 1. Basic parts in a railgun Source: http://www
Maxwell created a new era of physics when he unified magnetism, electricity and light. One of the most significant events, possibly the very most significant event, of the 19th century was Maxwell's discovery of the four laws of electrodynamics ("Maxwell's Equations"). This led to electric power, radios, and television. 1763-1774 Pumping water from coal mines was a most difficult and expensive problem. The steam engine developed by James Watt during these years provided the solution. Watt's steam engine remained basically unchanged for the next century and its uses expanded to change the whole nature of industry and transportation. 1885-1950 Coal was the most important fuel. One half ton of coal produced as much energy as 2 tons of wood and at half the cost. But it was hard to stay clean in houses heated with coal. Late 1860's The steel industry gave coal a big boost. 1982 Coal accounted for more than half of the supply of electricity but little was used in homes.
Appendices to the report contain supporting information with the details needed by a reader who wishes to fully understand the design. While this document describes the general content and organization of a design report, some of the specifics (section headings, length, and format) may be determined by your project client. Before You Begin Some basics that you need to understand before starting to write the report. Definition: A design report documents the solution to a unique problem. Purpose: To communicate the solution to a problem. Audience: Anyone who has to implement your design, understand your design, or reference your design to solve their own problem. Typically, this is the project client. While the client may be familiar with the project, the report is still written as though the client is new to the project because that is the best way to tell the whole story.
same temperature range with .1°C accuracy? Now we need 100/.1, or 1000 discrete values, and that means a 10-bit ADC (which can produce 1024 dis- crete values). Voltage Precision The number of bits required to measure our example temperature range is dependent on the range of what we are measuring (temperature, voltage, light intensity, pressure, etc.) and not on a specific voltage range. In fact, our 0-to-100°C range might be converted to a 0-to-5 volt swing or a 0-to-1 volt swing. In either case, the dynamic range that we have to measure is the same. However, the 0-to-5V range uses 19.5 mV steps (5v/256) for 1°C accuracy and 4.8 mV steps (5v/1024) for .1°C accuracy. If we use a 0-to-1V swing, we have step sizes of 3.9 mV and 976 mV. This affects the ADC choices, the selection of opamps, and other considerations. These will be examined in more detail in later chapters. The important point is that the dynamic range of the system
book is 85 to 90 per cent. Yet it is not exhaustive. A foolish secrecy still clothes much of World War II cryptology—though I believe the outlines of the achievements are known—and to tell just that story in full would require a book the size of this. Even in, say, the 18th century, the unexplored manuscript material is very great. Nor is this a textbook. I have sketched a few methods of solution. For some readers even this will be too much; them I advise skip this material. They will not have a full understanding of what is going on, but that will not cripple their comprehension of the stories. For readers who want more detail on these methods, I recommend, in the rear of this book, some other works and membership in the American Cryptogram Association. In my writing, I have tried to adhere to two principles. One was to use primary sources as much as possible
3 °C Boiling point: 184.13 °C, 457 K, 363 °F Solubility in water: 3.6 g/100 mL at 20°C Solubility in ethanol: perfectly Viscosity: 3.71 cP (3.71 mPa·s at 25 °C) pH: >7 log Pow: 0.90/0.98 Koc: 25,5 3. Kinetics and metabolism The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion, also as a vapour. The mean lethal dose of aniline may be between 15 and 30 grams. In case of short-term exposure the substance is irritating to the eyes and the skin. The substance may cause effects on the blood, resulting in the formation of methaemoglobin. Exposure at high levels may result in death. Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. The substance may have effects on the blood, resulting in formation of methaemoglobin. Tends to accumulate in the body, especially in bladder. Often leads to bladder cancer. Aniline
daltons) that contains six polypeptides. released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Myosin consists of an alpha helical tail (or troponin I can inhibit the interaction between rod) region that forms the backbone of the actin and myosin, and troponin T binds very thick filament and a globular head region that strongly to tropomyosin. The cooperative extends from the thick filament and interacts action of troponin and tropomyosin in with actin in the thin filament. The head response to calcium increases in the sarco- region of myosin also has ATPase activity, plasm regulates the interaction between actin which is important in the regulation of con- and myosin and thus is a major regulator of traction. Each myosin molecule contains two contraction. Calcium that is released from the
by the mitochondria* and needed as an energy donor in many cellular activities. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – A part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for regulating the activity of internal organs. It includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. AXON – A fibre-like extension of a neurone which allows transfer of information to target cells Away from axon hillock*. AXON HILLOCK – The region of the neuronal cell body where the axon emerges and where the action potential is generated as a net effect of the integration of neuronal stimulation and inhibition. AXON TERMINAL – Nerve ending which forms presynaptic element of the neurone where synaptic vesicles* are accumulated. BASAL GANGLIA – Subcortical clusters of neurones, which include the following nuclei: caudate, putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra. They play a role in movement control. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER – A barrier made of epithelial cells which line the blood
These conditions are suitable to the development of mixed wood and broadleaf forests. Mineral Resources Mining and fuel extraction and production accounted for 4.5 percent of Canada's GDP or some US$36.1 billion. Fuel exploration and production dominate this sector, but the processing of other types of mineral resources has grown significantly. In 1996, the top non-fuel minerals were gold with production of US$2.05 billion, copper US$1.47 billion, nickel US$1.45 billion, and zinc US$1.25 billion. There was also significant production of lead and iron. There are about 50 major gold mines in Canada and the country leads the world in technologies which extract gold from rock and soil. The nation is the world's largest producer of zinc and the fifth largest producer of lead. Among the provinces, Ontario is the top producer of non-fuel mineral resources, followed by Quebec, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland
BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR Any question about bodily movement must inevitably call for some reference to the nervous system, for tu us it is quite clear that the nrevous system is the apparatus which most directly determines and organizes an organisms reactions to the world in which it lives. Rene Descartes and the Reflex Concept: All action was essentially a response to some event in the outside world. Something from the outside excites one of the senses. This transmits the excitation upward to the brain, which then relays the excitation downward to a muscle. The excitation from the senses thus eventually leads to a contradiction of a muscle and thereby to a reaction to the external event which started the whole sequence. In effect, the energy from the outside is reflected back by the nervous system to
cpa Specific heat of the water inside the bath J·kg-1·K-1 cpb Specific heat of the water inside the coil J·kg-1·K-1 deq Equivalent diameter of the tank m da Diameter of the agitator m dc Diameter of the coil m din Inside diameter of the tube m hi Convective heat transfer coefficient inside the coil W·m-2·K-1 ho Convective heat transfer coefficient outside coil W·m-2·K-1 k Slope of linear function k Thermal conductivity W·m-1·K-1 m ´ Mass flow kg·s-1 ma Mass of water inside the bath kg m ´b
rags and newspapers handy to mop up any the container as the oil flow slows to a trickle. and grade of oil, as described in "Weekly spills. Ideally, the engine oil should be warm, 6 After all the oil has drained, wipe off the checks". Pour the oil in slowly, otherwise it as it will drain better and more built-up sludge drain plug with a clean rag and check the may overflow from the top of the rocker cover. will be removed with it. Take care, however, condition of the sealing washer. Renew the
Pete Egoscue Phil Libin Ramit Sethi Ray Cronise Scott Jurek Sean Bonner Tallulah Sulis Terry Laughlin The Dexcom Team (especially Keri Weindel) The OneTaste Team The Kiwi The Kiwi Thomas Billings Tracy Reifkind Trevor Claiborne Violet Blue William Llewellyn Yuri V. Griko PhD Zack Even-Esh START HERE THINNER, BIGGER, FASTER, STRONGER? How to Use This Book How to Use This Book Does history record any case in which the majority was right? --Robert Heinlein I love fools' experiments. I'm always making them. --Charles Darwin MOUNTAIN VIEW, CALIFORNIA, 10 P.M., FRIDAY horeline Amphitheater was rocking.
factor" than only 1.5. A factor of 2 ·O'-'"""""" I-------- between the ultimate load and the 0.01 0.02 0.03 limit load seems a good solution. STRAIN, i n / i n Figure 1 Many experienced designers go for 2.2 or even 2.5, knowing how diffi- cult it is to predict, with calculations
A non-agouti amber Norwegian forest Cat resembles a silver tabby, but has a distinctive black nose and black paw-pads instead of the pink/reddish nose with black outlining found on conventional silver tabbies. The photo below shows a non-agouti amber. According to Rui Pacheco, although this cat is clearly non-agouti because of the black nose, he has the phenotype of a silver shaded. Rui's theory is that the amber gene invalidates the action on the non-agouti gene; wide-banding will further lighten the base colour giving a very pale cat with black nose and paws. Amber cats are basically black cats with a colour modifier that affects the deposition of pigment on the hair shaft, but not the skin colour. That is why in non-agouti cats the nose remains black and in agouti cats it remains pink. PLATINUM The platinum effect is found in some lines of Silver Persian/Chinchilla Longhair. In 1986/7,
by soil compaction, which suggests that microfloral activity in compact soil is lower. Cultural practices The mankind has and will have a major influence on changing the microflora of soils. There are countless activites that have and minor effect, but change the soil composition in the long term as a whole. Although, some activites like agriculture, waste management and forestry carried out to satisfy the needs of the people have major impact on in areas of action. Sidorenko and Buzoleva (2007) stated that soil microbiocenosis is one of the most complicated biological communities. Various interrelationships occur between bacteria in the process of their activity, including those at the metabolic level. These interralationships can will bias the balanced system. For instance, Halasz et al. (2011) researched clearly showed that soils, degradation and transformation of natural and xenobiotics depends on the activities
while pentane and heavier ones are in the form of liquids or solids. However, in an underground oil reservoir the proportions of gas, liquid, and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture. An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. At surface conditions these will condense out of the gas to form natural gas condensate, often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles petrol in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils.
COMPLETED: 1946 PROGRAMMED: plug board and switches SPEED: 5,000 operations per second INPUT/OUTPUT: cards, lights, switches, plugs FLOOR SPACE: 1,000 square feet PROJECT LEADERS: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. 1947 Three scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories, William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen demonstrate their new invention of the point-contact transistor amplifier. Kordamine: raadiolambi tööpõhimõte Vacuum Tube (1906, Lee Deforest) Three elements device used as Anood Võrk electronic switch and amplifier: two electrodes separated by a grid in a vacuum glass enclosure. Principle
You must work quickly and efficiently. Here is a sample passage. YOU WILL SEE: A lens has one or more curved surfaces that refract or bend, light rays passing through it to form an image on a surface beyond the lens. Examples of such surfaces are the retina of the eye or a movie screen. The distance from the lens to the focal plane is known as focal length. In cameras, telescopes, and similar devices, the lens is turned on a screw-thread mounting to adjust the focal length. This action allows focusing of images of objects at various distances. In the human eye, focal length is adjusted by muscles that alter the lens curvature. Light rays of different colors are bent by varying degrees as they pass through a curved surface. This causes a distortion of the image, known as chromatic aberration. In cameras, sharp images are obtained by arranging two or more lenses so that the aberration of one cancels out the aberration of another. Such an arrangement
1 d 1 - intermediate water: < < 20 l 2 d 1 - shallow water: < l 20 Regarding the characteristics of waves, water is considered to be deep if the water depth d is greater than the half of the wavelength. For that case the velocity of deep water waves depends only on the period and can be calculated by g* tper m v= @vD = 2 *p s The wavelength of deep water waves is given by the following formula g*tper 2 l= @lD = m 2*p
My friend had attempted a couple of standard sales tricks to get them moving. She tried call- ing attention to them by shifting their location to a more central display area; no luck. She even told her sales staff to "push" the items hard-again without success. Finally, the night before leaving on an out-of-town buying trip, she scribbled an exasperated note to her head saleswoman, "Everything in this display case, price x '/2 ," hoping just to be rid of the offending pieces, even if at a loss. When she re- turned a few days later, she was not surprised to find that every article had been sold. She was shocked, though, to discover that, because the employee had read the '''/2'' in her scrawled message as a "2," the entire allotment had sold at twice the original price! That's when she called me. I thought I knew what had happened but told her
11 12 The essential elements of twin rig trawl gear are set out in Figure 11. This gear is generally used for target species tight on the bottom, such as angler, flatfish and Nephrops. By towing two nets side by side the effective swept area, and hence catch, is increased. As with the single demersal trawl above, otter boards (a) provide the horizontal spreading forces and floats and groundropes the vertical forces. The obvious difference in rigging is the third wire or central warp (b), which runs from the vessel to the clump (c), a heavy weight which can consist of short lengths of chain cable shackled together or a custom made device (Fig. 12) designed to roll rather than be dragged along the bottom. Warp length/water depth ratios are similar to those used with the single demersal trawl and bridles/sweeps (d) can be steel wire, combination wire, chain or a mixture of all three. Normal towing speed used is around 2.5 knots.
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