Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Mikrokontrollerid ja praktiline robootika". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
frequency, count, counts, circuit, solution, marks, difference, ground, consider, following, filter, loop, length, divide, 5555, other, electric, measure, based, detect, pass, wanted, potential, cause, clock, change, diagram, changes, terms, converse, result, explain, method, higher, producing, another, disadvantage, such, shift, assume, electricalRead Chapter_4_Time_Based_Measurements.pdf Question 1 When converting an analogue value to a frequency, consider the following diagram describing the system. The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at an interval of 2ms. How many counts does the microprocessor detect at, 2ms a) 20 MHz? =40000 counts 50 ns 2ms b) 18 MHz? =36 000 counts 55,55 ns What is the difference in terms of number of counts detected by the microprocessor? Between 20MHz and 18MHz are 4000 counts. Question 2 Consider the following diagram The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at an interval of 100ns. a) What is the difference in terms of number of counts detected by the microprocessor? 10 MHz 10 MHz =5000 =5555,555 2000 Hz 1800 Hz
Microcontroller homework for week 07 1. A) 40000 counts B) 36000 counts The difference between 20MHz and 18MHz is 4000 counts. 2. A) 555,555 counts more B) Higher resolution is caused by increased sampling rate. 3. A) Because the mixer needs additional components B) The mixer approach multiplies the frequency shift you want to measure, but also any other frequency shift. This includes drift caused by component heating, noise, etc. 4. The output waveform according to input: 5. A) 100 Hz B) 500 Hz C) 1 kHz 6
Interrupt Rate 43 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers 43 Design Checklist 45 v 3 Sensors 47 Temperature Sensors 47 Optical Sensors 59 CCDs 72 Magnetic Sensors 82 Motion/Acceleration Sensors 86 Strain Gauge 90 4 Time-Based Measurements 93 Measuring Period versus Frequency 95 Mixing 97 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters 99 Clock Resolution 102 5 Output Control Methods 103 Open-Loop Control 103 Negative Feedback and Control 103 Microprocessor-Based Systems 104 On-Off Control 105 Proportional Control 108 PID Control 110 Motor Control 123 Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops 130 6 Solenoids, Relays, and Other Analog Outputs 137
Mictrocontroller Week 03 Numbering systems 1. Convert the decimal number 123.456 to the following formats, taking whole numbers and fractions into account. Show calculations. a) binary b) hexadecimal c) base-5 d) BCD === 1. a) 0111 1011.0111 01002 b) 7B.7416 c) 443.2125 d) 0001 0010 0011.0100 0101 01102 === 2. Extend the following unsigned 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 2. a) 006B b) 00B5 === 3. Extend the following signed two’s complement 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 3. a) 006B b) FFB5 === Logic and arithmetic 4. Using two’s complement arithmetic, calculate the following (choose a suitable number of bits for the representation): a) 121 – 185
At breakdown, the diode goes into avalanche where a number of carriers appear suddenly in the depletion layer. With a rectifier diode, breakdown is usually destructive. 4)Typical values: Uknee- approximatly 0.7V; UF 0.7-2.0V; leakage (IR) 1-10 microA/200- 700microA. 5) Idealized characteristic. In view of a very small leakage current in the reverse- bias state and a small voltage drop in the forward-bias state as compared to the operating voltages and currents of a circuit in which the diode is used, the oputput characteristic of the diode can be idealized as shown in the figure. This corner can be used for analyzing the circuit topology, but should not be used for actual circuit design. At turn on, the diode can be considered as an ideal switchbecause it turns on rapidly as compared to transients in the circuit. 6) One of its main applications is in rectifiers, circuits that convert the Alternating voltage or
Mictrocontroller Week 03 Numbering systems 1. Convert the decimal number 123.456 to the following formats, taking whole numbers and fractions into account. Show calculations. a) Binary Fractional part : Reading direction Integral part: Reading direction 0,456 x 2 = 0,912 0 123 / 2 = 61 1 0,912 x 2 = 1,812 1 61 / 2 = 30 1 0,812 x2 = 1,624 1 30 / 2 = 15 0 0,624 x 2 = 1,248 1 15 / 2 = 7 1
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Solution: 1. Thershold. 2. Sensitivity. 3. Full Range. 4. Linearity. 5. Accuracy. 6. Precision. 7. Stability. 8. Hysteresis. 9. Noise. Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if RT = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. Solution: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at: http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 2 Week 04 Homework - Solutions Check Thermistor - Wikipedia.pdf at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor Calculate the Humidity Sensor resistance at 30°C T = 273.15°C +30°C = 303
2.3V and quantized voltage with the output code word equal to 011101012 using an 8 bit ADC with 5V reference? 011101012 = 117 Correspond to 5V * 117/256 = 2.2852V Error = 2,3V – 2.2852 = 0,0148V Question 5 A digital multimeter is designed to have a readout with four decimal digits. How many bits will be required in its ADC? MAX = 9999 213 = 8192 214 = 16384 (too many digits) 13 Bit will be required in ts ADC. Question 6 Draw a circuit diagram of a 2 bit flash ADC using only resistors, comparators and NAND gates. Question 7 Given the following dual-slope ADC: a) How long would it take for this ADC to complete the run-up phase? 𝑅𝐶 𝑡𝑢𝑝 = − ∙ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −400𝜇𝑠 𝑉𝑖𝑛 The run-up phase takes 400 μs. b) How long would it take for this ADC to complete the run-down phase?
76 term comes from quantization error in an ideal ADC 4. THD - Total harmonic distortion is the ratio of the root-mean-square (rms) value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the root-sum-square of its harmonics (generally, only the first 5 harmonics are significant). 5. SFDR- Spurious free dynamic range is the ratio of the rms value of the signal to the rms value of the worst spurious signal (fake signal) regardless of where it falls in the frequency spectrum. 6. Channels relate to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. 7. Linearity relates to how well a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend non-linear. 8. All ADC are depended on temperature, operating temperature is defined as the temperature at which the ADC functions correctly. 9. Power dissipation refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operational. Question 2 Output Code = 001111012
for SOF & EOF frame read on 8 bit boundaries until EOF detected reception `01111110' ii) fixed header follows with address & length of data iii) receiver > Functionality of SAP and SNAP · MAC address identifies link quality failure, terminated. - ensure flag pattern isn't in frame data -> bit stuffing · transmitter inserts stuff bits: if counts number of bytes to determine EOF · used in LANs (broadcast transmission a hardware interface ("station"). · LLC Service Access Point the expiration of an idle-period timer,
Cat. No. W317-E1-11 SYSMAC CPM1A Programmable Controllers OPERATION MANUAL CPM1A Programmable Controllers Operation Manual Revised October 2007 iv Notice: OMRON products are manufactured for use according to proper procedures by a qualified operator and only for the purposes described in this manual. The following conventions are used to indicate and classify precautions in this manual. Always heed the information provided with them. Failure to heed precautions can result in injury to people or dam- age to property. ! DANGER Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. Additionally, there may be severe property damage.
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Treshold, noise, range, stability, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, hysteresis Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if R T = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. R70 30 c =R H =9,2 kV RH 9,2 k V O= ∙ V DD= ∙ 2,5 = 0,388 V (R T + R H ) ( 50 k +9,2 k ) Hint: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf
Response 1. 11131 0% Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 2. 11264 100% 3. 12522 0% 4. 1023 100% 5. 10037 0% Score: 0/10 2. Kuidas nimetatakse mälupesa, mis hoiab infot mälupesa kohta, kus asub programmi jaoks oluline informatsioon? Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 1. Direct 0% address 2. Count 0% 3. Flag 0% 4. Pointer 100% 5. Loop 0% Score: 0/10 3. Kui palju mälu on Ecki xComputer´l? Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 1. 512 B 0% 2. 1KB 0% 3. 2KB 100% 4. 4KB 0% Score: 0/10 4. Kas register ja mälupesa on samad asjad? Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 1. Jah 0% 2
ADC with 5V reference? 0.01484375V Question 5. A digital multimeter is designed to have a readout with four decimal digits. How many bits will be required in its ADC? 13 Bits Question 6. From Wikipedia Question 7. a) How long would it take for this ADC to complete the run-up phase? 400 µs b) How long would it take for this ADC to complete the run-down phase? 1 ms Question 8. What is the typical performance in terms of THD at a frequency of 500 kHz of: a) MAX1200 pipeline ADC. -85dB b) MAX1201 pipeline ADC. -85dB c) MAX1205 pipeline ADC. -84dB Question 9. Name two disadvantages of: a) Flash ADC Cost, high power demand b) SAR ADC Limited speed, requires anti-aliasing filter c) Dual-slope ADC Slow conversion, expensive components d) Sigma Delta ADC multibit ADC and multibit feedback DAC- higher order Question 10. a) Architecture SAR b) Differential linearity +- 0,4 LSB c) Minimum acquisition time 1,4 ms
Motherboard - the principle printed circuit board assembly in a computer; includes core logic (chipset), interface sockets and/or slots, and input/output (I/O) ports. Printed circuit board (PCB) - a thin, laminated sheet composed of a series of epoxy resin and copper layers and etched electronic circuits (signal, ground and power) Chipset (or core logic) - two or more integrated circuits which control the interfaces between the system processor, RAM, I/O devises, and adapter cards. Processor slot/socket - the slot or socket used to mount the system processor on the motherboard AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port - a high speed interface for video cards; runs at 1X (66MHz), 2X (133MHz), or 4X (266MHz). PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect - a high speed interface for video cards, sound
Question 1 Convert the decimal number 43.982 to (a) binary and (b) hex. Show all your calculations. a.) 101011.111110 b.) 2B.FB6 Question 2 Perform the calculation of 58 – 42 by first converting each decimal value to binary and then using the twos complement method. Show all your calculations 5810=001110102 4210=001010102 Converse to twos complement 4210=001010102=110101012+1=110101102 Then 58+(42) 001110102 +110101102 = 000100002 =1610 Question 3 Given the following bridge circuit for a strain gauge, determine the value of the strain gauge resistance {RS}. Let: VIN = 5V R3 = 100 Ω R2 = 50 Ω R1 = 100 Ω 2 Midterm Exam - Solutions a) Under no strain (VOUT = 0 V) b) When VOUT = 0,5 V {under strain}. Solution: a) Under no strain: R1 R3 R1R4 R2 R3 VOUT IN V VIN
u (t ) K P e(t ) e(t )dt TD TI 0 dt This is a third-order plant model given by a transfer function of 1 G( s) , u (t ) is input signal, e(t ) r (t ) y(t ) is the error between the ( s 1)3 output y (t ) and the desired output setpoint r (t ) . Use logical reasoning to determine whether K P , TI , TD must be increased or decreased in each of the following examples: a. Run in MATLAB the below program to see the output development if Proportional gain K P increases from 0.1 to 1. (10 marks) Example 1: Proportional gain K P increases from 0.1 to 1. G=tf(1,[1,3,3,1]); for Kp=[0.1:0.1:1], G_c=feedback(Kp*G,1); step(G_c), hold on; end b. Run in MATLAB the below program to see the output development if the proportional gain K P increases from 0.1 to 1. Example 2: Maintaining Proportional gain K P 1 , Integral gain TI , increases from 0
1 Reverse the motor speed. How long Time to reverse was 16 does the motor reverse? seconds 2 2: Set the screen display an Output Minimal: 2.8V Voltage of the inverter. Turning the Maximal: 166V potentiometer, find accessible minimal and maximal voltages. Stop the drive. 3 3 Turn the keypad potentiometer half- Reverse time was 7 way counter-clockwise. Run the drive seconds. and reverse it, count the shaft It was less because the reversing time. Compare with the motor was running at a previous result and explain the lower speed compared to difference. Stop the drive. the previous experiment. 4 Set the Stop Mod to coasting (so called The motor restart is very freewheel braking). Enable the Flying fast and it accelerates at Start running function. Run the motor exponential rate.
F2 genotypes C C C C C C C C F2 phenotypes red pink (pink) white; F2 ratio 1:2:1; accept other symbols if key given. accept r and w as symbols without key. 6 (c) (i) 65; 130; 65; 3 (ii) 0.138 + 0.007 + 0.061; (or other suitable working) 0.206 – 0.208; 2 marks for correct value if no working shown ecf for both marks but calculated value must be to three decimal places 2 (iii) support, figure lower than 5.991 / figure lower than critical value; R ‘support’ on its own. ecf applies if value in (ii) is incorrect 1
Copyright © 1967, 1973 by David Kahn All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information address The Macmillan Company, 866 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-16109 Crown copyright is acknowledged for the following illustrations from Great Britain's Public Record Office: S.P. 53/18, no. 55, the Phelippes forgery, and P.R.O. 31/11/11, the Bergenroth reconstruction. Published by arrangement with The Macmillan Company FIRST PRINTING SECOND PRINTING THIRD PRINTING FOURTH PRINTING FIFTH PRINTING SIXTH PRINTING SEVENTH PRINTING EIGHTH PRINTING NINTH PRINTING TENTH PRINTING SIGNET TRADEMARK: REG. TJ.S. PAT. OFF. AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES REGISTERED TRADEMARK---MARCA REGISTBADA HECHO EN CHICAGO, U.S.A.
Pertaining to computer networks, a downlink is a connection from data communications equipment towards data terminal equipment. This is also known as a downstream connection. The uplink port is used to connect a device or smaller local network to a larger network, or connect to the next "higher" device in the topology. For example, the edge switch connects "up" to the distribution layer managed switch. Lühidalt - The communication going from a satellite to ground is called downlink, and when it is going from ground to a satellite it is called uplink Duplex distance is the space between the uplink and downlink frequencies. The duplex distance for GSM is 80 MHz, where each channel has two frequencies that are 80 MHz apart. 3. Tihendamise meetodid, millised on sides kasutusel Sagedustihendus FDMA (lainepikkuse järgi WDMA), aegtihendus TDMA, koodtihendus CDMA, ruumiline tihendus SDMA.
"Top delusion" question / answers are red. Test I The induction machines are associated with the names of Dolivo - Dobrovolsky, Tesla. The synchronous machines are associated with the name of Ferraris. The DC machines are associated with the names of Jacobi and Henry. The electromagnetic torque is born in air gap. The torque is proportional to the current in dc motor. Which equations are correct? P = sW; oomega = tuletis fii'st The angular frequency is 2*pi()*n / 60 ja 2*pi()f The motor torque is equal to TL + J * oomega tuletis aja järgi The inductor supplies the motor with flux. The leading companies in the world market of electrical drive engineering are: Mitsubishi. The energy balance is described by energy conservation law. The armature supplies the motor with current. The cheapest and the most reliable is induction motor. The torque production is the result of interaction of current - flux.
q is calculated by the equation: μc = 6πηr , where q ion charge; η viscosity of the solution; r the radius of the ion Small highly charged particles have high mobility; large particles having a low charge, in contrast, have a low mobility. Moreover, the electrophoretic mobility is dependent on the pH of the solution. The electrophoretic mobility is shown in tables as a physical constant defined on complete dissociation of the electrolyte and extrapolation to infinite dilution. However, in practice it is often substantially different, because the socalled effective mobility, in many cases highly dependent on the pH and composition of the used buffer.
(see Table 1). 6 TABLE 1. degree of pilling. This method proves to be suitable for predicting the actual behavior of fabrics everyday use only in some specific conditions. For instance, according to the ASME Standard, laboratory test is considered reliable as an indication of relative end-use performance in cases where the difference in abrasion resistance of various materials is large, but they should not be relied upon in prediction of actual wear-life in specific end uses, unless there are data showing the specific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests and actual wear in the intended end-use. According to [2], the main drawback of the subjective methods based on estimation by experts is their inconsistency and the inaccuracy of the rating results. Henceforward, there is still today a need
ADT Abstract Data Type + Application Data Types ADU Automatic Dialing Unit AE Above or Equal AEB Analog Expansion Bus [Dialogic] AEC Architecture, Engineering, Construction AEM Asynchronous Event Mechanism .AERO Aviation Industry (Domain Name) [Internet] AES Advanced Encryption Standard AESA ATM End System Address AF Auxiliary carry Flag AFA Accelerated File Access AFC Antiferro-Magnetically Coupled (media) [IBM] + Automatic Font Change + Automatic Frequency Control AFD Automatic File Distribution AFDW Active Framework for Data Warehousing [Microsoft] AFI Authority and Format Identifier AFII Association for Font Information Interchange AFIRM Automated Fingerprint Image Reporting and Match AFIS Automated Fingerprint Identification System .AFM Adobe Font Metrics (file name extension) [Adobe Systems] AFP Advanced Function Presentation [IBM] + Advanced Function Printing + Appletalk Filing Protocol [Macintosh]
TR A F F I C L I G H T S C O N TR O L S Y S T E M ALEXANDER TARANENKO ANASTASSIJA MOROZOVA Tallinn University of Technology March 2013 INTRODUCTION The following system consists of two Mitsubishi AL2 controllers that control two crossroads, a pedestrian crossing and a parking lot. The following implementation divides the task between the two, but keeps controller one the main one and controller two the secondary one. The system can work in two modes, automatic and manual, the latter of which can also work in two separate sub- modes that must be selected for each crosswalk individually. DESCRIPTION
Matrikli nr: 050829 Õppejõud: Avo Ots Tallinn 2008 Author's word This project is written to show some interesting aspects of working with VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) service. The project briefly describes the process of finding a solution for based VoIP problem and its realization. -2- Contents Introduction .............................................................................................................................. - 4 - Mission....................................................................................................................................... - 5 - Solution....................................................................................
the equivalence relations are induced by symmetries is removed. Instead, arbitrary equivalence relations on the markings and binding elements can be used provided that they are consistent. 19.Timed CPN With a timed CPN performance measures can be calculated and also verifying if real-time system operations meet deadlines. Times examples are non-hierarchical CPN model and in hierarchical CPN models can use timing constructs. Main difference timed– second timestamp value for tokens– markings is now a timed multiset– CPN model has a global clock. In hierarchical timed CPN model a single global clock shared among all of the modules. Timestamps are non-negative integers which specifies when a token is ready to be used. First timed model seletus(In the initial marking M0 only one binding element and has the
Appendices to the report contain supporting information with the details needed by a reader who wishes to fully understand the design. While this document describes the general content and organization of a design report, some of the specifics (section headings, length, and format) may be determined by your project client. Before You Begin Some basics that you need to understand before starting to write the report. Definition: A design report documents the solution to a unique problem. Purpose: To communicate the solution to a problem. Audience: Anyone who has to implement your design, understand your design, or reference your design to solve their own problem. Typically, this is the project client. While the client may be familiar with the project, the report is still written as though the client is new to the project because that is the best way to tell the whole story.
avade olemasolust või puudumisest teatud kohtades. * olid laialdaselt kasutusel 19. sajandil kangastelgede juhtimiseks * 20. saj mehaaniliste muusikainstrumentide kontrollimiseks ning arvutusmasinates sisend-, väljund- ja salvestuskandjana. Perfokaarte kasutasid esimest korda Basile Bouchon ja Jean-Baptiste Falcon umbes 1725. aastal kangastelgede juhtimiseks. Joseph Marie Jacquard täiustas märgatavalt seda töötamisviisi oma Jaquard'i kangasteljega. CHARLES BABBAGE 1822 1822: Difference Engine, jäi pooleli Idee: Analytical Engine Esimene programmeerija: Ada Lovelace Inglise matemaatik, filosoof, leiutaja ja mehaanikainsener, kellelt pärineb programmeeritava arvuti mõiste. On esimese mehaanilise automaatkalkulaatori (arvuti) loojaks ja seega pani ta aluse arvutite arenguloole. GEORGE BOOL DE MORGAN Loogika (lausearvutuse) alused 1847-1854 Matemaatilise algebra ideede kasutamine loogika jaoks: Loogika algebra: 1A = A, 0A = 0, A+0 = A, A+1 = 1 A+B = B+A, AB = BA, AA = A
Organizations with high proportion of fixed costs in their cost structures have high operating leverage. Degree of operating leverage = CM/operating income Sales mix is the quantities of various products that constitute total unit sales of a company. Breakeven point in bundles = FE/ CM per bundle. Chapter 7 - Flexible budgets, direct-cost variances, management control Variance is the difference between actual results and expected performance. Management by exception is the practice of focusing management attention on areas that are not operating as expected and devoting less time to areas operating as expected. Static budget, or master budget, is based on the level of output planned at the start of the budget period. Static-budget variance is the difference between the actual result and the corresponding budgeted amount.
Kirjutusmasin Inglise patent, Henry Mill, 1714, ei ehitatud Ameerika patent: 1829 William Austin Burt Detroidis 1867, Christopher Latham Sholes, Carlos Glidden, Samual W. Soule leiutis: “Type-Writer“ Remington: 1874 (jalgpedaaliga!) Sholes’ klaviatuur ca 1874: Dvoraki klaviatuur ca 1936 Kirjutusmasin püssitehasest Perfokaardid ca 1800 Jacquard Charles Babbage 1822: Difference Engine, jäi pooleli Idee: Analytical Engine esimene programmeerija: Ada Lovelace Telegraaf Morse 1837: elektritelegraaf Wheatstone 1857: perfolint 1902-1910: teleprinter George Boole, de Morgan Loogika (lausearvutuse) alused 1847-1854 Matemaatilise algebra ideede kasutamine loogika jaoks: Loogika algebra: 1A = A, 0A = 0, A+0 = A, A+1 = 1 A+B = B+A, AB = BA, AA = A Loogikatehted on funktsioonid tõeväärtustel T ja V.
flow of information, materials, and services from raw materials suppliers through factories and warehouses to the end customer." Supply chain event management (abbreviated as SCEM) is a consideration of all possible occurring events and factors that can cause a disruption in a supply chain. With SCEM possible scenarios can be created and solutions can be planned. Some experts distinguish supply chain management and logistics management, while others consider the terms to be interchangeable. From the point of view of an enterprise, the scope of supply chain management is usually bounded on the supply side by your supplier's suppliers and on the customer side by your customer's customers. Supply chain management is also a category of software products. 4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT AND SCM
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