Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electricl Power Engineering and Mechatronics Report on Exercises 4 on Power Electronics AC Voltage Regulators Tallinn 2017 Given parameters: Output voltage, Ud = 20 V Input frequency, fin = 50 Hz Load resistance, Rload = 70 kOhm Calculations: U ¿ =2∗U out =2∗20=40V U max U rms = =17.09 V √2 Period = pulse width + delay => 10 ms = 5 ms + 5 ms Table 1. Control curve data. Delay time, Pulse with, Alpha, firing Switch SCR ms ms angle Uout, V Iout, mA Uout, V Iout, mA
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electricl Power Engineering and Mechatronics Report on Exercises 2 on Power Electronics Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers Tallinn 2017 Given parameters: Output voltage, Ud = 10 V Input frequency, fin = 50 Hz Load resistance, Rload = 70 kOhm Calculations: u1 10 I d= = =0.143 mA R L 70000 πUd 3.14∗10 US= = =11.1 V 2 √2 2 √2 U Smax =U S∗√ 2=11.1∗√ 2=15.7 V PIV =2∗U smax =2∗15.7=31.4 V I max=I d∗√ 2=0.143∗√ 2=0.2 V Table 1. Value comparison table. Parameter Calculated Measured Error Ud, V 10 9.6 0
spurious signal. 6. Channels – multiple analog signal inputs to the ADC that can be individually selected or selected through a multiplexor. 7. Linearity – Describes how an ADC conveter follows a linear function. 8. Operating temperature – A temperature at which the ADC functions optimally, usually given by the manufacturer. 9. Power dissipation – The proportion of power dissipated (through heat) when the ADC is working. Question 2: An 8 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 5V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 1.2V? 001111012 What is the voltage range corresponding to 1 LSB? 0,0195V Question 3. A 15 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 10V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 6.83V? 101011101101100 Question 4. What is the value of the quantization error between an input voltage of 2.3V and quantized voltage with the output code word equal to 011101012 using an 8 bit ADC with 5V reference? 0.01484375V
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electricl Power Engineering and Mechatronics Report on Exercises 1 on Power Electronics Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifiers Tallinn 2017 Given parameters: Output voltage, Ud = 10 V Input frequency, fin = 50 Hz Load resistance, Rload = 70 kOhm Calculations: u1 10 I d= = =0.143 mA R L 70000 πUd 3.14∗10 US= = =22.2 V √2 √2 PIV =π∗Ud=3.14∗10=31.42V U max =√ 2∗U s=√ 2∗22.2=31.4 V Table 1. Value comparison table. Parameter Calculated Measured Error
-16 -18 -20 U ac, V Figure 5. Volt-amphere characteristics, reverse biased Conclusion Multisim gave us a virtual diode with the idealized symmetrical output characteristic. This means that if the voltage drops across anode-cathode are bigger than the knee voltage, then the current increases rapidly. But if not, then only very small current occurs. In the reverse biased, the voltage across the diode could be large, but only a small current occurs. is obtained as 0,57V from figure 4, which is made by the data we can see from table 1. 2.2 Series clippers VD f = 9 kHz R = 96 k
selected. 7. Linearity - relates to how a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend nonlinearity. 8. Operating temperature - measurement, which in optimal state for ADC-s, lets them function correctly. 9. Power dissipation - refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operating. Question 2 An 8 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 5V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 1.2V? What is the voltage range corresponding to 1 LSB? 1,2𝑉 0,0195𝑉 = 61 ; 61 = 001111012 Digital output code for an input of 1.2V is 001111012. Voltage range corresponding to 1 LSB is U= 0,0195V. Question 3 A 15 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 10V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 6.83V? 15 bit = 32768 10V/ 32768 = 0,0003 V
Therefore manufacturer's data sheet specifies the maximum forward current, that diode can withstand. This average current IF is the rate a diode can handle up to the forward direction when used as a rectifier. Another entry of interest in the data sheet is the forward voltade drop UF(max) when the maximum forward current occurs. An usual diode has this value 0.7-2.0V. Diode conducts easily when forward biased. Reverse biasing. The reverse current is a leakage current at the source rated voltage. Typically, silicon diodes have 1-10 microA and germanium 200-700 microA of leakage current. This value includes thermally produced current and surface leakage current. Only these currents take place, when a diode is reverse biased. At breakdown, the diode goes into avalanche where a number of carriers appear suddenly in the depletion layer. With a rectifier diode, breakdown is usually destructive. 4)Typical values: Uknee- approximatly 0.7V; UF 0.7-2.0V; leakage (IR) 1-10 microA/200-
Tallinn 2011 + A VS RV V D - Fig. 1.1. Circuit diagram VS - DC voltage source PS 5005, 0-50VDC/0-5A RV - Rheostat, Rmax=3600 V - DC volt meter DV-101, 200mV-200V A - DC current meter DA-103, 2mA-20mA-200mA-5A D - Diode 1N360 Voltage divider calculations RV=(US-UAC)/If(max) RV=(46,6 - 0,45)/0,1=461,5 Table 1.1. Observed data If , mA US If Uf Ir Ur 0,60 - 1,1 3 0 4,9 0,67 - 5,1 2 0 10 0,70 - 10 8 0 15,1
signal. Channels related to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. Linearity relates to how a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend non-linearity. Temperature is measurement, which in optimal state for ADC-s, lets them function correctly. Power dissipation refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operating. 2. The output code is 001111012 and the voltage of the LSB is 0,0195V 3. The output code is 101011101101100 4. The value of the quantization error between an input voltage of 2.3V and quantized voltage with the output code word equal to 01110101 using an 8 bit ADC with 5V reference is 0.01484375V 5. 13 Bit ADC 6. The circuit diagram: 7. The run-up phase takes 400 µs, the run-down phase takes 1 ms. 8. a) MAX1200 pipeline ADC - -85dB
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics Report on Exercises 5 On Electronics and Semiconductor Engineering Op amps AAVB-41 Tallinn 2008 Exercise 5.1. Non-Inverting Voltage Amplifier Fig. 5.2. Diagrams of bandwidth versus gain Data table R1,k Measur ed Calculated Uin,V R2,k K Uout,V fc,kHz K Uout,V fc,kHz 1 90 50 2,80 1,98 530,31 2,8 1,96 535,71
Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers 43 Design Checklist 45 v 3 Sensors 47 Temperature Sensors 47 Optical Sensors 59 CCDs 72 Magnetic Sensors 82 Motion/Acceleration Sensors 86 Strain Gauge 90 4 Time-Based Measurements 93 Measuring Period versus Frequency 95 Mixing 97 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters 99 Clock Resolution 102 5 Output Control Methods 103 Open-Loop Control 103 Negative Feedback and Control 103 Microprocessor-Based Systems 104 On-Off Control 105 Proportional Control 108 PID Control 110 Motor Control 123 Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops 130 6 Solenoids, Relays, and Other Analog Outputs 137 Solenoids 137 Heaters 143
temperatuuri vahemik: OFF - 150 - 450°C võimalik ka pliivaba tina joota · Makettlaud GL-36 o 2420 auku o 224 x 150 x 21 mm 4 Haapsalu Kutsehariduskeskus Taavi Metsvahi Arvutid ja arvutivõrgud 09 · Labori toiteblokk PS3005L o Input voltage: 230 VAC o Plug version:DE - , CH - o Power: 150 W o Output current: 0...5 A o Output voltage: 0...30 VDC o Display: LED-display 5 Haapsalu Kutsehariduskeskus Taavi Metsvahi Arvutid ja arvutivõrgud 09 2. Tunni sisu 1. Sissejuhatus
666BMW Group M16 Variant 2 Tallinn 2014 1. Functional Diagram 2. Tables of observations Task Operation/Record Observation 1 Reverse the motor speed. How long Time to reverse was 16 does the motor reverse? seconds 2 2: Set the screen display an Output Minimal: 2.8V Voltage of the inverter. Turning the Maximal: 166V potentiometer, find accessible minimal and maximal voltages. Stop the drive. 3 3 Turn the keypad potentiometer half- Reverse time was 7 way counter-clockwise. Run the drive seconds. and reverse it, count the shaft It was less because the reversing time. Compare with the motor was running at a previous result and explain the lower speed compared to
· The induction machines are associated with the names of Dolivo-Dobrovolsky Tesla · One of the first eletrical motors has been built by Jacobi · Electromagnetic efficiency is measured in tesla · Time constants are measured by ms s hours · Who is the author of the first electrical motor Henry · Which rectifier cannot be built without a transformer 3-phase midpoint · Call the benefits of 3-phase rectifiers upon the 1-phase ones output voltage · Which rectifier has more diodes 3-phase bridge · In the case of high-pass filter before the load, what can you tell about the current higher · What is the difference between the construction and operation of a rectifier and an inverter input wave output wave · What are the advantages of a single-phase bridge inverter high efficiency high reliability · What kind of control provides the highest output power of the inverter block
Väikepingesüsteemid Kaitseväikepinge on pinge väikepinge, mis on sedavõrd madal, et tema toimel inimkeha läbiv elektrivool ei kutsu esile elektrilööki. Kaitseväikepinge süsteemid: •maandamata (maast eraldatud) kaitseväikepinge süsteem, tähis SELV (ingl. safety extra-low voltage); •maandatud kaitseväikepinge süsteem, tähis PELV (ingl. protective extra-low voltage); selles süsteemis on üks toiteallika poolustest või kolmefaasilise trafo neutraalpunkt maandatud. Elektriohutus ja töökindlus on kõige paremini tagatud maandamata süsteemis, sest selles on kaitseväikepinge ahelate pingealtid osad (s.o rikke korral voolu alla sattuda võivad osad) maast eraldatud, s.t pole ühendatud kaitsejuhtidega. Maandatud väikepingesüsteemi tuleb kasutada juhul, kui vooluahelas on seadmeid, mis vajavad talitlusmaandust, s.t maandust oma normaalseks tööks.
Group: xxxxxx TALLINN xxxx 1.1 RL-Circuit L1 100mH Uout=4V V1 232.5 Vrms R1 5kHz 54 -89° Figure .1: RL-circuit Figure 1.: Input and load voltage Figure 1.: Frequency response Figure 1.: Frequency response Comparative data table Calculated Experiment Quantity value al value Uamp,V 328 327,98 I, A 0,074 0,074 Uout,V 4 3,99 UL,V 232,5 231,9 -89 -89
Kood: IGNITION SYSTEM 1 coil, distributor, low voltage 1a, 1b distributor with two separate circuits 2 breaker points magneto ignition 4 coil, distributor, high voltage 4a, 4b distributor with two separate circuits, high voltage 7 terminal on ballast resistor, to distributor 15 battery+ from ignition switch 15a from ballast resistor to coil and starter motor PREHEAT (Diesel engines) 15 preheat in 17 start 19 preheat (glow) STARTER 50 starter control BATTERY 15 battery+ through ignition switch 30 from battery+ direct 30a from 2nd battery and 12/24 V relay 31 return to battery- or direct to ground
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Solution: 1. Thershold. 2. Sensitivity. 3. Full Range. 4. Linearity. 5. Accuracy. 6. Precision. 7. Stability. 8. Hysteresis. 9. Noise. Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if RT = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. Solution: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at: http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 2 Week 04 Homework - Solutions Check Thermistor - Wikipedia.pdf at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor Calculate the Humidity Sensor resistance at 30°C T = 273.15°C +30°C = 303.15°C T0 = 273.15°C +25°C = 298.15°C R60% 30°C =25.5858 kΩ
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Treshold, noise, range, stability, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, hysteresis Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if R T = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. R70 30 c =R H =9,2 kV RH 9,2 k V O= ∙ V DD= ∙ 2,5 = 0,388 V (R T + R H ) ( 50 k +9,2 k ) Hint: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 2 Week 04 Homework Question 3
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electricl Power Engineering and Mechatronics Report on Exercises 3 on Power Electronics Three-Phase Rectifiers Tallinn 2017 Given parameters: Output voltage, Ud = 10 V Input frequency, fin = 50 Hz Load resistance, Rload = 70 kOhm Calculations: M3 rectifier: u1 10 I d= = =0.143 mA R L 70000 2π Ud 2 π∗10 U ¿max = = =12.09 V 3 √3 3 √3 U ¿ max 12.09 U ¿rms = = =8.55V √2 √2 B6 rectifier: πUd π∗10 U ¿max = = =6.05 V
Required accuracy: 1.5 °C Sensor circuit VREF = 4 V Application temperature: 0°C to 40 °C a. Calculate the resistance of the thermistor, RTH , at 0°C and 40°C respectively? From the given information, the thermistor resistance at 25°C or R25= 2 kΩ, and RTH at 00C is 2.8533 R25 Then RTH(00C) =2.8533*2 kΩ=5.707 kΩ RTH at 400C is 0.5746 R25 Then RTH(400C) =0.5746*2 kΩ=1.149 kΩ 4 Midterm Exam - Solutions b. What is the maximum voltage over the thermistor at the maximum allowed power dissipation? Pmax = D.C. * Accuracy = 2 mW/°C * 1.5 °C = 3 mW Maximum allowable voltage over the thermistor then: VTH P * RTH (400 C ) 3m *1.149k 1.86V , c. What is the minimum value of R1 at the maximum allowed power dissipation over the thermistor then? The voltage over resistance R1 , VR1 VREF VTH 4V 1.86V 2.14V VTH 1.86V ITH I R1 1.62mA
6. Channels relate to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. 7. Linearity relates to how well a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend non-linear. 8. All ADC are depended on temperature, operating temperature is defined as the temperature at which the ADC functions correctly. 9. Power dissipation refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operational. Question 2 Output Code = 001111012 Voltage LSB = 0.0195 V Question 3 1010111011011002 Question 4 VE = 0.01484375 V Question 5 13 Bit ADC Question 6 Question 7 A) tU = 400 µs B) td = 1000 µs (1 ms) Question 8 A) -85 dB B) -82 dB C) -84 dB Question 9 A) Sparkle codes / metastability, high power consumption, large size, expensive. B) Speed limited to ~5Msps. May require anti-aliasing filter. C) Slow Conversion rate. High precision external components required to achieve accuracy.
8. Soojenduselemendi tihend 9. Korpuse tihend Liigitus Metallümbrisega: • Töö temperatuur: 1000 ͦ C • Pinge: 5-11V • Aeg: 3-4 sek Keraamilised: • Töö temperatuur: 1350 ͦ C • Pinge: 7V • Aeg: 2 sek Kasutatud materjal • Automotive Handbook 8th Edition, BOSCH 2011 • http://www.beru.com/download/produkte/TI04_en.pdf • http://books.google.ee/books? id=OdklBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=Low- voltage+preheating+system&source=bl&ots=yjytcXh5Q- &sig=gRcGUJMHIMQOVpenpIa5JdIxDqw&hl=en&sa=X&ei =0zxOVKW2NYaxygPKn4CwCw&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=o nepage&q=Low-voltage%20preheating %20system&f=false • http:// www.boschautoparts.com/dieselparts/pages/glowplugs.as px#features • http://www.pajero.us/repair/55.shtml • http://systemsauto.ru/vpusk/glow_plug.html
Samal aastal otsustasid vennad Youngid, et Evans ei ole neile sobiv laulja, kuna oli stiililt rohkem glam-rock'i poole, mis bändi suundumusega ei sobinud. Septembis paluti Evansil lahkuda ning asemele võeti Bon Scott, kes oli bändi esmakordselt näinud kontserdil kuu varem. Koos Bon Scottiga Scott, kel oli muuhulgas varasemast ajast mitmeid seaduserikkumisi, aitas luua bändile jõhkrat ja toorest kuvandit, mis on suures osas tänaseni säilinud. 1975. aastal anti välja album High Voltage ja samal aastal said bändi liikmeteks basskitarrist Mark Evans ja trummar Phil Rudd, pannes lõpu liikmete pidevale vahetumisele. Samal aastal ilmus ka teine album T.N.T. - mõlemad anti välja ainult Austraalias. Järgmisel aastal pandi mõlema põhjal kokku album USA ja Suurbritannia turu jaoks, mis kandis samuti nime High Voltage. 1976. aasta aprillis oli AC/DC esimene kontsert Euroopas - Londoni klubis The Red Cow.
3 17 6 1 0,35 1 0,17 0,35 100 10 1,05 0,35 8 1,05 0,35 AC- 17 6 1 0,65 6 1 0,65 100 12 1,05 0,45 10 1,05 0,45 4 17 6 1 0,35 6 1 0,35 100 12 1,05 0,35 10 1,05 0,35 Ie nimivool (rated operational current) I sisselülitusvool (current made) Ic pidurdusvool (current broken) Ue nimipinge (rated operational voltage) U sisselülitamiseelne pinge (voltage before make) Ur taastuvpinge (recovery voltage) Kontaktori kasutamisel mootori juhtimiseks komplekteeritakse ta enamasti termoreleedega. Tulemust nimetatakse magnetkäivitiks või kontaktorkaitselülitiks. Valmistajad näevad ette võimaluse, et vähese töökuluga võiks kontaktoriga ühendada · termoreleed · kaitselüliti · mootori juhtimisplokk · elektrooniline liigkoormusrelee · taimer · liigpingekaitsmed · ... 80
Efficiency of the electrical drive is the power ratio of load to supply. Electromagnetic efficiency is measured in tesla. One of the first eletrical motors has been built by Jacobi. The best electrical drive has efficiency very high. Who studied electromagnetic field? Lomonosov/Gilbert/Coulomb/Oersted?? What kinds of disturbances affect the electrical drive behavior? The current is the motor response, not the disturbance. The external disturbances are the supply voltage and the counter-torque. Which components comprise the electrical drive? Which of them are mandatory and which are optional? The mains and the actuator (driven machine) are not the drive components. The drive includes, by all means, the motor and controller, and may additionally incorporate the power converter and gear. Test II In the very accurate drive, the over-speed is 1..10%. If the required speed would rise, the mechanical time constant do not change.
AC/DC AC/DC is an Australian hard rock band, formed by borthers Malcolm and Angus Young. They have been around for about 40 years and their first album was released on 17 February 1975. It was called ,,High Voltage". There are five members in the band: Angus Young, Malcolm Young, Phil Rudd, Cliff Williams, and Brian Johnson. The lead singer is Brian Johnson. Their music has been influenced by Chuck Berry, Jerry Lee Lewis, Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley, Alvin Lee, Jimi Hendrix, John Mayall, Eric Clapton, The Who and many others. Angus and Malcolm, who formed AC/DC, grew up listening to their music. AC/DC underwent several line-up changes before releasing their first album, High Voltage, in 1975
kandma tema tunnusmärgiks saanud koolivormi. Esialgu kasutas ta erinevaid kostüüme, näiteks gorilla, Zorro ja Super-Ang Superman'i eeskujul. Samal aastal otsustasid vennad Youngid, et Evans ei ole neile sobiv laulja, kuna oli stiililt rohkem glam-rock'i poole, mis bändi suundumusega ei sobinud. Septembris paluti Evansil lahkuda ning asemele võeti Bon Scott, kes oli bändi esmakordselt näinud kontserdil kuu varem. Loominguks oli järgnevad albumid: · High Voltage (1975) · T.N.T. (1975) · High Voltage (1976) · Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (1976) · Let There Be Rock (1977) · Powerage (1978) · If You Want Blood You've Got It (1978) · Highway to Hell (1979) · Back in Black (1980) · Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (1981) · For Those About to Rock (We Salute You) (1981) · Flick of the Switch (1983) · '74 Jailbreak (1984) · Fly on the Wall (1985) · Who Made Who (1986)
.......6 7.Skeemid.........................................................................................................................................7 2 1. Väikepingesüsteemid SELV, PELV ja FELV Lühend SELV tähistab maandamata ehk maast eraldatud kaitseväikepinge süsteemi. Lühend tuleb inglise keelsetest sõnadest safety extra-low voltage ehk ohutu väikepinge. Lühend PELV tähistab maandatud kaitseväikepinge süsteemi, kus üks toiteallika poolustest või kolmefaasilise trafo neutraalpunkt on maandatud. Lühend tuleb inglise keelsetest sõnadest protective extra-low voltage. Lühend FELV tähistab talitlusväikepinge süsteemi, mis on vajalik teatavate nõrkvoolupaigaldiste normaalseks talitlemiseks. Lühend tuleb inglise keelsetest sõnadest functional extra-low voltage. 2. Kaitseväikepinge süsteemid
pdf 1.Protsessori toitepinge muutmine. Protsessori toitepinge muutmiseks on vaja esialgu minna ASUS'e emaplaadi BIOSi. Seda saab teha vajutades klaviatuuril nuppu F2 või Delete. ASUS'e emaplaadi puhul tuleb peale seda vajutada BIOSis klaviatuuril F7 mis viib ,,Advanced Mode" BIOSi. Advanced BIOS Mode all tuleb otsida teiselt vahekaardilt, AI Tweaker, ülesse rida CPU VCORE voltage, Offset Mode Sing ja CPU VCORE Offset voltage. Seda seadet saab muuta 0.800 v kuni 1.7 v ja 0.005 v astme kaupa. Muuta saab vajutades klaviatuuril kas või + märki. 2. Protsessori taktsageduse seadmine Antud emaplaadil saab muuta protsessori taktsagedust kahel moel
Isotachophoresis (ITP) Electrokinetic Chromatography (EKC) Micro Emulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEEKC) NonAqueous Capillary Electrophoresis (NACE) Capillary Electrochromatography (CEC) Equipment Sample injection Electrokinetic injection (EI) Hydrodynamic injection (HI) Stacking Capillary Consitioning Thermal regulation High voltage power source Detection Absorption in the UV and visible region Notes to the quantitative analysis 1 CE equipment CE application CE application in pharmaceutical analysis CE application in biopharmaceutical analysis CE application in biotechnology Conclusions and perspectives New directions
B: 1 1 1 1 ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON A:CC B:CC The diodes, D1-D8, protect the transistors against the coil flyback voltagewhen the transistors are turned off. The motor shaft is rotated by applyingdrive voltage to each input in the proper sequence. 4. Shoot-through, also known as cross-conduction. This is the condition that occurs when the upper and lower transistors on the same side of the coil turn on at the same time. If two transistors turn on at the same time, there will be a very low impedance between the supply voltage and ground -- effectively a short. This usually destroys one or both transistors. In a
by ~20%. Maximum torque increased by ~20% I [A] 0.75 0.8 2.6 2.8 Current in 1,7 / Y 1,0A both cases increased by ~10% U [V] 84 90 86 95 Voltage in 230V / Y both cases 400V increased by ~10% P2 [W] 35 40 60 75 Power 300 W consumptio n increased in both cases ~10% [%] 0.55 0
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics Report on Electronics and Semiconductor Engineering OP AMPS Student AAAB-41 Tallinn 2011 Exercise 5.1. Non.Inverting Voltage Amplifier Fig . Circuit diagram Fig . Diagrams of bandwidth versus gain. Data table Measur Calculated ed Uin R1, k R2, k KU Uout, V fc, kHz KU Uout, V fc, kHz 0,7 2 18,57 9,63 6,74 146 10,29 7,2 150
output relays or destruction of the output transistors. As a countermeasure for such problems, external safety measures must be provided to ensure safety in the system. • When the 24-VDC output (service power supply to the PC) is overloaded or short-circuited, the voltage may drop and result in the outputs being turned OFF. As a countermeasure for such problems, external safety measures must be provided to ensure safety in the system. ! WARNING When transferring programs to other nodes, or when making changes to I/O memory, confirm the safety of the destination node before transfer. Not doing so may result in injury.
Time (sec) c. TD decreases (10 marks) Step Response 1.5 1 Amplitude 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time (sec) Question 3 (20 marks) Figure below shows the voltage output of a PID control system when the device is switched on. The setpoint (SP) is indicated and this is the voltage at which the device must be driven corresponding to. Please indicate which of the below graph I, II, and III presenting for e(t), e(t ).dt , or de(t ) ? (take note that zero is indicated on each figures). dt I II III Solution: de(t )
Samal aastal otsustasid vennad Youngid, et Evans ei ole neile sobiv laulja, kuna oli stiililt rohkem glam-rock'i poole, mis bändi suundumusega ei sobinud. Septembris paluti Evansil lahkuda ning asemele võeti Bon Scott, kes oli nende autojuht. Bon Scott Scott, kel oli muuhulgas varasemast ajast mitmeid seaduserikkumisi, aitas luua bändile jõhkrat ja toorest kuvandit, mis on suures osas tänaseni säilinud. 1975. aastal anti välja album High Voltage ja samal aastal said bändi liikmeteks basskitarrist Mark Evans ja trummar Phil Rudd, pannes lõpu liikmete pidevale vahetumisele. Samal aastal ilmus ka teine album T.N.T. - mõlemad anti välja ainult Austraalias. Järgmisel aastal pandi mõlema põhjal kokku album USA ja Suurbritannia turu jaoks, mis kandis samuti nime High Voltage. 1976. aasta aprillis oli AC/DC esimene kontsert Euroopas - Londoni klubis The Red Cow
Electro-fishing equipment is used for collecting different fish species and recording their relative abundances, and making cursory determinations of their health based on external observations. Collecting and recording fish data reveals what species are surviving and inhabiting a particular stream system and to what extent the aquatic ecosystem is maintaining that population. Depending on the type of stream visited and the field chemistry and habitat measurements taken, biologists have certain expectations of what type of species they should expect to find. When this ends up not being the case, as where warm water pollutant tolerant species are found in what would be considered cold water species habitat, then the biologists look closer into possible causes for the ecological imbalance. When combined with water chemistry, habitat, and stream invertebrate information, a clear picture of the ecological system is brought in to focus fr...
ETA Estimate time of arrival Täpne saabusmis aeg ETD Estimate time of depature Täpne väljumis aeg FWD Four/front wheel drive nelja/esi ratta vedu GCSE General Certificate of Secondary Põhikooli lõputunnistus Education Ha Hectar Hektar HGV Heavy goods vehicle Raskeveok hr. Hour Tund ht. Height Kõrgus HV Height voltage Kõrgepinge Jr. Junior Noorem, Juunior Kph. Kilometers per hour Kilomeetrit tunnis lh. Left hand Vasakpoolne NATO North Atlantic Treaty Põhja atlandi lepinguline liit Organisatsion. Nos Numbers Numbrid PTO Pleas turn over Keera lehte Rh Rhesus Reesus
Studied galvanic cell ε Voltage reference cell ε' Nr l AC |l AC−l ´AC| 2 l' AC |l' AC −l '´AC| 2 |l AC −l ´AC| |l' AC −l '´AC| 1. 2,965 0,0092 8,464· 10 −5
Seadmeid, milles elektrienergia muundub mehaaniliseks, soojus- või mõneks muuks energialiigiks, nimetatakse elektritarbijaiks. Elektritarbijad on näiteks elektrimootorid, valgustid, elektrisoojendusriistad jne. Tarbija nimipinge ja võrgupinge, millesse ta lülitatakse, peavad olema võrdsed. Nimipinged. Väikepinge extra lowvoltage (ELV) vahelduvpinge puhul 50 V, alalispinge puhul 120 V. Eristatakse kaitseväikepinget (SELV, PELV) ja talitlusväikepinget (FELV). Madalpinge low voltage (LV), pingepiirkond, mille korral pinge võib olla väikepingest suurem, kuid ei ületa normaaltalitlusel vahelduvpinge puhul 1000 V ja alalispinge puhul 1500 V Kõrgepinge gigh voltage (HV), pingepiirkond, mille korral pinge on normaaltalitlusel vahevahelduvpinge puhul suurem kui 1000 V ja alalispinge puhul suurem kui 1500 V Mõtisklus 1. Mis on elektrotehnika? 2. Miks kasutatakse elektrienergiat? 1
c. How can the above schem be modified with open sensor detection using
only one ADC and one digital input pin of the microcontroller?
Adding a comparator to Vsense. If Vsense
98 lk. 4. The Engiineering Toolbox. Wire Rope – Strength. Kättesaadav: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/wire-rope-strength-d_1518.html (11.01.2016) 5. Gabolde, G., Nguyen, J-P. Drilling Data Handbook. Paris, IFP, 2006. 74 lk. Kättesaadav: https://books.google.ee/books?id=u8cMooI1S_IC&lpg=RA4-PA3&dq= Efficiency%20of%20Wire%20Rope%20Reeving&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Efficiency %20of%20Wire%20Rope%20Reeving&f=false (11.01.2016) 6. ABB. Low voltage general performance IE2 high efficiency motors according to EU MEPS. Kättesaadav: http://www.elektroskandia.ee/pub/tooted/toostus/General_perfor mance_IE2_motors_EU_MEPS_9AKK105789_EN_01_2013_Rev_A.pdf (20.12.14). 7. The Engiineering Toolbox. Metals – Specific Heats. Kättesaadav: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-metals-d_152.html (20.12.14). 8. Liiske, M. Elektriajamid. Trt.: EPMÜ Kirjastus, 2001. 254 lk 9. Liiske, M. Elektriajamite ülesanded. – 32 lk.
a) Why do we require a low-pass filter when using this mixer circuit? Mixer needs more parts b) Name another disadvantage of such a mixer circuit. The mixer approach multiplies the frequency shift you want to measure, but also any other frequency shift. This includes drift caused by component heating, noise, etc. Question 4 Consider the following circuit and input waveform. Question 3 Draw an equivalent output waveform. Question 3 Question 5 Consider the following LM231 voltage to frequency converter (see LM331.pdf). Assume Rs = 17 kΩ. (Hint: Find the formula to calculate the output frequency fOUT and the values of Rs, RL, Rt, and Ct in LM331.pdf). Determine the output frequency (fOUT). a) Vin = 0.0836 V V¿ 0.0836 ∗RS ∗17 k 2,09 V 2,09 ∗1 ∗1 = 100kHz RL 100 k 0,04∗170∗1
Uuemad süsteemid on UPS, mootori-generaatorisüsteem, ülijuhtiv energiasalvesti, hoorattapõhised energiasalvestid. Pingelohkude vähendamine- neutraali maandamine läbi KKP; regulaarne puude piiramine, isol. juhtmete kasutamine, silmusskeemid, releekaitse parendamine jne. 29. Reservtoiteallikad -::- 30. Aktiivsed kompensaatorid STATCOM- võimaldab reguleerida reaktiivvõimsust võrgu sõlmes nii genereerimise kui tarbimise suunas. DVR- dynamic voltage restorer, avaldab mõju ainult tema taha jäävale võrgu osale. nende ühendamisel tekib UPFC, mis on kallis aga reguleerib nii jaotusvõrgu kvaliteedi probleeme kui süsteemi stabiilsust põhivõrgus. 31. Passiivsed filtrid Kondensaator+ reaktor, mis on seadistatud teatud harmooniku sagedusele. Võivad tekitada paralleelresonantsi. 32. Aktiivsed filtrid Ei teki paralleelresonantsi, võivad summutada korraga mitut harmoonikut, Asendab selle osa
LIMBIC SYSTEM – A group of brain structures, which includes the amygdala*, hippocampus* and septum and help regulate emotions and memory. MEMORY CONSOLIDATION – The physical and psychological process which take place as the brain organizes and restructures information in order to make it a permanent element of memory. It implicates neuroplasticity and changes in the pattern of gene expression within neurones. MEMBRANE POTENTIAL – Difference in electrical potential (voltage) between the inside and outside of a living cell produced by selective permeability of the membrane to ions. METABOLISM – All physical and chemical processes, necessary for energy transformations, which take place in the organism and in every living cell. MITOCHONDRIA – Small cellular organelles scattered in the cytoplasm, which produce energy for the cell by converting glucose and oxygen into high-energy compounds.
Charlie also says that he loves Sam. And the bad news is that Sam has already a boyfriend Craig. Charlie's sister tells him that Sam used to be a "blow queen". This hurts Charlie very much, because he didn't want to think like that over Sam. November 12, 1991 Charlie likes Twinkies. He tells a story about rats, pleasurable rewards, and electric shock. It's a very interesting experiment and it tells that rat or mouse would put up with a lot more voltage for the pleasure. November 15, 1991 Charlie thinks a lot about his brother and his dad. I think that Charlie's brother and father are big idols for them. He says that he also wants to join a football team. November 18, 1991 Charlie's brother calls and tells that he won't be able to get home for Thanksgiving. Mom is very upset and she takes Charlie to shopping. She also agrees to have Sam and Patrick for dinner. The last time somebody had been in their house for dinner, was 1 year ago.
shifts (origiral, sum, etc.). This includes noises and heating. - If the input frequency comes down and the difference frequency will increases up and may be filtered aways by the low pass filter. - The design of the mixer is complecated. - The circuit may produce more ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI) Question 4 (10 marks) Consider the following circuit and input waveform. Draw an equivalent output waveform. Solution: Question 5 (20 marks) Consider the following LM231 voltage to frequency converter (see LM331.pdf). Assume Rs = 17 kΩ. Determine the output frequency (fOUT). a) Vin = 0.0836 V b) Vin = 0.418 V c) Vin = 0.836 V Solution: Determine the output frequency (fOUT). From the chart, Rs = 17 kΩ, RL = 100 kΩ, Rt = 6.8 kΩ, Ct = 0.01 µF. a) For Vin = 0.0836 V, fOUT= 100 Hz b) For Vin = 0.418 V, fOUT= 500 Hz c) For Vin = 0.836 V, fOUT= 1kHz Question 6 (10 marks) One of the reasons for using time/frequency based measurements in
Nadm := 20hp = 14.9 kW Konveierilint Valin varuga standartse lindi laiusega B l := 600mm Valin vahekihtide arvuks i L := 2 Lindi paksus t = 9.5 mm Rullide mõõdud Vedava ja veetava rulli läbimõõt D = 0.4 m Tugirullide läbimõõt Dp = 0.108 m Rullide laius L = 0.78 m Allikad 1. Fenner Dunlop Conveyor Handbook, Kättesaadav: ÕIS õppematerjalid (09.12.18) 2. Tõste- transportmasinad, V. L. Morgarsov, Valgus 1967. 3. ABB Low Voltage General Purpose Motors tootekataloog 4. Electric Corp. Gear Reducers Product Catalogue 2016 Kättesaadav: http://catalog.jamiesonequipment.com/Asset/WWW%20Gear%20Reducers%20Catalog%20 2016%20JEC.pdf (02.12.2018) 5. USING VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) TO IMPROVE CONVEYOR BELT SAFETY IN SURFACE MINING Kättesaadav: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Example-pinch-point-locations-on-a-conveyor-belt_fig2_25 5636172 (01.01.2019)
teisaldatavateks. Seadmeid, milles elektrienergia muundub mehaanili- seks, soojus- või mõneks muuks energialiigiks, nimetatakse elektri- tarbijaiks. Elektritarbijad on näiteks elektrimootorid, valgustid, elektri- soojendusriistad jne. Valmistajatehas toodab kindlal nimireziimil töötavaid voolutarbijaid. Tarbija nimipinge ja võrgupinge, millesse ta lülitatakse, peavad olema võrdsed. Nimipinged. Väikepinge extra low voltage (ELV ) vahelduvpinge puhul 50 V, alalispinge puhul 120 V. Eristatakse kaitseväikepinget (SELV) ja talitlusväikepinget (PELV ) . Madalpinge low voltage (LV ) . pingepiirkond, mille korral pinge võib olla väikepingest suurem, kuid ei ületa normaaltalitlusel vahelduvpinge puhul 1000 V ja alalispinge puhul 1500 V Kõrgepinge high voltage (HV ) , pingepiirkond, mille korral pinge on normaaltalitlusel vahelduvpinge puhul suurem kui 1000 V ja
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