Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Kreooli kultuur ". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
creole, africa, spanish, language, louisiana, languages, refer, french, term, mixed, other, slave, origin, based, colonies, came, call, mean, ethnic, there, class, late, meaning, heritage, lack, black, custom, before, century, those, referred, often, west, philippines, original, caribbean, indian, such, them, days, wedding, bride, sent, part, lower, onesSociety and culture of english-sspeaking countries Introduction 1. The countries of the world where the English language is spoken. 2. Approximate number of mother tongue speakers of English approximately 350-400 million native speakers. Which place does English occupy in the world by its number of speakers?After which language? English occupies second place by its number of speakers after Mandarin Chinese. 3. What is the difference between English as a Second Language, English as a Foreign Language and English for Specific Purposes? Give examples of situations where they are used. English as a Second Language (ESL or TESL) is a traditional term for the use or study of the English language by non-native speakers in an English-speaking environment. That environment may be a country in which English is the mother tongue (e.g., Australia, the U.S.) or one in which English has an established role (e.g., India, Nigeria)
SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES Introduction 1. Nowadays, English is so widely spoken that it can hardly be considered "a one nation's" language. The main countries where English is spoken are: the U.K, the U.S, Canada, Australia, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, West Indies 2. There are approx. 300-400 million speakers of English in the world. English occupies the 3rd place by its number of speakers; it is right behind Mandarin and Spanish. 3. ESL (English as a Second Language) used in your own country (e.g. India) EFL (English as a Foreign Language) used in a foreign country
From Alaska, maybe during or before the last great Ice Age, they gradually spread down into the American continent. These people from whom the Indians descended kept on entering America by way of the region of Alaska for many thousands of years. They moved and mingled throughout long periods of time. Eventually they were living across both North and South America. It seems likely that some of the first people to live in America may have been speakers of Siouan languages. Some of the first Indians in America settled in the southeast. Last of all to arrive, apparently, were the Eskimo. Most recent arrivals though they are, however, they were living in their present homeland in what is now Alaska and Artic Canada more than 2,500 years ago. Coastal route theory = New research and studies have prompted some anthropologists and archaelogists to present the theory that people from Southeast
Indians in everyday conversation. They are still legally categorized by the Canadian Government under the Indian Act as Status Indians. Those who have lost their legal status are called Non-Status Indians. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau tried to get rid of the Indian Act, but First Nations political groups insisted on keeping it, because it defines their special status. The Inuit are the people who originally lived in the Arctic. Their language is Inuktitut, but it has several dialects the differ considerably from place to place. The Métis, are the group of people who resulted from the mixing of European and Native men and women. The Métis developed a unique culture that included elements of both European and Native ways and artifacts (clothes, tools, means of travel, etc.). They pride themselves on their distinctiveness from both the cultures from which they are descended. 3
Pidgins, creoles and standard language Pidgin language A simplified language Mainly employed in trade NOT the native language of any community may be built from words, sounds, or body language from multiple other languages and cultures No particular rules Chinese Pidgin English a pidgin lexically based on English and influenced by Chinese developed in 17th century in China Began to decline during the 19th century, when standard English began to be taught in schools Chinese Pidgin English Some characteristics: Based on a vocabulary of 700 English words Grammar and syntax are simple and positional (grammatical categories are indicated by the position of words in a
Tallinn English College Topic The United States of America Tallinn 2007 1. Introduction The United States of America's territory is over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km²) and population more than 300 million people. The capital city is Washington D.C. Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, English is the de facto national language. English is the most common language for daily interaction among both native and non-native speakers. Spanish is the second language. The largest city is the New York City. The Government is Federal constitutional republic and the president is George W. Bush. 2. Geographical position The United States of America is located on the continent of North America. It has borders with two countries Mexico and Canada. There are also the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico surrounding the big country
American English Take-home exam 1) Discuss the significance of American English in the English-speaking world. English is one the most widely used languages in the world and globally acknowledged as the lingua franca. It is also the dominant business language. For these facts already, English has a great importance in the today’s world. As the United States of America is one of the leading countries of the world, American English has a certain authority as well. It is now an inescapable fact that America, through its worldwide influence and massive entertainment industry is the mighty power-house that drives the English language. Although British English is considered to be more sophisticated and prestigious than
Cuisine of South Africa has had a variety of sources and stages: · Cookery practised by indigenous people of South Africa such as the Khoisan and Xhosa- and Sotho-speaking people · Settler cookery introduced during the colonial period by people of Indian and Afrikaner and British descent and their slaves and servants - this includes the cuisine of the Cape Malay people, which has many characteristics of Malaysia and Java, and recipes from neighbouring colonial cultures such as Portuguese Mozambique. Indigenous cookery traditional South African cuisine
THE CAPITALIST NIGER Chika Onyeani ………………………Every African must internalise this book - period….DAA INTRODUCTION In October 1960, Nigeria received its independence from Britain. By then, Ghana the former Gold Coast had been independent for three years under the great Osagyefo Kwame Nkumah. It was a time for celebrating Africa’s coming of age, as more and more African countries received their independence either from Britain or France. It was especially a poignant time for Africa, as then British Prime Minister Harold McMillan articulated his now famous “winds of change” sweeping Africa. We had high hopes for Africa, for the Black race, that the insidious imposition of foreign rule on us, the looting of Africa’s natural resources by our colonial masters accorded us would be things of history. That is more than forty years ago. Unfortunately, the promise of independence has not been fulfilled.
Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and The Star-Spangled Banner. The flag of the United States is one of the nation's most widely recognized symbols. Within the U.S. it is frequently displayed, not only on public buildings, but on private residences. It is also used as a motif on decals for car windows, and clothing ornaments such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world it is used in public discourse to refer to the U.S., not only as a nation, state, government, and set of policies, but also as an ideology and set of ideals. The Statue of Liberty is a huge sculpture that is located on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. This monument was a gift to the USA from the people of France in recognition of the French-American alliance during the American Revolution. The formal name of the statue is "Liberty Enlightening the World." It pictures a woman who has escaping the chains of tyranny
The Arawak and Taino indigenous people originating from South America settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494 there were over 200 villages ruled by caciques. The south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494. Columbus' probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay. The capital was moved to Spanish Town, now located in the parish of St. Catherine, as early as 1534. It was then called ,,Villa de la Vega". Spanish Town has the oldest Cathedral in the British colonies. The English Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables seized the island in 1655. In 1660 the population of Jamaica was about 4 500 whites and some 1 500 blacks. As early as the 1670s, blacks formed a majority of the population. During its
Believed in the trimph of working man (marx), but at the same the in the necessity of of the survival of the strongest. Was attracted to the Nietzches theory of the superman- the true aristocrats. The rest are the slaves. Morality, conscious, christianity-are the inventions of the slaves. Because this is how slaves tried to control the masters. 27.02.13 1920-jazz, post war euphoria, people were more less ,,From whom the bell tolls" Hemingway. Spanish civil war. Franco vs the Republicans. Three days are described. Protagonist is Robert Jordan. American, but teaches Spanish, joins the Spanish guerillas-the spanish partisans, in the fight against the facist. He is wounded and left to die. We get this sense of betrayal-most powerful emotions. The bell tolls for everybody, the bell is symbolically the funeral bell, it conserns everybody. The message of the novel is presented through inner monologue
and that they are "endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights" including "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." (Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) De Crevecoeur, Hector St. John (17351813): FrancoAmerican Writer. With the publication of his Letters from an American Farmer (1782), Hector St. John de Crevecoeur became one of the eighteenthcentury's most influential commentators on American life and manners. While not born in America, Crevecoeur traded his French citizenship for an American one in 1765, taking up residence in New York. He had traveled throughout New England and its coastal region before claiming his new identity, however, and before seriously embarking upon his life as a farmer in Orange County, New York, in 1778, Crevecoeur traveled extensively inland through the Ohio Valley and on to the banks of the Mississippi. Drawing upon his
The Portuguese currency is the euro () and the country's economy is in the eurozone. DEVELOPMENT Portugal is a developed country with a very high Human Development Index, the world's 19th highest quality-of-life as of 2005, and a strong healthcare system. It is one of the world's most globalized and peaceful nations: a member of the European Union and the United Nations, and a founding member of the Latin Union, the Organization of Ibero-American States, OECD, NATO, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the eurozone and the Schengen Agreement. II. Early History THE BEGINNING OF PORTUGAL The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula. The name of Portugal derives from the Roman name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the
much as 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. It is about 620 kilometres (385 mi) northeast of the Central American mainland, 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 190 kilometres (120 mi) west of the island of Hispaniola, on which Haiti and the Dominican Republic are situated. Its indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno inhabitants named the island Xaymaca, meaning either the "Land of Springs," or the "Land of Wood and Water". Formerly a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it later became the British West Indies Crown colony of Jamaica. It is the third most populous anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. I chosed Jamica because there are many things what I like in this country. Mostly I like Jamaica´s music, culture and climate. Geography Jamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean, and the most populous English speaking island there
government, and the puritan ethics that went with it (theatres and other forms of amusement had been banned) had become so unpopular that the executed king’s son was asked to return and become King Charles II. 18. The Restoration. Restoration, in English history, is the reestablishment of the monarchy on the accession (1660) of Charles II after the collapse of the Commonwealth (see under commonwealth) and the Protectorate. The term is often used to refer to the entire period from 1660 to the fall of James II in 1688. 19. The Whigs and Tories. Within Parliament, the tensions and disagreements of the Civil War and its aftermath were echoed in the formation of two vaguely opposed, loose collections of allies. One group, the Whigs, were the political “descendants” of the parliamentarians. They supported the Protestant values of hard work and economic
1) Standard and non-standard varieties of English Standard varieties of English are the varieties of the English language that are considered to be a norm and are spoken and written by the minority (educated people). This is the optimum for educational purposes. The standard varieties of English are: BrEng (British), EngEng (English), NAmEng (North-America), USEng (United States), CanEng (Canada), AusEng (Australia), NZEng (New Zealand). Standard English (British English) is the most widely accepted and understood among native speakers, learned by foreigners. It is used in broadcasting, TV, news etc. It doesn't
Tallinna Mustamäe Humanitargümnaasium Valeria Jefremenkova ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE INGLISE KEEL KUI ÜLEMAAILMNE KEEL Research work Supervisor: Jevgenija Kozlova Tallinn 2016 1 Table of Contents СONTENT…………………………………………………………………………………...2 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………...3
the Depression. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Dunham's father, Stanley, enlisted in the service and marched across Europe in Patton's army. Dunham's mother, Madelyn, went to work on a bomber assembly line. After the war, the couple studied on the G.I. Bill, bought a house through the Federal Housing Program and, after several moves, landed in Hawaii. Obama's father, Barack Obama, Sr. was born of Luo ethnicity in Nyanza Province, Kenya. The older Obama grew up herding goats in Africa, eventually earning a scholarship that allowed him to leave Kenya and pursue his dreams of college in Hawaii. While studying at the University of Hawaii in Manoa, Obama, Sr. met fellow student, Ann Dunham. They married on February 2, 1961. Barack was born six months later. Obama's parents separated when he was two years old, later divorcing. Obama, Sr. went on to Harvard to pursue Ph.D. studies, and then returned to Kenya in 1965. In 1966, Dunham
Large plantations- tobacco, rice, cotton Cheap labour Slaves Primary seaports in Charleston and South Carolina · Westward expansion 1803 President Thomas Jefferson sent a secret message to Congress calling for a expedition in the west. (Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean) France owned the territory Bought for 15,000,000 Dollars ´´Free Land´´ to attract people there Gangs robbed travellers. Mexiacan origin California Gold Rush of 1849 (80,000) · Manifest Destiny is a term that was used in the 19th century to designate the belief that the United States was destined, even divinely ordained, to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. · The influence of frontier on the development of American character Thanksgiving Religious freedom Obsession with business and wealth Green cards ´´No´´ discrimination Men hunt and fight for new land, women raise children IV Independence
Guyana Guyana is officially named the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and it is in South America. Its capital is a Georgetown and presdient Bharrat Jagdeo. The population is about 738,000. Guyana is bordered to the east by Suriname, to the south and southwest by Brazil and to the west by Venezuela. It is the third smallest country on the mainland of South America. Culturally it is more associated with the Caribbean than with Latin America and is the only English speaking country in South America. Guyana is an Amerindian word meaning "Land of many waters" beacause of its rain forests dissected by numerous rivers, creeks and waterfalls, including the famous Kaieteur Falls. The country enjoys a diverse, multicultural society, high floral and faunal biodiversity, prize-winning rum, and Demerara sugar. Guyana is a major breeding area for sea turtles and other wildlife. The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid. The major religions
want to live in England because they didn't agree with the church. The pilgrims had rough times also, but friendly Indians helped them. In 1621 the Pilgrims had a huge dinner to give thanks for the first food that they had grown themselves. That day became known as the Thanksgiving, and is celebrated every year in America. INDEPENDENCE WAR By the end of the 18th century, the whole of the Eastern coast of North America had been colonized, largely by the British, but also French and Spanish. There were very high taxes and people in Boston refused to pay them. So when the first cargoes of tea reached to Boston harbour, in 1773, all the tea was thrown into the water. It is known as Boston Tea Party. The British government was very angry and they began the war with the colonies. A farmer from Virginia, George Washington, became the leader of the American army. And later he became the first president of USA.
There are such plants as: white oak, white birch, pecan, lady fern, common lime and carpet moss. Typical animals are: eagles, black bears, coyotes, deer and chipmunks. 7. Population The population of Canada is about 31 million people. About 77% of the people live in cities which lie in a band about 100 miles wide above the border of the United States. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Other large cities are Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Quebec. Canada has two official languages English and French. It's interesting to know that about 61% of Canadians name English and 24% french their mother tongue. There are also many other languages spoken in Canada such as: Italian, Chinese, German, Polish, Ukrainian, Greek and Dutch. There are also many native languages such as Algonquian. The British and the French as the main settlers from Europe fought for hundreds of
3. The Roman conquest Julius Caesar's first raid was in 55 BC but the romans left. Ad 43- the Romans came to stay. The army established Roman rule in the south and SW of the country. The Romans started to introduce their laws to a new province of the Roman Empire and started to build good roads. Officials were appointed (governors, procurators to collect taxes, look after the estates and mines and se that the gold, silver, iron and lead were exported back to Rome). Introduced schools,a new language Latin, large farms (villas), baths. In AD 410 they had to leave . roman occupation lasted nearly 400 years. They left behind very little. Roman province of Britannia covered most of present-day England and Wales. 4. Latin influence on English *The influence of Latin is noticeable also in the names of European cities: the Latin noun colonia (settlement, colony) may be found in numerous place-names: Lincoln, Colchester, Cologne ; from
5. A multinational state- A multinational state is a sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations. Such a state contrasts with a nation-state where a single nation comprises the bulk of the population. 6. A single-nation state- a geographical area that can be identified as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign nation. A state is a political and geopolitical entity, while a nation is a cultural and ethnic one. The term "nation state" implies that the two coincide, but "nation state" formation can take place at different times in different parts of the world. 7. Commonwealth realm- is a sovereign nation within the Commonwealth which has Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. There are 16 of them (including the UK) and they have a combined area of 18.7 million sq km and a population of 140 million. The vast majority of the
стран мира. 6 INTRODUCTION Aspects of British History presents a brief outline of the most significant milestones in the long and eventful history of Great Britain, such as the five successful invasions of the island, the birth of Parliament and transformation of an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy, the origin of the English language, the rise and fall of the British Empire. The units contain an informative reading text on an important issue, preceded by preparatory discussion questions and followed by notes offering some additional information, and a vocabulary with relevant language notes. The main reading text is accompanied by comprehension, vocabulary and grammar exercises and discussion activities. Some of the units include reading passages.
In 1519 Hernan Cortes began a campaign to conquer Tenochtitlan. It took several years but eventually he prevailed. The Aztec capital was razed to the ground and replaced by Mexico City. Mexico City quickly became the political/military center for most of Spain's possessions in North and Central America - what they were to call New Spain. The conquistadores brought great wealth to the throne but they also posed potential political risks as they grew stronger. The Spanish monarchy sought to neutralize those risks. A royal judicial body, the audencia, reporting directly to the Spanish crown was created in Mexico City in 1527. .In 1535 Antonio de Mendoza was named the first viceroy of New Spain. The viceroy was the king's representative and as such controlled the bureaucracy (but not the audencia). Military figures in New Spain had important ties to political figures in Madrid and their relationship to the viceroy flucuated
History exam *Stonehenge - is a monument located in England. It is one of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world and is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. The surrounding circular, earth bank and ditch, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Stonehenge was produced by a culture with no written language. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. *The Celts in Britain and their legacy The Cets lived in Britain in The Iron Age. They were warring tribes who were battleful amongst themselves as well as inter-tribal war. They were not centrally governed. The Celts brought iron working, iron ploughs and metal swords,
OE – homogeneous; 1/3 of the vocabulary has survived • 884,647 words of running text About 450 Latin loans (Amosova) • 29,000 different words (incl. work, working, Viking invasions added 2,000 worked, which are counted here as separate 2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot, cosmopolitan language 4) Modern English – 500,000 words (OED) At present at least 1 billion lexical units 2. Core and periphery
Nassau capital city of The Bahamas, lies on the island of New Providence. Mount Alvernia(Como Hill) 63 metres (207 ft) on Cat Island. Population: 309,156 Religions: Baptist 35.4%, Anglican 15.1%, Roman Catholic 13.5%, Pentecostal 8.1%, Church of God 4.8%, Methodist 4.2%, other Christian 15.2%, other Protestant 12%, none or unknown 3%, other 2% The 'other' category includes Jews, Muslims, Baha'is, Hindus, Rastafarians, and practitioners of Obeah Languages: English (official), Bahamian dialect Climate subtropical to tropical moderated significantly by the waters of the Gulf Stream the temperature can fall as low as 23 °C districts Acklins Crooked Island Berry Islands East Grand Bahama Bimini Exuma Black Point, Exuma Grand Cay, Abaco Cat Island Harbour Island, Eleuthera Central Abaco Hope Town, Abaco
American literature The literary history of this nation when the first humanbeing living in what has since become the U.S used language creatively. · Mid to late 18 century put down · Words are powerful, magical · Words must be remembered · Native Americans stories creation of the world · Attidude thought their land/language · Similar stories Dates and names · America was discovered in 1492 by Columbus · 1497 John Cabot went to Canada · 1579 San Fransisco/St. Fransis · 1607 Jamestown collony/John Smith
period. Importance of religion; the stories of King Arthur (also Tristan and Isolde, based on Celtic legends). Importance of the church during the Middle Ages (5th c to 15th c). Three languages used in England: French, English and Latin. Main literary genres: (1) chivalric romance, (2) the fabliau (a comic, often anonymous tale that is characterised by an excess of sexual and other types of obscenity) and (3) literature on religious topics – either moralistic
Economic growth slowed considerably in 2001-02, as part of the global economic slowdown, but for the four years before that, annual growth averaged nearly 4%, well above the EU average. (3) 1.4 Population The great majority of inhabitants of the Netherlands are Dutch. They are mainly descended from Franks, Frisians, and Saxons. Most residents of Friesland Province are Frisian, a distinct cultural group with its own language. Fearing overpopulation, the government encouraged Dutch emigration after World War II (1939-1945), and some 500,000 people left. But an even larger number of people entered the Netherlands--Europeans and Asians from the former Netherlands Indies dependency (now part of Indonesia); industrial workers from Turkey, Morocco, and other Mediterranean countries; and, more recently, residents of Suriname, also a former Dutch dependency and the Netherlands Antilles. Consequently, the country's
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