Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Kaudne kõne". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
perfect, says, verb, direct, continuous, kaudses, speech, indefinite, indirect, toldresent, asked, clause, likes, mary, tell, arrive, year, kaudselt, studentealause, there, ajavormis, before, night, drink, lost, tomorrow, cream, brother, jane, sister, kordab, kusjuures, asesõnad, sidesõna, linking, object, worked, years, them, friends, clock, niheWe/you/they go We/you/they do not go Do we/you/they go? NB! ERANDID! · Verbidele, mis lõpevad ss, h, ch, tch, x või oga, lisatakse ainsuse kolmdandas pöördes es. he does he goes he misses he watches he mixes · Verbid, mis lõpevad yga, mille ees on konsonant, muudavad y iks enne es lisamist. fly he flies carry he carries Võrdle: say he says Lihtolevik väljendab: · Antud momendil toimuvat tegevust, mis ei väljenda kestvat aega, näiteks see, hear, know. I see that man who you are pointing at. · Üldist, kogu aeg toimuvat või korduvat tegevust, pole oluline, kas tegevus toimub rääkimise hetkel. Teachers teach in schools. He usually goes to gym on Monday. · Tegevust mingil ajal. I go to school at 8 o´clock.
Reported Speech (in other words Indirect Speech) If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker's exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say, think or believe. - Example: If this verb is in the present tense (says), it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence. When we are reporting things in the present, future or present perfect we don't change the tense. : direct speech: "I like ice cream" reported speech: She says she likes ice cream - But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense (said), then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech: direct speech: "I like ice cream" reported speech: She said she liked ice cream. .........
Kaudne kõne 1. Saatelause olevikus (he says that ...) Kõneleja juttu saab edasi anda otseselt (direct) ja kaudselt (reported). Otsene kõne: He says: "I am a man" Kaudne kõne: He says (that) he is a man. Kaudsel kõnel võivad muutuda asesõnad ja ka verbi pöördevormid. She tells me: ,,I like your dress." She tells me (that) she likes my dress. 2. Saatelause minevikus (he said that ...) Kui saatelause on minevikus, siis võivad samuti muutuda asesõnad ja verbi pöördevormid. Pane tähele! Oleviku vorm otseses kõnes muutub mineviku vormiks kaudses kõnes. am/is --- was are -- were do/does --- did want/like/know/go etc --- have/has had wanted/liked/knew/went etc will --- would
We can report people's words by using direct speech or direct speech reported speech. speech `I'm tired!', Helen said. Helen said (that) she was tired. The main verb of the sentence is usually past ( Tom said that... / I told her that...) and the rest of the sentence is usually past too. Sequence of tenses if the verb in the main sentence is in the past tense the other verbs are usually in one of the past tense too. Present Simple Past Simple I'm a teacher. He said (that) he was a teacher Present Progressive Past Progressive I'm having lunch with my He said (that) he was having parents. lunch with his parents. Past Simple Past Perfect He said (that) he had bought a I bought a new car. new car.
Kui saatelause verb on minevikus, toimub väit- ja küsilausetes aegade nihe: Prsent Simple Past Simple Present Progressive Past Progressive Present Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Past Simple Past Perfect Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect jääb muutmata Past Perfect Progressive jääb muutmata Future Simple Future in the Past 3. Kui saatelause verb on minevikus, asendatakse kaudses kõnes mõned lähedust väljendavad sõnad kaugust väljendavate sõnadega: This that These those Here there Now then Ago before Today that day Tomorrow the next day Yesterday the day before Last night the previous night Next week the following week Aegade nihet ei toimu kui 1. Lause väljendab üldtuntud tõde He said, ´The sun is 92 million miles away.´ He said that the sun is 92 million miles away. Tingimuslausete 2
INGLISE KEEL Sisukord Sisukord 2 Ajavormid Tense vorms 3 Lihtolevik The present simple 3 Lihtminevik The past simple 3 Lihttulevik The future simple 3 Kestev olevik The present continuous 3 Kestev minevik The past continuous 4 Kestev tulevik The future conrinuous 4 Täisminevik The present perfect 4 Enneminevik The past perfect 4 Ennetulevik Future perfect 5 Üldminevik Past tense 5 Üldtulevik Future indefinite 5 Artiklid ja eessõnad 7 Eessõnad 7 Kesksõnad 8
INGLISE KEEL Sisukord Sisukord.................................................................................................................................. 2 Ajavormid Tense vorms.......................................................................................................3 Lihtolevik The present simple..................................................................................... 3 Lihtminevik The past simple....................................................................................... 3 Lihttulevik The future simple...................................................................................... 3 Kestev olevik The present continuous......................................................................... 3
· DIRECT · INDIRECT · Am, is, are · Was/were · Shall/will · Should/would · Can · Could · May · Might · Must · Have/has to · Ought to · Had to CHANGES OF ADVERB OF TIME & PLACE · DIRECT · INDIRECT · NOW · THEN · TOMORROW · THE FOLLOWING DAY · NEXT WEEK · THE FOLLOWING WEEK · TONIGHT · THAT NIGHT · TODAY · THAT DAY · YESTERDAY · THE DAY BEFORE · LAST NIGHT · THE NIGHT BEFORE · LAST WEEK · THE WEEK BEFORE · HERE · THERE · THIS · THAT · THESE · THOSE CHANGES OF TENSES · DIRECT · INDIRECT
Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. For example: "I'm going to the cinema". He said he was going to the cinema. Basic tense chart The tenses generally move backwards in this way (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): present simple past simple I'm a teacher. He said he was a teacher past continuous. present continuous He said he was having lunch with his I'm having lunch with my parents. parents. past perfect simple
Kasutame as, kui me viitame informatsioonile, mida nii rääkija kui kuulaja juba teavad As you know, I'm starting a new job next month. 4.2 Narrative tenses 4.2a Lihtminevik Kasutame: et rääkida sündmustest minevikus, mis on nüüdseks lõppenud I went to the zoo last weekend. et rääkida mineviku situatsioonidest I lived next door to my best friend. kaudses kõnes 4.2b Kestev minevik Kasutame: et rääkida asjades, mis on minevikus kestvad. They were walking along the bank of a river. et rääkida sündmusest, mis oli kestev, kui teine sündmus aset leidis They were driving down the road when a dog ran in front of the car. et rääkida tegevustest, mis leidsid aset samal ajal minevikus While I was cooking lunch, Gina was washing the floor. 4.2c Past perfect simple (Had+past participle) Kasutame
1. Active/Passive Active - the professor teaches the students. Passive - The students are taught by the professor 2. Present Simple [VERB] + s/es in third person. Tegevus on korduv või tavapärane. You speak English. I play tennis. Cats like milk. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. I am here now. Active= Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Passive= Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. 3. Present Continuous [am/is/are + present participle]. Tegevus toimub/ei toimu praegusel hetkel. You are watching TV. You are learning English now. I am studying to become a doctor. I am meeting some friends after work. Active= Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Passive= Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. 4. Past Simple [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs. Tegevus algas/lõppes minevikus täpsel ajal. . You called Debbie. I saw a movie yesterday. I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim
3 TALLEGG 11 MIZDE 4 VESITERM 12 LADA 5 STOW 13 SCHWUNG 6 KALEV 14 MAIASMOKK 7 YAMAHA 15 ISKU 8 ESTRAVEL 2 Affirmative tense Use Signal Words Negative/Questions · action in the present taking always, Present Simple A: He speaks. place once, never or several every ..., N: He does not speak. normally, often, Q: Does he speak? times seldom, · facts sometimes,
REPORTED SPEECH Jutustav lause olevikus Present Simple ---> Past Simple Present Continuous ----> Past Continuous Ann said ,,I am reading a book Ann said (that) she was reading a book Palved to + algvorm Tom said to me, ,,Find me her number, please!" Tom asked me to find him her number. Kelsie said to Lisa ,,Don't argue with me!" Kelsie told Lisa not to argue with her. Jutustav lause minevikus Past Simple --> Past Perfect (had + 3.pv) Present Perfect --> Past Perfect Past Continuous ---> had + been + ing Lynn said ,,I went to the cinema last night." Lynn said (that) she had gone to the cinema the night before. Ed said ,,I have finished the exercise." Ed said (that) he had finished the exercise. Kerri said ,,We were waiting for the bus."
Windows are not made of wood. Simple Present · · New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue. [VERB] + s/es in third person USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Examples: Future · You speak English. · Do you speak English?
on Christmas Day (but at Christmas) We use at in these expressions: at night - at Christmas - at the moment / at present - at the same time - at weekends - at the age of... IN DURING
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Introduction Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and
1 First conditional If-clause present simple; Main clause future tense (or: can, must, may, etc., + bare infinitive) Used to talk about the consequences of a possible action (a real or very probable situation in the present or future). E.g., If I write my essay this afternoon, I will have time to go out tonight. (or: I might go out tonight). (It is still morning, and it is quite possible that I will do this.) NOTE: With type 1 conditionals we can use unless + affirmative verb (= if + negative verb). E.g., I will not be able to come unless Joe gives me a lift. (= If Joe does not give me a lift, ...) Provided that/providing that are synonyms for if that can be used with type 1 conditionals. 2 Second conditional (unreal present) If-clause past simple/past continuous; Main clause conditional tense (would, could, might + present bare infinitive) Used to talk about the consequences of a hypothetical action (imaginary situations that are contrary
1) Ann is my best friend! We........each other for years A know B knew C knows D have known 2) Nicky........to San Francisco when the accident happened. A flies B has flown C was flying D has been flying 3) Why don`t you let her........her story? A finish B to finish C finishing D have finished 4) Tim........in a cafe at present, but he has already applied for a new job A work B have worked C is working D worked 5) My father........already worked for two years before he went to University. A was B had C has D is 3. Change the order of the words to make a correct sentence. ( 5 points ) 1) I wonder / can / you / me / help / if 2) a / my / to / written / I / mother / already / letter / long / have
speakers and writers. Prescriptive grammar: a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures of a language, usually intended as an aid to the learning of that language. Prescriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as certain people think itshould be used. Phonology: the subfield of linguistics that studies the structure and systematic patterning of sounds in human language. Phonetics: of the acoustic detail of speech sounds and how they are articulated. Phone: [p] A phone is actual pronunciation of a phoneme. A phone is represented between brackets Allophone: e.g. pin spin Phoneme: /p/ - /iz/ `houses' /s/ voicless `cats' /z/ `boys' /t/ `learned' /id/ `wanted' A phoneme is the smallest unit of the sound system of a language. If two sounds have the same phoneme, they are treated equally. A phoneme is represented between slashes.
Was Born Traveled to Europe Husband 1978 School graduates @ Oxford 1999 Started Got married School 1983 2008 2 The Six English Verb Tenses Three Simple Tenses Simple continuous Present You walk. You are walking I run. I am running. Past You Walked You were walking. I ran. I was running. Future You will walk. You will be walking. I will run. I will be running. Three Perfect Tenses Perfect continuous Present perfect you have walked. You have been walking. I have run
Kõik õigused on kaitstud. Ilma autoriõiguse omaniku eelneva kirjaliku loata pole lubatud ühtki selle töövihiku osa paljundada ei elektroonilisel, mehaanilisel ega muul viisil. Töövihik on kooskõlas 2009. a uuendatud õppekomplektiga I Love English 6. Tartu, 2014 ISBN 978-9949-436-59-0 Kirjastus Studium Riia 15b, Tartu 51010 www.studium.ee Trükitud OÜ Greif trükikojas Lohkva, Luunja vald Tartumaa 62207 --- 3 xxx 1. The Big Apple 1. Write the verbs in the present continuous or the past continuous tense. Do you remember? am is are was were verb -ing 1 Sorry. I ... (write) a report at the moment. I can't come with you. 2 When Peter arrived, his friends ... (play) football. 3 I ... (sleep) when the alarm went off in my sister's room. 4 Dad's mobile phone is switched off because he ... (fly) to Paris. He's on the plane at the moment. 5 I ... (read) an interesting book. It's a collection of memories. 6 Leo was late again. He ..
TENSES. ACTIVE VOICE. 1. Present Simple (üldolevik) I (he, she, it s) he works Eitav,küsiv do (I, you, we, they) he does not work does (he, she, it) does he work? Verbidele, mis lõpevad infinitiivis ss, -sh, -ch, -x või o, lisatakse ainsuse 3. pöördes es he touches, she goes Verbidel, mis lõpevad y-ga, mille ees on konsonant, muutub y->ies
Ways of expressing the Future Table of Contents Future Simple ...................................................................... 2 Be going to ........................................................................... 3 Present Continuous .............................................................. 3 Present Simple ..................................................................... 4 Future Continuous ............................................................... 4 Future Perfect....................................................................... 6 Other ways of referring to the future ..................................... 7 Other future references......................................................... 8 Future Simple In Future Simple we use the modal verb will + the verb. It is the same in all persons. I will work I’ll work
TIME CLAUSES Present Simple · Permanent states, facts (Tom works..) · Repeated and habitual actions, routines (She usually goes..) · Laws of nature and general truths (The sun sets in the west) · Timetables and programmes · Sporting commentaries, rewiews (Beckham wins the ball, crosses and Owen scores) · Feelings and emotions (I love Tallinn..) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT SIMPLE: usually, often, always, every day/week etc, in the morning/evening etc, at night/the weekend, on Fridays etc. Present Continuous · Actions taking place at or arount the moment of speaking (The kids are watching TV..) · Fixed arrangements in the near future (I'm going to the dentist tomorrow) · Currently changing ang developing situations (The number of burgularies is increasing)
party. Also, as the party will be over before midnight I can assure that there will not be a problem about the noice. I hope that this meets with your approval. If you have any questions please do not hestitate to ask. Yours sincerely, allkiri Liis Perekonnanimi Application Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to apply for the position of information officer which was advertised in ,,The Evening News". I am 19 years old and am studying German at university. I am in my third year and would like the opportunity to practise my language skills with foreigners. I also speak some Spanish. I would appreciate the valuable experience that working with tourists would give me, since I plan to follow a career in hotel management when I graduate. I have always enjoyed working with people. Last simmer, I worked as a guide for Freedom Holidays, which was interesting and enjoyable. This experience increased my knowledge of local history, tourist resorts and places of intrest.
Present Simple and Continuous Table of Contents Present Simple ..................................................................... 2 The spelling of endings in the Present Simple ....................... 2 When to use the Present Simple ........................................... 3 The verb 'be' ......................................................................... 4 Present Continuous.............................................................. 5 The spelling of endings in the Present Continuous................ 5 When to use the Present Continuous.................................... 6 State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs ................... 7 Present Simple In the Present Simple we use the verb without an ending. I work you live we think they dance NB
PASSIVE VOICE Active: S + V + O Passive: S + Be + PP(V3ed) + by + O (tense) EX: My father planted this tree last year. This tree was planted by my father last year. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Simple Present Tense Active: S + V(s/es) + O Passive: S + am/is/are + PP + by + O EX: He reads books every day. Books are read (by him) every day. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Present Continuous Tense Active: S + am/is/are + Ving + O Passive: S + am/is/are + being +PP + by + O EX: He is writing a novel at the moment. A novel is being written (by him) at the moment. TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Present Perfect Tense Active: S + Has/Have + V3ed + O Passive: S + has/have + been +PP + by + O EX: He has just finished a novel. A novel has just been finished (by him). TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES IN PASSIVE VOICE The Simple Past Tense
I'll help you with your homework. Will you give me a hand? 5.In the same way as the future continuous, but with state verbs: I'll be at the station when you arrive. 'Shall' is used mainly in the forms 'shall I ?' and 'shall we?' in British English. These forms are used when you want to get someone's opinion, especially for offers and suggestions: •Shall I open the window? (=do you want me to open the window). •Where shall we go tonight? (=what's your opinion?). PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT SIMPLE AM/IS/ARE + ING (AM INFINITIVE (WORK;WORKS) WORKING) We talk about things that we have We talk about events in the future already arranged to do in the which are 'timetabled'. future. •My plane leaves at 6 in the •I've got my ticket. I'm leaving on morning. Thursday. •The shop opens at 9.30.
Present tenses : 1) Present simple regular actions and routines especially with frequency(kordumine ) adverbs(määrsõna) N: Do you go to school by car every day ? I don't often watch TV. 2)Present continuousbe + verb + ing. Actions happening now N; Look! It's snowing. I'm meeting Jane tonight. You're always losing things. 3)keep + ingto describe habitual actions which may be irritating. N: my uncle keeps making silly jokes. Present perfect: 1) Present perfect simple: have/has + past participle. N: I've been here for ten minutes .The phone has rung ten times today. Look at this cheque,'I've won first prize. They have made a new star wars film. I've just got home. How long have you been here ? Have you ever been to Paris? It's the best book I've ever read. It's the first time I have ever been abroad. 2)Present perfect continious : have/has + been + ing. N:I've been living in this flat since 2000
· A few words · No more · For certain/sure Tel · The truth l · A lie, story, secret, joke · The time · The difference · One from another · Somebody one's name · Somebody the way · Somebody so · Someone's · fortune as · a question k · a favour · the price · after somebody · the time · around · something/somebo dy Direct speech Reported speech Present simple Past simple My flight leaves He said his flight left at 3 3 o'clock. o'clock. Present Past Continuous continuous He said he was playing I am playing tennis that afternoon. tennis this afternoon. Present Perfect Past Perfect I have cleaned I said he had cleaned my room. his room. Past Simple Past Simple or Past I paid 12 for the Perfect video
I'm playing very badly today. (NOT I play very badly today.) Look! It's raining! (NOT Look! It rains!) 12. Use for with a period of time. Use since with the beginning of the period. for the last two hours = since 9 o'clock for three days = since Monday for five years = since I left school I've been learning English for five years. (NOT I've been learning English since three years.) We've been waiting for ages, since eight o'clock. 13. Don't separate the verb from the object. VERB OBJECT She speaks English very well . (NOT She speaks very well English.) Andy likes skiing very much. (NOT Andy likes very much skiing.) 14. Don't use the present perfect have/has seen, have/has gone etc with words that name a finished time. I saw him yesterday. (NOT I have seen him yesterday.) They went to Greece last summer. (NOT They have gone ... last summer.) 15. English (the language) normally has no article. You speak very good English
Iga aeg võib esineda neljas eri rühmas 1.IndefiniteTenses (üldajad) 2.Continious Tenses (kestvad ajad) 3.Perfect Tenses (perfekti ajad) 4.Perfect Continious Tenses (perfekti kestvad ajad) Indefinite Tenses (üldajad) used to describe actions but do not state whether the action is completed or on- going märgivad tegevuse sooritamise fakti Peter visits us every day. Peter visited us yesterday. Peter will visit us tomorrow. Continuous Tenses (kestvad ajad) are used when talking about a particular point in time · We were sleeping when the storm began. What were you doing at five o'clock? When I came, the children were sleeping. Perfect Tenses are used when an action or situation in the present is linked to a moment in the past often used to show things that have happened up to now but aren't finished yet to emphasize that something happened but is not true anymore Mary was tired
Present Progressive · Hetkel toimuv, pooleliolev tegevus: S/he IS TALKing on the phone now. I AM READing an interesting book. · Ajutine, regulaarsele ja tavapärasele vastanduv tegevus (tulevikku viitav): This summer they ARE not GROWing cucumbers as usual. They'RE GROWing tomatoes instead. · !!! Halvakspanu väljendus harjumuspärase tegevuse kohta: He IS always COMPLAINing! · BE (am/is/are) + 1pv-ing Aari Juhanson, MA 2008 Present Perfect ON -NUD · Toimunud tegevus, seos olevikuga: I have WORKed here for 3 years. · Toimunud olevikuga seotud/lõpetamata tegevus (saab muuta): S/he has CALLed them twice already. · !!! Kordne tegevus: It's the umpteenth time you've TOLD me this! Have I ever FORGOTTEN anything? · !!! Tutvuse pikkuse väljendus: I don't know how long I have KNOWN her. · have/has (s/he, it) + -ed/3 pv Aari Juhanson, MA 2008 Present Perfect Progressive
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