JUHTIMISE ALUSED 2 Ott Alemaa Tallinna Ülikool 2012 Organisatsiooni keskkond SISEKESKKOND: inimesed, organisatsiooni kultuur, juhtimine, seadmed, ehitised, protsessid VÄLISKESKKOND: Muu maailm, mis mõjutab organisatsiooni Organisatsiooni keskkond MIKROKESKKOND: Vahetu keskkond, kus organisatsioon toimib (kliendid, tarnijad, konkurendid) MAKROKESKKOND: kultuur, majandus, seadused, rahvusvahelisus Keskkonna iseloomustus Keerukuse määr: mõjurite arv. Rohkem probleeme, rohkem võimalusi Muutlikkuse määr: kõrge muutlikkus eeldab paindliku organisatsiooni. Ebamäärasus = risk. Info annab tulevikueelise Kriis= oht x võimalus Olukorra muutmise 2 võimalust A) Muuta organisatsiooni B) Püüda muuta keskkonda Tooge näiteid! g Kohanemise strateegiad
communications, then it can be classified as the study of Business English communication skills in the workplace. Both are important and used usually together. Culture. Barriers to Intercultural communication Synergy (from Greek for "working together") means that the combined effect is more than the effect of the sum of the individual parts. Culture: Could refer to literature, music, art. Here: refers to the system of shared attitudes, beliefs, values and behavior. The iceberg model: Behaviour, clothing, food above the surface of the water. Meanings, beliefs, attitudes and values below the surface. The onion model: layers of culture (behaviour, clothing, food) can be peeled away to reveal underlying basic assumptions (meanings, beliefs, attitudes and values). The tree model: contrasts visible and hidden culture: the roots- the historical origin of C; the
behavior. They work on a micro-level of research, breaking down complex behavior into its smallest parts (e.g. genes, neurotransmitters or proteins). This approach is sometimes criticized for being overly simplistic, but it is important to have detailed information of the components of human behavior in order to understand the interaction of several factors. Kasamatsu and Hirai studied a group of Buddhist monks who went on a 72-hour pilgrimage to a holy mountain in Japan. During this time the monks did not eat, drink or speak and were exposed to cold, autumn weather. About 48 hours later they started to have hallucinations, often about their ancestors. The researchers took blood samples from the monks before the ceremony and immediately after the monks reported seeing hallucinations. They found that serotonin levels had increased in their brains. Serotonin activated the hypothalamus and the frontal cortex resulting in hallucinations
culture, market saturation, and customer behaviors. American and European companies especially have turned their international marketing efforts into something more than just exporting – they have adapted their branding to account for differences in consumers, demographics, and world markets. • Companies who have done this very well include Coca-Cola, who discovered that the word ‘Diet’ carries a negative connotation in Latin America and changed the name of their zero-calorie product to ‘Coke Lite’ for those countries. UPS, known in America for their brown trucks, issued a fleet of a different color after learning that their flagship brown trucks resembled Spanish hearses. WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL MARKETING? International marketing is the application of marketing principles in more than one country, by companies overseas or across national borders. International marketing
It is, rather, largely the result of work by people with BAs, BSs, LLBs, MBAs, and PhDs. Elie Wiesel made a similar point to the Global Forum in Moscow last winter when he said that the designers and perpetrators of the Holocaust were the heirs of Kant and Goethe. In most respects the Germans were the best educated people on Earth, but their education did not serve as an adequate barrier to barbarity. What was wrong with their education? In Wiesel's words: "It emphasized theories instead of values, concepts rather than human beings, abstraction rather than consciousness, answers instead of questions, ideology and efficiency rather than conscience." The same could be said of the way our education has prepared us to think about the natural world. It is a matter of no small consequence that the only people who have lived sustainably on the planet for any length of time could not read, or, like the Amish, do not make a fetish of reading. My point is simply
8 billion, or 30% of the population) and Christians (2.9 billion, or 31%), possibly for the first time in history.2 With the exception of Buddhists, all of the world’s major religious groups are poised for at least some growth in absolute numbers in the coming decades. The global Buddhist population is expected to be fairly stable because of low fertility rates and aging populations in countries such as China, Thailand and Japan. Worldwide, the Hindu population is projected to rise by 34%, from a little over 1 billion to nearly 1.4 billion, roughly keeping pace with overall population growth. Jews, the smallest religious group for which separate projections were made, are expected to grow 16%, from a little less than 14 million in 2010 to 16.1 million worldwide in 2050. Adherents of various folk religions – including African traditional religions, Chinese folk religions, Native American religions
properties, or because of the size of its vocabulary, or because it has been a vehicle of a great literature in the past, or because it was once associated with a great culture or religion. These are all factors which can motivate someone to learn a language, of course, but none of them alone, or in combination, can ensure a language’s world spread. Indeed, such factors cannot even guarantee survival as a living language –as is clear from the case of Latin, learned today as a classical language by only a scholarly and religious few. Correspondingly, inconvenient structural properties (such as awkward spelling in English) do not stop a language achieving international status either. [1, p. 9] There could be many various reasons for the language to become lingua franca but most often, a language is accepted from outside the community, such as English or French, because of the political, economic, or religious influence of a foreign power.
States. White House was built in 1792-1800 and it became the official president residence. The Civil War 18611865 was between the Union (Abraham Lincoln) and the Confederacy (Robert E. Lee) and the reason was that the north side (Union) was against slavery in the south side (Confederacy). The war was won by the Union and it ended slavery. The racism against black people remained. America took part in both World Wars. In World War II Japan bombed Pearl Harbors in 1941 and in 1945 America dropped two nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which ended the war. In 1963 after John F. Kennedy death gave Martin Luther King his I Have a Dream speech which is a key factor that ended most of the racism in America. In 2001, 11th September Islamic terrorists crashed into the twin towers (WTC). Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda are thought responsible for the
rules of social and moral behaviour); rules we accept if we belong to a particular institution (religion, organization); laws imposed on people by a government Penalties for breaking the rules are different. For not following the customs there may not be a punishment, or a person may be criticized by the society; rules of a social institution tend to carry precise penalties but they are not enforceable by any political authority; however governments use a system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce the laws they have made. The relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules. One of the ways to classify laws is to separate them into prescriprive and descriptive law. Descriptive laws simply describe how people usually behave. For example law of gravity- if a person throws an apple up in the air, then it’s very likely that it falls down again. Other laws are prescriptive- they prescribe how people should or should not behave. For
suhted, eetika, abinõud ja eesmärgid, huumor, loovus, vastupanu kultuuristumisele, ebatäius, väärtused, ja dihhotoomiate lahendamine Ennast teostavate inimeste armastus ja loovus Kuidas jõuda eneseteostuseni? Arengusuuna otsimine: väärtused Ronald Inglehart: areng tähendab väärtuste muutumist, olulised kaks dimensiooni: Kuivõrd väärtustatakse rühmasõltuvust - Weak vs. strong SECULAR-RATIONAL Values: with secular- rational values getting weaker one approaches the mythical ideal of a sacred community, with these values getting stronger one approaches the rational ideal of a secular community. This polarity is about ideals of the COMMUNITY. Kuivõrd väärtustatakse eneseväljendust - Weak vs. strong SELF-EXPRESSION -Evolutsioon: võimekus, eneseteadvus, eneseväärtustamine ... -Tsiviliseerumine: normi internalisatsioon. Spontaansest normistatuks ...
prosecution (süüdistus) - the institution and carrying on of legal proceeding against a person injury (vigastus) - an act or event that causes someone/something no longer to be fully healthy claim (nõudeõigus) - to apply for compensation or to inherit something prison (vangla) - residence for incaretaking criminals majority (enamus) - greater amount of the group public opinion (avalik arvamus) - collective opinion of many people on same issue, problem etc. Seperation of Power (võimude lahusus) - division of responsibilites into distinct branches to limit any branch from excersising the core functions of another (legislative, executive, judicial) pressure group (surve gurpp) - an interest group that attempts to influence legislation, for example through propaganda dangerous driving (ohtlik sõitmine) - a way of driving that threats other's safety or life
and the early 20th century, at present? Post-WWI era: Latinos and Asians In 2013, most residence permits were given to people from Mexico, China, India, the Philippines, The Dominican Republic, and Cuba 4. Native Americans Country of origin America, Alaska, status in present-day American society reservation Natives have the highest levels of poverty and unemployment in the US. Hispanic and Latino Americans Country of origin They descend from the peoples of the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America. Spanish colonization of the Americas began with Columbus's voyages.There are 55M Hispanic and Latino Americans in the US. They constitute the largest ethnic minority group and account for 17% of the whole population. They are less wealthy and less educated than other Americans African Americans an estimated 42M African Americans in the US. They are the biggest racial minority and the second-largest ethnic minority.
of the non-European Union migrants to Ireland. After Dublin (1,661,185 in Greater Dublin), Ireland's largest cities are Belfast (579,276 in Greater Belfast), Cork (380,000 in Greater Cork),Limerick (93,321 incl. suburbs), Derry (90,736 in Derry Urban Area), Galway (71,983 in city proper) and Waterford (45,775 in city proper). Transport Roads Motorists must drive on the left in Ireland, as in Britain, Australia, India, Hong Kong and Japan. Unfortunately, tourists driving on the wrong side of the road cause serious accidents every year.
coastal states don't necessarily have a say. E.g. Panama channel, Suess channel, Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, straits between Sweden and Denmark, Danube river, river Nile Lecture 4 Antarctica Antarctica's unique regime was established by the Antarctic Treaty (Washington, 1 December 1959). Originally signed by 12 countries which were not far from Antarctica or had some explorations there (UK, Japan, South-Africa etc). Initially concluded for 30 years, then prolonged. Some scholars consider the treaty's principles as norms of customary international law. The unique feature of Antarctic is that it comprises of all territories that go under the south latitude 60 (includes all ice shelves, doesn't prohibit using rights under IL concerning high seas). So Antarctic was an international territory. So it is a common heritage of mankind.
organization. The Five Levels of Software Process Maturity I Initial II Repeatable III Defined IV Managed V Optimizing Organisatsiooni küpsustastmed •CMM määratleb organisatsiooni tarkvaraarenduse 5 küpsustaset: 1.tase – Initial – metoodika puudumine (=häkkerlus, “põõsametoodika”), organisatsioonon mitteküps. Mitteküpses organisatsioonis pole enamasti tarkvaraprotsess määratletud. Ja isegi kui mingi protsess on määratletud, ei peeta sellest kinni. Mitteküps organisatsioon lahendab probleeme nende esilekerkimise järjekorras, tegevus seisneb peamiselt “tulekahjude kustutamises”. Kuna tähtaegadest ei suudeta kinni pidada, on meeskonnal vaja pidevalt sooritada töökangelastegusid. Ka (juhuslikult) õnnestunud projekti kordamiseks peaks meeskond ja selle liikmete rolled samad olema. Seega, 1se taseme puhul võime küll rääkida üksikisikute võimekusest ja küpsusest, mitte aga organisatsiooni küpsusest. 2.tase – Repeatable – korratav
States; U.S. states of Alaska, Washington, and Oregon; and the western half of South America. In the early 19th century the revolutionary movements resulted in the independence of most Spanish colonies in America, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, given up in 1898 following the Spanish-American War, together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific. Spain's loss of these last territories politically ended Spanish colonization in America. Though the Spanish did not impose their language to the extent they did their religion, some indigenous languages of the Americas evolved into replacement with Spanish. 10. Three main groups of Hispanic Americans. Their countries of origin, reasons for their migration to the US. Main regions in the US where they live. Illegal immigration to the US. The economic and social status of the Hispanics; the reasons why Cuban Americans have been more successful than other groups of Hispanics.
tulemused-tagasiside. Strateegia on eesmärgistatud kavand, mis sobitab omavahel organisatsiooni ressursid, struktuuri ja kultuuri (tugevused, nõrkused) väliskeskkonna muutustega (võimalused, ohud). Strateegiline juhtimine on otsuste ja tegevuste kogum, mis kindlustab pikas perspektiivis äriühingu jätkusuutliku tulemuslikkuse. • Organisatsiooni seire, formuleerimise, elluviimise, hindamise ja kontrolli protsess. Strateegilist juhtimist iseloomustab: • Interdistsiplinaarsus Organisatsioon kui tervik • Fookus väliskeskkonnale Majandus Konkurents Turg • Fookus sisekeskkonnale Ressursid ja võimekused • Fookus tulevikku Otsused Plaanid Muutused strateegilise juhtimise arengu etapid finantsplaneerimine, prognoosimine, väliskeskkonnale orienteeritud starteegiline planeerimine, strateegiline juhtimine Strateegilise juhtimise baasteooriad *Ratsionaalse otsustamise vaade (nt Ansoff, LCAG mudel)
Tallinn 2013 Ott Speek Subject: English Geodesy Study group: GI-21b PETROLEUM PRESENTATION Petroleum (L. petroleum, from Greek: Πέτρα (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil) is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, it is formed when large quantities of dead organisms,
Nonetheless, Giddens (1991) offers that the more post-traditional and fragmented the context, the more lifestyle choice becomes critical in the (re)constitution of self-identity. Chaney (1996) thus sees lifestyle as the consumption of sets of goods and services in response to a perceived loss of meaning in everyday life. In this latter sense, the aesthetic sign-value of lifestyle consumption becomes politically mobilised and forms a basis for resisting dominant power structures, as seen in the countercultural protests of the 1960s (Binkley, 2004). The ideal of ‘alternative lifestyle’ was then extolled as a break from the past and the constraints of its collective structures. As lifestyle was imbued in this period with a ‘controlled hedonism’ (ibid) focused on styling life 3
natural resources by our colonial masters accorded us would be things of history. That is more than forty years ago. Unfortunately, the promise of independence has not been fulfilled. Today, Africa has become more desolate; there is more starvation, diseases and non-provision of essential services than when we got our independence. There are all kinds of wars in Africa than the rest of world put together. The majority of so-called Africans leaders want to stay in power until the day their bodies are put in the grave. Through buffoonery, utter mismanagement and downright stealing of the wealth of the masses, these leaders have so impoverished Africa that we are now nothing but a beggar continent. We beg for everything; we are more dependent on our colonial masters than when we received our independence from them. Africa owes the West more money than we and our generations to come can pay.
or agent for a superior (compare "vicarious" in the sense of "at second hand"). Linguistically, vicar is cognate with the English prefix "vice", similarly meaning "deputy". Minister In Christianity, a minister is someone who is authorized by a church, or other religious organization, to perform functions such as teaching of beliefs; leading services such as weddings, baptisms or funerals; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community. The term is taken from Latin minister ("servant", "attendant"), which itself was derived from minus ("less").[1] In Catholic churches, the concept of a priesthood is emphasised. In Protestant churches, the title usually refers to a member of the ordained clergy who leads a congregation or participates in a role in a parachurch ministry; such a person may also be called a presbyter, pastor, preacher, bishop, chaplain or elder. Nonconformists In English church history, a nonconformist was a Protestant Christian who
export, especially steel, prices. Boosted by rapidly improving terms of trade, import volumes grew much faster than export volumes and the net growth impact of foreign trade was negative by some 5 percent annually. As imports were liberalized in the 1990s, consumers and investors alike preferred the superior quality, choice, and brands available from world markets. By the 2000s an increasing share of them could afford foreign goods. Cheap imports from Asian and other countries also became available. The trade balance has been consistently negative since 2005, and the current account has followed since 2006. Imports contribute to welfare, but for that to be sustainable, any country also has to be able to cover the import bill with exports, running down reserves, inward investment (direct or other), or raising foreign credit. But exports, of course, were not providing the necessary boost
tourist” types (Singh, 2004; Swarbrooke et al, 2003; Buckley 2003). Western society has already seen the phase of “old tourism” in 1980-90 when mass tourism started booming. That is the main reason why they are seeking new experiences from travel. In some time eastern will go through the same phase. Therefore tourists are making decisions to travel based on their cultural mind-set and environment. Depending on culture norms, in some societies gender roles are part of traditional values and have an impact on women’ ability to travel. As an example of this, women mostly in Arabic and Islam countries are expected to stay at home and raise children, while being dependent from their husbands or other male family members. Coming back to female adventure travel, travelling in these countries is not considered as an activity for women. For instance, in Saudi Arabia women 3
of Independence (18101826), which ended with the break-up of former Spanish Empire in America into a number of independent republics. Philippines The Spanish caste system based on racial ancestry was enforced in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period, with minor differences. The terms criollo was used with the same sense as in Spanish America, namely for a person born in the Philippines with entirely Spanish ancestry, or in many cases in Latin America, mostly Spanish and some Amerindian. However, those with Asian blood were not regarded as Criollo in the Philippines. Criollos were more commonly called filipinos ("from the Philippines") or insulares ("from the islands") according to the original meaning of the word. The criollo class was below that of the peninsulares born in spain, but out-ranked the people of mixed Austronesian-Spanish descent, and the Christianized native Austronesian peoples.
In his work Germania he mentioned a primitive people from the north called the Fenni; which was probably a reference to the Same (see below), who at that time were living on and around the 60th parallel. Over the centuries the Same were gradually pushed further north, and today they live in Finnish Lapland. Whichever part of the country they happen to come from, Finns have a lot in common: they all share deeply ingrained down-to-earth rural values combined with the spiritual qualities relating to the sauna. Many of them come from the land of Karelia which was split right down the middle by the Finno-Russian frontier after World War II; hardly anyone lives there now, but the Karelians` pride at being something quite separate from either Finns or Russians still remains. (Finland: Insight compact guides) Population Finland currently numbers 5,302,778 inhabitants and has an average population
very alive and very much kicking. It is, therefore, necessary to look both at the concept itself and at the reasons for its success. Basic Problems of the New Public Management As important and, though more rarely, as successful as several NPM-inspired reforms of the public sector might have been and still may be, what one notices first when looking at the public and private spheres is the difference, not the similarity. The state is denoted primarily by its monopoly of power, force, and coercion on one side and its orientation towards the public good, the commonweal or the ben commune, on the other; the business world legitimately focuses on profit maximization. NPM, however, as it has been said, "harvests" the public; it sees no difference between public and private interest. The use of business techniques within the public sphere thus confuses the most basic requirements of any state,
Misdemenour väärtegu, tavaliselt väike (nt trahviga karistatav) Public law avalik õigus Private law eraõigus Civil law eraõigus Implementation kohaldamine, rakendamine To administer justice õigust mõistma Public opinion avalik arvamus Majority - enasmus Fair trial õiglane kohtupidamine Define sb guilty of sth süüdi millestki Mercy-killing - eutanaasia Abuse kuritarvitamine Balance and Separation of powers võimude tasakaal ja lahusus Judicial power kohtu võim Legislative power seadusandlik võim Executive power täideviiv võim Property vara Immoveable or real estate kinnisvara Moveable property vallasvara Pressure group survegrupp Common sense terve mõistus Reckless; Dangerous driving hooletu sõitmine Loss kaotus, kahju Solely ainult Sole right, Exclusive right ainuõigus Sole proprietor, self employed FIE (füüsilisest isikust ettevõtja) Inherit pärima To bequeath pärandama
bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are Portuguese territory as well. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale. SETTLEMENT The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, who were later expelled by the Knights Templar. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation-state. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the
the Colorado Plateaus have uplifted. 5. Climate Due to its large size and wide range of geographic features, the United States contains examples of nearly every global climate. The climate is temperate in most areas, tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida, polar in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100 th meridian, Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basins. Its comparatively generous climate contributed (in part) to the country's rise as a world power, with infrequent severe drought in the major agricultural regions, a general lack of widespread flooding, and a mainly temperate climate that receives adequate precipitation. 6. Animals, plants, agriculture Animals The moose ranges throughout the northern US. In the eastern forests live elks, black bears, deer, foxes, raccoons, skunks and squirrels. Along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico live large and more colorful birds such as pelicans and flamingos. Alligators can also be found there
socialpsychology.org/ Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) 2. Inimsuhete ajalooline areng Meenutuseks: meie ühine ajalugu Vanaisad: homo erectus (2,0mln) homo neandertalensis (0,2 mln) Vanaema: Australopithecus afarensis a human ancestor that had developed bipedalism, but which lacked the large brain of modern humans. Antropogeneesi õied From left to right, the FBI assigns the above individuals to the following races: White, Black, White (Hispanic), Asian. Top row males, bottom row females. Homo sapiens • Kujunes ca 250 000 a tagasi. Ca 200 000 aastat suhteliselt väikesed muutused • Ca 50 000 aastat tagasi – kiired muutused (areng?!). Suure hüppe teooria – vt J. Diamond, The Third Chimpanzee • Mis muutus: uued jahipidamisviisid, riietus, luunõelad, koopamaalid, kaaslaste matmine. • Käitumuslikult kujunes välja tänapäevane inimene • Aju osakaal/roll: kaasaegse inimese aju tarbib ca 20 watti (400
Books can also be borrowed from libraries. In 2010, Google estimated that there were approximately 130 million unique books in the world. Etymology The word book comes from Old English "bc" which itself comes from the Germanic root "*bk-", cognate to beech. Similarly, in Slavic languages (e.g. Russian, Bulgarian and Macedonian) "" (bukva--"letter") is cognate to "beech". It is thus conjectured that the earliest Indo-European writings may have been carved on beech wood. Similarly, the Latin word codex, meaning a book in the modern sense (bound and with separate leaves), originally meant "block of wood". History of books Antiquity Sumerian language cuneiform script clay tablet, 24002200 BC When writing system were invented in ancient civilization, nearly everything that could be written upon--stone, clay, tree
7 The people of the United States of America There are over 300 million people living in America. The United States is the third most populous country in the world after China and India. The United States has a very diverse population--thirty-one ancestry groups have more than a million members. White Americans are the largest racial group; German Americans, Irish Americans, and English Americans constitute three of the country's four largest ancestry groups. African Americans are the nation's largest racial minority and third largest ancestry group. Asian Americans are the country's second largest racial minority; the two largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese American and Filipino American. Over 80% of all Americans live in urban areas. There are 9 cities which have population
1. Kes järgnevatest ei tohi kuuluda aktsiaseltsi nõukogusse? (aktsionär, riigiametnik, finantsjuht, juhataja) Aktsiaseltsi nõukogu liige ei pea olema aktsionär. Nõukogu liikmeks ei või olla aktsiaseltsi juhatuse liige, prokurist ega audiitor, samuti aktsiaseltsi tütarettevõtja juhatuse liige. Põhikirjas võib näha ette muid isikuid, kes ei või olla nõukogu liikmeks. 2. Kes tegeleb suures äriühingus strateegia elluviimisega? Strateegiline juhtimine ei ole ainult äriühingu tippjuhtide vastutus. Inimesed kõikidelt ettevõtte tasanditelt mängivad strateegi arendamises, elluviimises ja muutmises rolli. Tippjuht peab juhtima ja suunama ettevõtte strateegia arengut selle loomist ja muutmist vastavalt vajadusele. Juhi ülesanne on formuleerida firma erinevaid ärivaldkondi ühendavad strateegiad, mis tagavad ettevõttele konkurentsieelise ning olla ühtlasi eestvedajaks strateegiast tulenevate taktikate ja tegevuste elluviimisel. Ideaalsel juhul ,,kulutab" strateegili
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