Meeting for Establishment of an Enterprise · Required Documents for Registration of a Branch Office · Sample of the Board of Directors Resolution for Establishment of a Branch Office · Required Documents for Registration of a Business Partnership · Required Documents for Registration of an Individual Enterprise · Sample of a Power of Attorney · List of Signatory Countries to the Apostille Convention · Useful Contact Information INTRODUCTION Legal Forms of Enterprises in Georgia The Law of Georgia on Entrepreneurs (hereinafter LOE) sets forth an exhaustive list of enterprises that can be established in Georgia and they are as follows: · Joint-Stock Company (JSC) · Limited Liability Company (LLC) · General Partnership (GP) · Limited Partnership (LP) · Cooperative (CO) · Business Partnership (BP) · Individual Enterprise (IE) The rules contained in the LOE apply equally to foreign and
information about the foreign legal entity; 5 Notarized translation into Russian of the listed documents, made in Russia (not in a foreign country); Certificate from the bank about the account to confirm the investor's ability to pay; Certificate on tax number in the country of non-resident; Power of attorney for the person responsible for signing the necessary documents for opening accounts and registration of the LLC with foreign investments. The above documents is not complete, since the registration of companies with 100% foreign ownership and equity participation, there are some differences (other than the contents of the package of documents depends on the list of founders of the legal entity). We should also focus on such features of the Russian legislation: 1.3
sustainable foundation. For years Russia provided Ukraine with underpriced gas while Ukraine's export prices increased rapidly. Over the decades Ukraine, however, grew dependent on oil and gas coming from Russia, at almost no cost. Today, 70 percent of gas consumed in the country is imported. In 1991 Ukraine was one of the poorest Soviet republics. Statistics for the time are notoriously uncertain, but the best ones available show Ukraine's GDP at just $1,307 per capita. Only Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan lagged behind Ukraine; even Moldova and Turkmenistan, generally regarded as very poor Soviet republics, were ahead of Ukraine. Ukraine's economy contracted annually between 9.7 and 22.7 percent in 19911996. The country experienced hyperinflation and an exceptionally huge production decline for a country not ravaged by a major war. Official GDP collapsed by almost half from 1990 to 1994, and slow decline continued throughout the decade
intra-EU trade2 Is there a measure in form of action or inaction? Measure in question is in form of action - the parliament adopted the prohibitive law. Articles 34-35 TFEU are often characterised as a defence right which can be invoked against 1 Case 7/68 Commission v Italy [1968] ECR 423 2 Case 8/74 Dassonville [1974] ECR 837, paragraph 5. national measures creating unjustified obstacles to cross-border trade. Accordingly, infringements of Article 34 TFEU seem to presuppose activity on the part of a state. In this sense, the measures falling within the scope of Articles 34-35 TFEU consist primarily of binding provisions of Member States’ legislation. Can this measure be attributed to a public authority? Yes. The law was adopted by the Parliament and has the binding power. Is the measure restrictive in the sense of Dassonville formula? Yes. In Dassonville judgment, the Court of Justice took the view that „all trading rules enacted by
introduced in order to facilitate supervision of such national exemption measures (as provided for in Articles 114 and 117 TFEU, Decision 3052/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1995 and Council Regulation (EC) No 2679/98 of 7 December 1998). This was further formalised in Regulation (EC) No 764/2008 on mutual recognition, which was adopted in 2008 as part of the so-called New Legislative Framework (NLF). 10 9. What is the quantitative restriction within the meaning of Article 34 TFEU? 1 2 3 , , , 4 , 5 , 9, 10- http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_3.1.2.html, by Mariusz Maciejewsk, 12/2016 6 R. Barents "Charges have an Equivalent effect on Customs Duties" (1978) 15CNL rev 415 7 - Paul Craig, Gráinne de Búrca, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, p.613, 617, 618, 2015 8 - http://eur-lex
11.02.09 INGLISE KEEL Palju aega läheb. 10 nädalat aint. One of the ESP courses. What we are going to do, what is needed: · What we do - 1 test, on words. · 2 Essays, that means that we have to look into academic writing · Homereading we read a case from European Court of Justice thingy. · Oral thing. · 90% you have to attend · Have to prepare for class and take part of it etc What we learn: Terms Expressions / collocations (nt obey/abide by the law) Explaining AWOL absence without a leave Legal English can be divided into 3 levels. We learn the first one, which is needed for the other two! You have to know the vocabulary etc. Second level has to do with legal contracts... The third level both 1 and 2 and explaining... We learn the vocabulary + explaining.
Differences: Public International Law Private International Law = conflict of laws Subjects States, intergovernmental Regulates relations between organisations and some specific private persons and legal stuff (Red Cross; nations persons (person vs person, seeking independence if they person vs legal person vs state are recognized) etc); like domestic law What is regulated? Relations between states Relations regulated by domestic law branches. Why it's international then? Because our
Units 12-18 1. system of pandects pandektiline süsteem 2. general provisions üldosa 3. law of property asjaõigus 4. family law perekonnaõigus 5. law of sucession pärimisõigus 6. law of obligations võlaõigus 7. General Part of the Civil Code Act TsÜS 8. Law of Property Act AÕS 9. Family Law Act perekonnaseadus 10. Law of Succession Act PäRS 11. Law of Obligations Act VÕS 12. persons and transactions isikud ja tehingud 13. natural persons 14. legal persons 15. passive legal capacity õigusvõime 16. active legal capacity (an ability to independently asume civil rights and incur civil obligations) teovõime 17. live birth elussünd 18. bequeath property pärandama 19
descriptive law (kirjeldav õigus) - laws which simply describe how people or even natural phenomenas usually behave nation (riik) - country with its own goverment citizen (kodanik) - person native of a country; realationship between country and a person stranger (välismaalne) - person who is unfamiliar, from another country penalty (karistus) - punishment fixed by law, as for a crime or from any soical groups goverment (valitsus) - organization which controlls a stre or community System of Courts (kohtusüsteem) - organization applying law in the name of states to commit a crime (kuritegu läbi viima) - breaking a law, usually given out by the goverment fine (trahv) - certain sum of money person pays for breaking a law
g. law of gravity Prescriptive law – prescribe how people ought to behave e.g. speed limits In all societies relations between people are regulated by prescriptive law; customs (informal rules of social and moral behaviour); rules we accept if we belong to a particular institution (religion, organization); laws imposed on people by a government Penalties for breaking the rules are different. For not following the customs there may not be a punishment, or a person may be criticized by the society; rules of a social institution tend to carry precise penalties but they are not enforceable by any political authority; however governments use a system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce the laws they have made. The relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules. One of the ways to classify laws is to separate them into prescriprive and descriptive law. Descriptive laws simply describe how people usually behave
moral working as a prosecutor At least 24- is professional. years old WHO CANNOT The person A person who: a person who BE? who has has been convicted a a person who is removed from criminal convicted of a the bar offence criminal offence;
directives listed in Annex A and come from holdings, centers or organizations which are subject to regular official veterinary checks. According to the TFEU free movement provision articles 26 and 37, basically mentioned PB&R company may claim for a compensation from the EU Member State because animals or any kind of goods may and should have no barriers within Union’s member states to move as a part of “free movement agreement”. According to the Treaty, all businesses, which are legal and are operating in Member State(s) should not be banned or there should not be any restrictions added to their businesses within the territory of all states that agreed on “free movement”. According to article 34 and 35 there could not be any restrictions on export or import of goods within the Member States. So based on this particular case there was a ban that influenced company’s
Lisbon with defining "the general political directions and priorities" of the Union. It is thus the Union's strategic body, acting as the collective presidency of the EU. The meetings of the European Council, commonly referred to as EU summits, are chaired by its president and take place at least twice every six months. The headquarters of the Council of the European Union is in Brussels. The current president of the European Council is Herman Van Rompuy. Council of the European Union It is part of the essentially bicameral EU legislature, representing the executives of EU member states, the other legislative body being the European Parliament. The Council is composed of several configurations of twenty-eight (28) ministers. The exact membership of the configuration depends upon the topic; for example, when discussing agricultural policy the Council is formed by the twenty-eight national ministers whose portfolio include this policy area.
62. multilateral mitmepoolsed 63. benefit toetus * U7 64. to file a petition esitama kaebust 65. act was adopted seadus oli vastu võetud 66. entered into force jõustus 67. was repealed tühistati 68. coming into effect jõustuma 69. deficiencies and gaps puudused ja lüngad 70. the elaboration of the new act uue seaduse väljatöötamine 71. the norms and terms of the former law eelmise seaduse sätted ja mõisted 72. outdated iganenud 73. regulative part reguleeriv osa 74. appointment to office ametisse määramine 75. benefits related to office ametiga seotud soodustused 76. supervision of the set of norms järelvalve seaduste üle 77. shortcoming puudus 78. settle the problem probleemi lahendama 79. provide ette nägema 80. the function of an ombudsman "õigusvahemehe" funktsioon 81. in addition lisaks 82. the institution of the... ... institutsioon/asutus 83. initially established esmakordselt sisseseatud 84
International Sale Contract (Manufactured Goods Intended for Resale) A. SPECIFIC CONDITIONS SELLER name and address Cedros Blankets S.A. De C.V Boulevard 3ra. Oeste 17606 Mexico City 22430 MEXICO GR CONTACT PERSON name and address Alfredo Saldivares Boulevard 3ra. Oeste 17606 Mexico City 22430 MEXICO BUYER name and address Tekid OÜ Pärnu mnt. 53, 10154 Tallinn, Harjumaa ESTONIA 3 CONTACT PERSON name and address Tiina Tui
policy making.66 The excessive number of key policies and strategies developed along with NGO`s, local authorities, stakeholders and with children themselves after the adoption of the UNCRC has been outstanding as there is a strong belief within the Welsh Government that children and childhood has always been `more than preparation for adulthood`. 67 The Welsh Government believes that children are a`unique and valuable part of life, and the quality of those years is a matter that should concern us all`.68 The Welsh Government recognises children as right bearers where they acknowledge that children and young people are young citizens, `with rights and opinions to be taken into account now. They are not a species apart, to be alternately demonised and sentimentalised, nor trainee adults who do not yet have a full place in society`.69 Thereupon, the Welsh Government is determined to facilitate a cultural
Prefers election for a term. Democracy? Rousseau: aristocracy, if not hereditary. (monarchy represents particular will) Authority in the social contract Hobbes: the sovereign Locke: The law over the sovereign Rousseau: The general will over the Law and over the sovereign Human life Hobbes: sovereign can take life Locke: life can only be taken to prevent from being killed and after that who takes the life is subjected to the judge. property Hobbes: A person may protect his property by law but not if the soveregin demands it Locke: Sovereign has to protect property; you make property by adding labour; you can accumulate as much of it as possible Rousseau: property is the source of all evil Hegel: basis of individual rights lies in property Hobbes leviathan Part one: of man XIII mans natural state is a state of war. Life in a state of nature is brutish and short. Man's natural traits are:
1. Social Policy aspects in EU Treaties Social and employment policy: Objectives: - The promotion of employment - Improved living and working conditions - Proper social protection - Dialogue between management and labour - The development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion. Treaty of Rome: belief that improved working and living conditions would arise from the functioning of the common market – cooperation in the areas of employment, labour law and working conditions, vocational training, social security, occupational health and safety, and social dialogue
seriousness of the risk, the frequency of exposure to the risk, the characteristics of the workstation of each worker and the performance of the personal protective equipment. 4. Personal protective equipment is, in principle, intended for personal use. If the circumstances require personal protective equipment to be worn by more than one person, appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure that such use does not create any health or hygiene problem for the different users. 5. Adequate information on each item of personal protective equipment, required under paragraphs 1 and 2, shall be provided and made available within the undertaking and/or establishment. 6
exemption from value added tax on the final importation of certain goods, as amended by Council Directive 88/331/EEC. 3 2.3 Flat rate of duty: Provision is made under the following Legislation for the charging of Customs Duty at a flat rate of 2.5% on gift consignments valued in excess of 45, where the value of the dutiable goods in the consignment does not exceed 700: Point D1 of Annex I, Part One, Section II of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1214/2007 amending Annex I to Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2658/87 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No. 275/2008. 3. DE MINIMUS LIMITS Where the customs duty on any consignment amounts to less than 10 it should not be collected. Similarly, VAT liability amounting to less than or equal to 6 should not be collected
The creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory Ohio River was settled, 5 new states Advancement of education, maintenance of civil liberties, exclusion of slavery Promised not to invade or disturb Indians Northwest Indian War-> to stop white expropriation (sundkoormis) · Indian Removal Act of 1830 Destructive to tribes. Many died when travelled to the other side of Missisippi. Signed on May 28 by Andrew Jackson "Trade" land with the tribes Resolve the Georgia crisis (dispute with Cherokee) Move of over 70,000 natives (vabatahtlik-sunniviisiline) Reservations (kaitsealad)1851- the Indian Appropriations Act About 310 reservations 55,7 million acres Unevenly distributed Tribal sovereignty (iseseisvus) Poverty and unemployment · Indian citizenship Act of 1924 Granted citizenship to 300,000 indigenous people, to friendly tribes State support was limited Absorb Indians into the mainstream Didn't have the right to vote
The Example 4 Solution and Problems 5 The Main Economical Problem 6-8 Free riding Problem on Public Transport 9 References 10 2 The Political Problem A common example of a free rider problem is defense spending: no one person can be excluded from being defended by a state's military forces, and thoes free riders may refuse or avoid paying for being defended, even though they are still as well guarded as those who contribute to the state's efforts. Therefore, it is usual for governments to avoid relying on volunteer donations, using taxes and, in some countries, conscription instead. In the case of defense spending, alternative perspectives of the free rider problem also exist
The geography of Syria is primarily semiarid and desert plateau with a double mountain belt in the west. The government system is a republic under authoritarian regime. The chief of state is the President and the head of government is the Prime Minister. Syria has a mixed economy in which there is limited private freedom but the economy remains highly controlled by the government. Syria is a member of the Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU). Two-thirds of Syria is desert; the other third is part of the Fertile Crescent along the Mediterranean coast. About 80 percent of the population lives in that fertile region. The total population of Syria is a little over 13 million. Half the people live in cities, 4 million in Damascus alone. Arabic is the official language of the Syrian Arab Republic and the language is spoken by nearly all Syrians. French is the second-most- common language. However, it has started to be rivaled by English.
They are included in the price paid by the final purchase. Business profits are generally taxed twice- After the company pays tax on its profits, the shareholders pay income tax on any dividends recieved from these profits. Progressive tax- people with higher incomes pay a higher rate of tax than people with lower incomes. Proportional- tax that is imposed at a fixed rate. Regressive tax- (direct taxes are usually) people with a lower income pay a proportionally greater part of their income than people with a higher income. Indirect taxes are slightly regressive- people with a lower income pay a proportionally greater part of their income than people with a higher income. Avoid tax on salarys? Instead a taxable money, some employers give staff advantages such as company cars, and free health insurance. Avoid tax on company profits? To register your companies head offices on tax haven. Tax evasion- illegal method to minimize your tax burden
state to govern at a subnational level, such as a regional, local, or state level. It is a form of decentralization. Devolved territories have the power to make legislation relevant to the area. 10. Devolved powers- the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh and Northern Ireland Assemblies are devolved powers, subordinate to the UK Parliament. 11. Constituent country- a term sometimes used in contexts in which a country makes up a part of a larger political entity, such as a sovereign state. The term constituent country does not have any defined legal meaning, and is used simply to refer to a country which is a constituent part of something else. 12. The Commonwealth- The Commonwealth of Nations, commonly known as the Commonwealth is an intergovernmental organization of 53 member states that were mostly territories of the former British Empire. The Commonwealth operates
Information about cargo and means of transport; A profound knowledge of loading/discharging, storage and handling; Knowledge of (intermodal) transport and distribution. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in a standard electronic format between business partners. Transport document Bill of Lading is a detailed list of a ship's cargo in the form of a receipt given by the master of the ship to the person consigning the goods. The European Community Association of Ship Brokers and Agents (ECASBA) is a sub-committee of FONASBA. Areas of interest include: • Seaport and port services policy • Short sea shipping • Safety and quality shipping • Customs and administrative procedures • EDI The
and even though this opinion has not been expressly voiced, acceptance of an ... unequal possession of the earth... was established and now ...man may fairly possess more land than he himself can use the product of... Locke (1821, p.229). It can be argued this claim is indeed false as it could only be the case that the minority which first had gold and silver consented to this commodification, leaving many with little alternative but to acquiesce. It should be noted here that Locke was part of a cohort of privilege, belonging to the Royal Society, and throughout his career he held prominent Governmental positions. It could be said that Locke's work is an attempt at moral justification for an elite bourgeois class defending its own sectional interests. Locke argues that the precarious existence, inimical to a state of nature, is what leads to the emergence of civic and political society. The unspoken driver for
17. seaduse mittetundmine ignorance of law 18. süüd välistav asjaolu defence, preclusion of guilt 19. üldriiklikud seadused national laws 20. kohalikud seadused local laws, by-laws 21. asutuse põhikiri statute 22. ajutine ametist/spordist kõrvaldamine (n,v) suspension, suspend 23. väljaheitmine (n,v) expulsion, expel 24. kahjustatud isik injured person 25. tsiviilhagi kellegi vastu algatama start (a) civil action against 26. vigastuse/kahju eest kompensatsiooni nõudma claim damages for damage caused 27. süüdistuse/karistuse ees seisma face prosecution 28. kriminaalasja algatama vägivallakuriteo tõttu start criminal action against for a crime of violance 29. ühiskonnavastaseks käitumiseks pidama consider anti-social behaviour 30
orientation, abolition of career civil service, depolitization, total quality management, and contracting-out. NPM comes from Anglo-America, and it was strongly pushed by most of the International Finance Institutions (IFI's) such as the World Bank and the IMF. It originates from the 1980s with their dominance of neo-liberal governments (especially Thatcher and Reagan) and the perceived crisis of the Welfare state, but it came to full fruition in the early 1990s. NPM is part of the neo-classical economic imperialism within the social sciences, i.e. the tendency to approach all questions with neo-classical economic methods. In advanced PA scholarship itself, especially but not only in Europe, NPM is on the defensive by now, if taken as a world view (i.e. an ideology), rather than as one of several useful perspectives for PA reform (i.e. part of a pluralistic approach). The question here is more whether one favors post-NPM (anti-NPM) or post-post-NPM,
Schlesinger. Schlesinger eventually became professor of comparative law at Cornell Law School helping to spread the discipline throughout the US. 4.International Courts European and international courts There are many courts that operate at international level, and it is not always easy to distinguish their jurisdiction. The aim of this summary is to present the European courts and to distinguish between those which are part of the European Union and those which belong to other international organisations. COURTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION The Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) refers to the whole judicial system of the EU. It is composed of three courts: the Court of Justice; the General Court; the Specialised Courts. Court of Justice The Court of Justice has jurisdiction in actions brought by Member States or European institutions. It may also have jurisdiction of last resort in judgments delivered by the General Court
hypothetical situations can hardly relate to real situations. The ticking bomb argument looks at the hypothetical case where a leader of a state is asked to give their permission to torture a captured rebel leader because he (probably) knows the locations of a few explosives that are spread around the city in different apartment buildings. In case they are not found within 24 hours, they will explode and many will be left dead (Walzer, 1973). Is it justified to torture this person to find out where the bomb is? This essay will look in to how it has according to the thinkers in the strand of consequentialism / utilitarianism been labelled justifiable to use torture techniques in combating terrorism and will present the reasons for why this controversial behaviour that democratic governments have been proven to conduct and still are being accused of until the current day is irrational and dangerous. Theoretical justification of torture
intergovernmental group to deal with possible obstacles for the investors Acquisition of real estate (private state or private municipal property) without a tender procedure and competition www.investbg.government.bg FINANCIAL INCENTIVES Acquisition of the real estate with no tender and at a price lower than the market, but not lower than the tax assessment of the property. Financial support for construction of technical infrastructure elements to the borders of the project site, needed for implementation of one or more investment projects. Financial support for the vocational training for obtaining professional qualifications. Reimbursement of labor costs for social security paid by the employer. Financial grants for education, R&D and manufacturing projects. State tax exemption for changing the land
always understood to be within apostolic succession in the same way. One who has been ordained deacon, priest, and then bishop is understood to hold the fullness of the (ministerial) priesthood, given responsibility by Christ to govern, teach and sanctify the Body of Christ, members of the Faithful. Priests, deacons and lay ministers cooperate and assist their bishop(s) in shepherding a flock. Vicar/ priest is a representative, deputy or substitute; anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior (compare "vicarious" in the sense of "at second hand"). Linguistically, vicar is cognate with the English prefix "vice", similarly meaning "deputy". Minister In Christianity, a minister is someone who is authorized by a church, or other religious organization, to perform functions such as teaching of beliefs; leading services such as weddings, baptisms or funerals; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community.
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