Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "The Arabian language". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
language, arab, arabic, there, letters, inti, arabian, grete, widely, oldest, north, fourteen, different, derivatives, tuletised, came, century, left, aren, alphabet, basics, literatureRoman politician, philosopher & translator. Theory ‘‘word-for-word’’ & ‘‘sense-for-sense’’. • Martin Luther – his role in the history of translation studies. Lived during the 15th century. He was a priest, theologian & translator. During that time, the Bible’s were only available in either Latin or Hebrew, which made it very difficult for common people to understand. He came out with a radical plan to translate the Bible into local languages (the first language was German – translated by Martin Luther). This inspired many other translators during that period. • What happened in the 19th and 20th century in translation studies? When and who created the term ‘translation studies’? Translation Studies – James S. Holmes - 1972 Ferdinand de Saussure – Lived during the 19th and 20th century. He was a Swiss linguist and a semiotician. He is widely considered one of the
SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES Introduction 1. Nowadays, English is so widely spoken that it can hardly be considered "a one nation's" language. The main countries where English is spoken are: the U.K, the U.S, Canada, Australia, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, West Indies 2. There are approx. 300-400 million speakers of English in the world. English occupies the 3rd place by its number of speakers; it is right behind Mandarin and Spanish. 3. ESL (English as a Second Language) used in your own country (e.g. India) EFL (English as a Foreign Language) used in a foreign country ESP (English for Specific Purposes) used in business, airlines, hotels etc. 4
Tallinna Mustamäe Humanitargümnaasium Valeria Jefremenkova ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE INGLISE KEEL KUI ÜLEMAAILMNE KEEL Research work Supervisor: Jevgenija Kozlova Tallinn 2016 1 Table of Contents СONTENT…………………………………………………………………………………...2 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………...3
1) Standard and non-standard varieties of English Standard varieties of English are the varieties of the English language that are considered to be a norm and are spoken and written by the minority (educated people). This is the optimum for educational purposes. The standard varieties of English are: BrEng (British), EngEng (English), NAmEng (North-America), USEng (United States), CanEng (Canada), AusEng (Australia), NZEng (New Zealand). Standard English (British English) is the most widely accepted and understood among native speakers, learned by foreigners. It is used in broadcasting, TV, news etc. It doesn't concern pronounciation (accent), but grammar and vocabulary. It includes formal and informal styles. British Standard English grammar and vocabulary, together with the RP accent should be called English English. RP (Received Pronounciation) is an accent that originates from South-East of England. A social accent, associated only with England
Society and culture of english-sspeaking countries Introduction 1. The countries of the world where the English language is spoken. 2. Approximate number of mother tongue speakers of English approximately 350-400 million native speakers. Which place does English occupy in the world by its number of speakers?After which language? English occupies second place by its number of speakers after Mandarin Chinese. 3. What is the difference between English as a Second Language, English as a Foreign Language and English for Specific Purposes? Give examples of situations where they are used. English as a Second Language (ESL or TESL) is a traditional term for the use or study of the English language by non-native speakers in an English-speaking environment. That environment may be a country in which English is the mother tongue (e.g., Australia, the U.S.) or one in which English has an established role (e.g., India, Nigeria)
ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). STYLISTICS Stylistics is the study of style. The very term "stylistics" came in more common use in English only some 45 years ago.
History of English literature Periods: 1. Anglo-saxon or early literature (499 - 1066) 2. Second or Norman or late Medieval period (1066 - 13/14 century) 3. Renaissance or Modern period (13-14 century present) Anglo-Saxon period · All of the literature had its roots in folklore · Texts were orally transmitted, the anglosaxons had no written language · Two types of singers: 1) scop (attached to the royal court, wrote poetry and songs, performed them); 2) gleeman (travelled, mostly sang other peoples' songs, not their own songs; performers of scop songs) · The oldest known song Widsith (The Far Traveller/Wonderer); tells of a gleeman who travels in Europe, of his love of noble deeds, speaks of the shortness of life http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widsith · The other known song Deor's Lament
Linguistics teach a vast number of core courses to junior students, both offering major courses to senior students in all the divisions of the faculty. The Department of Theory of Literature teaches literature as a type of art, focusing on the genesis, structure, classification, and functioning of literary works, on stylistics and versification, as well as on the methodology of literary criticism, a number of major courses being offered in these specialist areas. The Division of the Russian Language and Literature unites the Department of the Russian Language, the Department of Russian Literature, the Department of Russian Literature of XX century, and the Department of Russian Folklore. The core curriculum includes courses in the history of Russian literature (from Kievan Rus times to the present) and folklore, modern Russian , Old Slavonic, the history of the Russian language and Russian dialectology, etc.
with old-fashioned learning/teaching. · Sir Ken Robinson: Do schools kill creativity? Sir Ken Robinson claims in the clip that " creativity in education is as important as literacy, we should treat it with the same status." I totally agree with all what he said. We have very strict education systems that don't allow a room for mistakes and they categorize people based on their achievements in exams. There is nothing like potentials, creativeness, possibilities or even 2nd chances. Families put high expectations on academic achievements and they always compare their kids with other's kids. A minority in each community will be really dedicated to help their kids explore their horizons. It is true that we should re-think the fundamental principles in which we educate our children. Our task is to educate the children so that they can face this future.
2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot, cosmopolitan language 4) Modern English – 500,000 words (OED) At present at least 1 billion lexical units 2. Core and periphery Core vocabulary – often short (monosyllabic) words of Germanic and Old Norse origin = ie core vocabulary of most frequent words, and vague fuzzy peripherial words. Core meaning is the meaning which is at the centre of the word.periphery – vague. Formal usage (often polysyllabic words) from Norman French (rank, courtliness,refinement).
12. Special literary vocabulary 13. Special colloquial vocabulary 14. Metre in English poetry. Modifications of metre ("Rhythm and Text") 15. Typically English stanzas ("Rhythm and Text") 16. Rhythm in poetry and in prose ("Rhythm and Text") Study independently 17. Varieties of language (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 18. Emotive prose (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 19. Scientific prose style (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 20. Language of the drama (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 21. Publicistic style (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 22. The style of official documents (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 23. Newspaper style (I
On the sentence level sometimes the term "spoonerisms" is used < Reverend Spooner (19th century) famous for metathetic slips of the tongue:"You have tasted two worms" (pro "You have wasted two terms").The defining feature in the case of metathesis is that all sounds remain in theword (sentence), they just change places. It is this feature that allows psycholinguists to infer that words and sentences are preassembled in the mind: all sounds are there but the order gets mixed up in the process of actual uttering/pronouncing. NB! Slips of the tongue in which sounds of a word or sentence are not dropped but merely change places 1) are made possible by preassembling and therefore 2) serve as evidence of preassembling. What causes slips of the tongue, includingmetathetical slips of the tongue, in the first place, and why some people are more prone to them than others is not yet clear: more needs to be known about how the brain works
Letters Letters FORMAL, INFORMAL, TRANSACTIONAL TASK 1 Read the extracts and answer the questions. · Where are the extracts from? · What is the purpose of each letter? · How do they differ? · Which extracts are examples of formal letters? · How is the reader addressed in a formal letter? · What are the closing remarks for formal letters? · What is the salutation in a friendly letter? · How would you end extracts 1,2,3 ? · How would you begin the extracts 4 and 5? 1. Dear Mr Miller, I received your kind invitation to the reception. Unfortunately, owing to other commitments. I will be unable to attend ... 2. Dear Ralph, l just got your invitation to the company's event. l `m afraid I can't make it because I've a/ready made plans which l can "t change ... 3. Dear Sirs,
It was originally the flag of the Estonian Students' Society. The flag was first consecrated in Otepää Church in 1884. For a while, during the Soviet occupation, the flag was banned but it was again seen in public in Tartu in May 1988. The national flower is cornflower, the national bird is barn swallow and the national stone is limestone. The Estonian national anthem called "My Native Land, My Pride and Joy" was composed in 1848 by Friedrich Pacius. The Estonian language words were written by J. V. Jannsen. It was officially adopted after the War of Independence in 1920.The same melody with different words is also Finland's national anthem. The current coat of arms of Estonia is a golden shield which includes three slim, blue leopards (or lions) in the middle, with oak branches along the side of the shield. It originates from Denmark. It was officially adopted in 1925. Geography Estonia is the northernmost of the three Baltic States
1.Lexicology as a science L. studies the voc of lg as a system. Word-learning, lexis-logos. The task of L is to establish the general features of modern Engl voc. Theoretical L. gives a complete picture of voc. Practical value lies in using and appretiating the lg more conciously. There is diachronic (historical) L that studies origin and development; syncronic studies voc at a given historical period. There are general L (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular lg); special L (studies specific features of a separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to
and also twice trucks have break down inside of 3 days of Autocheck servicing them. These are some of the examples of the problems we've been having though before this the work they did on our vehicles was always quite OK. We've made lots of compleints to the Autocheck Manager about the work Autocheck is doing just now and he's had more than enough chance to tell us why things have got worse but he hasn't replied any of our letters (I've attached copies) and every time one of our reps tries to get in touch with him either persinnaly face to face or in the phone, he's out. Bearing all these things in mind, you must have a look at the contract with Autocheck as soon as possible and ask the legal dept. about it. TO: Michael Jones, Transport Manager FROM: Peter Blackburn, Transport Supervisor (Field Services) SUBJECT: Deterioration in Services Provided by the Autocheck Maintenance Company DATE: 6 April 2001
American literature The literary history of this nation when the first humanbeing living in what has since become the U.S used language creatively. · Mid to late 18 century put down · Words are powerful, magical · Words must be remembered · Native Americans stories creation of the world · Attidude thought their land/language · Similar stories Dates and names · America was discovered in 1492 by Columbus · 1497 John Cabot went to Canada · 1579 San Fransisco/St. Fransis · 1607 Jamestown collony/John Smith
Homereading 4 Changing world Religions Islam Islam is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. The word Islam means "submission", or the total surrender of oneself to God An adherent of Islam is known as a Muslim, meaning "one who submits (to God)". There are between 1.1 billion and 1.8 billion Muslims, making Islam the secondlargest religion in the world, after Christianity. Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad, God's final prophet, and regard the Qur'an and the Sunnah (words and deeds of Muhammad) as the fundamental sources of Islam.They do not regard Muhammad as the founder of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original monotheistic faith of Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.
English history that would have otherwise been unknown ,,The Father of English History" Wrote / translated about 40 books on almost every area of knowledge, i.e. nature, astronomy, and poetry His best known work is "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People" Starting with the Roman invasion in the 5th century, he recorded the history of the English up to his own day Old English Cædmon ,,The Father of English Hymn" Cædmon's Hymn is the oldest recorded Old English poem, and also one of the oldest surviving samples of Germanic alliterative verse The Hymn itself was composed between 658 and 680, recorded in the earlier part of the 8th century Middle English Geoffrey Chaucer 13431400 Known as the ,,Father of English literature", the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages An author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, diplomat Wrote The Book of the Duchess, the House of Fame, the Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde
out the real message. (When steganography is applied to electrical communications, such as a method that transmits a long radio message in a single short spurt, it is called transmission security.) The methods of cryptography, on the other hand, do not conceal the presence of a secret message but render it unintelligible to outsiders by various transformations of the plaintext. Two basic transformations exist. In transposition, the letters of the plaintext are jumbled; their normal order is disarranged. To shuffle secret into ETCRSE is a transposition. In substitution, the letters of the plaintext are replaced by other letters, or by numbers or symbols. Thus secret might become 19 5 3 18 5 20, or XIWOXY in a more complicated system. In transposition, the letters retain their identities— the two e's of secret are still present in ETCRSE—but they lose their positions, while in substitution the letters retain their
Muslim. Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and the purpose of existence is to worship God. Muslims are beliving that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed before many times throughout the world, including notably through Noah, Adam, Abraham, Jesus and Moses, whom they consider prophets. They belive that the previous messages and revelations have been partially misinterpreted or alerted over time, but consider the Arabic Koran to be both the unalerted and the final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are basic concepts and obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, providing guidance on multifarious topics from banking and welfare, to warfare and the environment. There are two main denominations in Muslims: Sunnis and Shias. The largest denomination in
/No. I'm not Are you waiting for someone? Are you coming on Friday? We usually make questions by changing the word order: we put the first auxiliary verb before the subject: You are Are you? In present simple questions we use do/does: Do you live near here Does the film begin at three? In past simple questions we use did: Did you sell your car? Practise: Is it raining? Is your brother married? Are there any questions you'd like to ask? Is there a station near here? Is there time to buy a newspaper? Were you late this morning? Were you born in Estonia? Was your friend with you last night? Was it cold this morning? Were there many people at the party? Were there any problems? Was there a lot of traffic this morning? Was there anyone you knew? Can you swim? Have you got a car? Have you ever been to Nuustaku? Has it stopped raining yet? Do you come from France? Do you speak English?
People • Estonians are Maarahvas • Estonians are seen as calm, withdrawn and shy. Of course this isn’t true for every Estonian and once you get to know them they’re very open. • Estonians are patriotic due to the hardships during it’s history and their own shared love of their home country. • Historically Estonia is one of the "least religious" countries in the world in terms attitudes, though many Estonians do look for alternative beliefs. Language • The Estonian language is finno ugric, it’s closest relatives are the Finno-Ugrian languages of the Vedic and Livonian languages. • There are many dialects, the main groups can be separated into North and South Estonian dialects. • Besides the typical spoken Estonian language the second most notewordy dialect is the Võru dialect. • Estonian is one of the languages with a larger number of noun cases than typical. • According to comparative grammar studies, Estonian
Indigenous People in Australia Class 12a Contests: 1. Indigenous peoples: an overview.................................................................. 3 2. Language......................................................................................................... 3 3. Spirituality...................................................................................................... 3 4. Art and culture.............................................................................................. 4 5. Traditional recreation.................................................................................... 4 6. Aboriginal food....................
Philip Larkin’s Poetry: Themes, Form, Style, Imagery and Symbolism Author: Sandra Olivares González Tutor: Jesús Marín Calvarro Degree in English Studies, English Department, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Extremadura Cáceres, 29th January 2016 Philip Larkin’s Poetry: Themes, Form, Style, Imagery and Symbolism The aim of this work is to obtain some characteristics of the poetry of Philip Larkin, such us the origin of his themes, the way in which he writes his poems and the symbolism he uses (which is a very controversial topic because some assume that he
LEL 2E Notes on Vocabulary One of the key facts about the lexicon of any language is that it reflects in various ways the physical and cultural environment in which the language is spoken. A people unfamiliar with, say, horses is unlikely to have a word for `horse'; similarly with ploughs, printing presses, and internet porn sites. For the most part this is trivial it's hard to imagine how it could be otherwise, given the general nature of human language. People tend to make a great deal of the alleged fact (see Pullum 1989) that "the Eskimos have lots of words for snow", but it doesn't take much thought to realise that any language spoken in a given physical and cultural environment is likely to have efficient ways of referring to distinctions that are important in that environment. That doesn't mean that you can read very much into individual words and individual facts about the lexicon of a given language (this topic has
It has passed several main stages in its evelopment. The Saxon King Alfred encouraged the arts and culture. The chief debt owed to him by English literature is for his translations of and commentaries on Latin works. Art, culture and literature flourished during the Elizabethan age, during the reign of Elizabeth I; it was the period of English domination of the oceans and colonies, and, due to the strong political and economic position of the country, there were few obstacles in the way of the cultural development. This time is also famous for the fact that William Shakespeare lived and worked then. The empire, which was very powerful under Queen Victoria, saw another cultural and artistic hey-day as a result of industrialisation and the expansion of international trade during the so- called industrial age. However, German air raids caused much damage during the First World War and then during the Second World War
The term ,,stylistics"came into more common use in English only some 35 years ago. It was recorded much earlier; in 1882 as "the study of literary style, the study of stylistic features" Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies principles of selecting different linguistic means for passing on thoughts and emotions. It studies: · Different functional styles, styles of genres, individual styles · Expressive, emotional features of different language units Stylist--a writer or a speaker skilled in a literary style Stylistition--a scholar who studies stylistics The word "style" is applied to many things. A linguistic style is a variety of subsystem of lg with its peculiar vocabulary, phraseology, grammatical and phonetic features that are used selectively and purposefully to express ideas in a given situation. The stylistics of language studies different styles, including registers, stylistic devices and shades of meaning.
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression.
Harold McMillan articulated his now famous “winds of change” sweeping Africa. We had high hopes for Africa, for the Black race, that the insidious imposition of foreign rule on us, the looting of Africa’s natural resources by our colonial masters accorded us would be things of history. That is more than forty years ago. Unfortunately, the promise of independence has not been fulfilled. Today, Africa has become more desolate; there is more starvation, diseases and non-provision of essential services than when we got our independence. There are all kinds of wars in Africa than the rest of world put together. The majority of so-called Africans leaders want to stay in power until the day their bodies are put in the grave. Through buffoonery, utter mismanagement and downright stealing of the wealth of the masses, these leaders have so impoverished Africa that we are now nothing but a beggar continent. We beg for
Essey How does the United States influence Estonia? The United States of America with it's global economic and political superpower is one of the most influential countries in the world and therefore it’s influence can also be felt in Estonia. Fluctuations in Estonia’s status as an independent country have had significant impact on the amount of influence from other countries, whether it is the language, eating habits or lifestyle. But how has United States influenced Estonia after we gained our independence? Estonia is not economically dependent on the United States as they are not one of our most important trading partners, but as the economics of the United States has a great influence on the world economy, they can still indirectly have an influence on Estonian economy. In Estonian politics the influence of the United States can be seen the most in relations with NATO
THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD English literature came when the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes and the Frisians invaded Britain. During this time English was called Anglo- Saxon or Old English. In the chronicles of Roman history (composed in Latin) is said that Britain makes its first appearance in written language when Romans invade the England. BEOWULF most important poem, surviving in a 10th-cent manuscript. The historical period of the poem's events can be dated in the 6th to 8th century. Much of the material of the poem is legendary and paralleled in other Germanic historical-mythological literature in Norse, Old English, and German. GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340-1400) Politician and writer, fought in France during the 100 years war
law and common law. The terms of union with England specified the retention of separate systems. The barristers being called advocates, and the judges of the high court for civil cases are also the judges for the high court for criminal cases. Scots Law differs from England's common law system. National symbols The Flag of Scotland, known as the Saltire or St. Andrew's Cross, dates (at least in legend) from the 9th century, and is thus the oldest national flag still in use. The Saltire now also forms part of the design of the Union Flag. There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the thistle, the nation's floral emblem, the 1320 statement of political independence the Declaration of Arbroath, the textile pattern tartan that often signifies a particular Scottish clan, and the Lion Rampant flag.Flower of Scotland is popularly held to be the National
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