Libraries. We know a lot of things thanks to books, but we do not know exactly when and where they originated, and what should be considered the first book in the world. Ancient document, written on parchment, papyri and vellum can hardly be qualified as books the way we understand the word today. Centuries went before paper replaced parchment and papyri. In the 15 th century Johann Gutenberg invented a mechanical process of duplicating texts, which we today call book printing. The first book was printed between 1444 and 1446, so these years can be considered as the beginning years of book printing. His most important preserved printings are the 40 copies of the Bible. By the end of the 15 th century there were about 1000 print-shops in Europe already. The oldest Estonian book dates back to 1535.
Topic Libraries Tallinn English College 8b form 2007 1. Introduction A library is a collection of books. Libraries are maintained by a public body such as an institution or an individual. These collections are used by people who choose not to (or cannot afford) purchase an extensive collection themselves or who need professional assistance with their research. However, with the collection of media other than books, many libraries are now also access points for maps, prints or other documents and artworks such as microfilm, audio tapes, CDs, cassettes and DVDs. So, modern libraries are being redifined as places to get access to information in many formats and from many sources. In addition to providing materials, they also provide the services of specialists who are experts in matters related to finding and organizing information, called librarians. 2. History
The Division of the Russian Language and Literature unites the Department of the Russian Language, the Department of Russian Literature, the Department of Russian Literature of XX century, and the Department of Russian Folklore. The core curriculum includes courses in the history of Russian literature (from Kievan Rus times to the present) and folklore, modern Russian , Old Slavonic, the history of the Russian language and Russian dialectology, etc. The Department of Russian Literature of XX century in Russian literature explore (from 1890s to the present), including works of Russian emigrants abroad and nonRussian writers in Russia proper. Curriculum at the Division of Russian as a Foreign Language is similar to the one of the Division of the Russian Language and Literature, with additional stress laid on foreign languages, the theory and methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language, and area studies.
FGI 1811 Proseminar (Irina Ladusseva) 2.0 AP Kab. 420 03.09.2002. Writing a term paper (this spring) and graduation paper. To get a pass: one written task (part of introduction, thesis statement) Term paper should be printed (20-25 pages long). Graduation paper should be printed (50-60 pages long). First write term paper, and choose a topic right now (theme of term paper later will be developed into graduation paper). Rights: we have a right to have a supervisor. Supervisor writes on the front page "Lubatud kaitsmisele". You need time to: 1. read the theory 2. collect material 3. regularity (1-2 hours a day deal with your paper) The first draft of term paper should be ready by March. Supervisors are: 1. Suliko Liiv (country study, grammar, contrastive studies, methodology) 2. Liliana Skopinskaja (methodology) 3
g) The critics found Joe's kind of writing rather…… date. h) In the last scene, all the actors are…… stage together. Task 4. Complete each sentence with a word from the box. Use each word once only. current electric humorous modern public special dull gripping live popular readable still a) No recording can be as good as a live concert in my opinion. b) It was a very…… story and made me laugh a lot. c) I couldn't put that book down, it had such a…… plot. d) Most people find it difficult to understand …… art. e) My favourite television programmes are about …… affairs. f) Of course it's possible to like both classical and …… music. g) Everyone enjoyed the effects in the…… Star Wars films. h) I don't buy books because there's a good…… library nearby. i) We both found it a very…… film I'm afraid. j) George doesn't paint people, but mainly does…….. life paintings.
E-book the book of the future An e-book is an abbrevation for electronic book, also known as a digital book. It is an equivalent to the conventional printed book. It can be read on a personal computer or hand-held device specially designed for this puropse. Are the e-books and conventional ones competitors to each other? Will they both have independent groups of readers in future or will the future belong only to the e-books? What are the pros and cons of each? Let's have a brief look at the advantages and disadvantages of both. In August 2009 it has been estimated that there are over 2 million free books available for download. Our father and mothers recall times when one had to stand in queues to get the desired books. An e-book can be offered indefinitely, without ever going "out of print".
MASS MEDIA By ''mass media '' we intend to those means of communication which can reach large or mass audiences. The most important are probably Television, Radio, the Press and Internet. The English-speaking peoples have always allowed more freedom of speech and of the press than most other countries. This gave them an advantage from the start in communications. The ground work for mass communications in the 20th century was laid in the 19th century by two inventions which allowed people to communicate by wire. These were the electric telegraph and the telephone. The telegraph was invented in Britain in 1837. They were being used in the Civil war. It allowed messages to be sent electrically over telegraph wires. This was much faster and more reliable than sending messages by horse messenger. the telephone was invented In 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell. The first radio broadcasts were transmitted
S.P. 53/18, no. 55, the Phelippes forgery, and P.R.O. 31/11/11, the Bergenroth reconstruction. Published by arrangement with The Macmillan Company FIRST PRINTING SECOND PRINTING THIRD PRINTING FOURTH PRINTING FIFTH PRINTING SIXTH PRINTING SEVENTH PRINTING EIGHTH PRINTING NINTH PRINTING TENTH PRINTING SIGNET TRADEMARK: REG. TJ.S. PAT. OFF. AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES REGISTERED TRADEMARK---MARCA REGISTBADA HECHO EN CHICAGO, U.S.A. SIGNET, SIGNET CLASSICS, SIGNETTE, MENTOR AND PLUME BOOKS are published by The New American Library, Inc., 1301 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10019 FIRST PRINTING, FEBRUARY, 1973 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA To my Parents and my Grandmother Contents A Note on the Abridged Version Preface A Few Words 1. One Day of Magic: I 2. One Day of Magic: II 3. The First 3,000 Years 4. The Rise of the West 5. On the Origin of a Species 6
office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Perspectives: Studies in Translatology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rmps20 When `we' are `the other'. Travel books on Romania as exercises in intercultural communication a Rodica Dimitriu a Department of English , Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaþi , Romania Published online: 06 Aug 2012.
artists. This is very bad, because the viewer needs a certain benchmark, according to which he could assess the quality of the works presented. 1. THEORETICAL PART Any type of history is a discourse in its own right. What is more, when talking about art history, the discourses seem to flourish immensely from one into another, and so on into many more. In the context of the beginnings, one cannot but firstly reflect upon the artwork of graffiti. Later on, by the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, street art has evolved into complex interdisciplinary forms of artistic expression. From graffiti, stencils, prints and murals, through large-scale paintings and projects of artistic collaboration, to street installations, as well as performative and video art, it is very much safe to say that street art has found it’s way into the core of contemporary art. And rightly so. (Maric B. The History of Street Art, 2014 [https://www.widewalls
The making of a new nation. The Enlightenment in America. The emergence of the notion of the American Dream. The great Enlighteners: Crèvecoeur, Jefferson, Paine, Franklin. The American Enlightenment is the intellectual thriving period in the United States in the midtolate 18th century (17151789), especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion. American Enlightenment a gradual but powerful awakening that established the ideals of democracy, liberty, and religious tolerance in the people of America.
Page |1 Your Name:__________________ Grade:______________________ Date:_______________________ Do you often read books voluntarily? What books do you usually read? Discuss it with your neighbor. Ask your neighbor: Who is Harry Potter? What's so magical about him? Part I 1/9/2013 Page |2 Reading: Read through the text, look up unknown words by J. K. Rowling
American literature The literary history of this nation when the first humanbeing living in what has since become the U.S used language creatively. · Mid to late 18 century put down · Words are powerful, magical · Words must be remembered · Native Americans stories creation of the world · Attidude thought their land/language · Similar stories Dates and names · America was discovered in 1492 by Columbus · 1497 John Cabot went to Canada · 1579 San Fransisco/St. Fransis · 1607 Jamestown collony/John Smith · 1620 a boat called MayFlower
taste. What can compare with fresh pees or new potatoes just boiled and served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in wine or cream and spices, when with just one or two herbs it is absolutely delicious? If you ask foreigners to name some typically English dishes, they will probably say "Fish and chips" then stop. It is disappointing, but true that, there is no tradition in England of eating in restaurants, because the food doesn't lend itself to such preparation. English cooking is found at home. So it is difficult to a good English restaurant with a reasonable prices. In most cities in Britain you'll find Indian, Chinese, French and Italian restaurants. In London you'll also find Indonesian, Mexican, Greek... Cynics will say that this is because English have no "cuisine" themselves, but this is not quite the true. Vocabulary: to criticize - tasteless overcooked - ingredient - to invent - sauces - to disguise - spice herb -
sense. Teachers kept changing all the time, teaching methods kept changing as well and learning Pushkin by heart does not work wonders with one's speaking skills, really. (Although I still can recite one of his poems...) The point is, I actually really like Russian. I've never been good at it, but I like the language and I really wish I knew it better. I can speak some, but not read much. As soon as the characters stop talking to each other, I'm stuck and can barely understand anything. Most of my Russian skills my ten years younger mates envy come from my year of living in Narva (literally starve or learn!) and talking to a variety of Estonian-Russian roleplayers I know. (But since they are also fluent in English and most in Estonian as well, it turns into a stew of languages very soon.) Chronologically the second language I started to learn was French. That was because of the Descartes Lyceum
Isle of Man Includes early works written in Gaelic, Welsh, and Latin, works in Old, Middle, and Modern English, each of which represents a different period Full of great works British works in Latin Venerable Bede He lived between 673 and 735 AD The greatest of all the AngloSaxon scholars He's the earliest English historian, whose work has shed light on a period of English history that would have otherwise been unknown ,,The Father of English History" Wrote / translated about 40 books on almost every area of knowledge, i.e. nature, astronomy, and poetry His best known work is "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People" Starting with the Roman invasion in the 5th century, he recorded the history of the English up to his own day Old English Cædmon ,,The Father of English Hymn" Cædmon's Hymn is the oldest recorded Old English poem, and also one of the oldest surviving samples of Germanic alliterative verse
The two main groups are Britain and America. British English is the form of English used in the United Kingdom. American English is the form of English used in the United States. Comparison of American and British English American English has a great influence on the English language all over the world and has enriched it. About 70 precent of all native speakers of English live in America. The British people who settled in America ub the 17th century brought their language with them. The vocabulary of American English probably started developing on the first day after the arrival of the first English-speaking settlers, and it has continued to change for 400 years. As the New World had many plants,animals, and other things that were not found in Britian, the settlers added new words to their vocabulary every day. Their language was also influenced by the languages of the Native Ameircans and the settlers
Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills and call attention to common problem areas. We wish you every success in your pursuit of English proficiency. 1 What is Grammar? 5 The Simple Past Tense 98 Regular and Irregular Verbs 99 Was and Were 104 2 The Capital Letter 6 The Past Progressive Tense 106
Henrietta Maria Love and Beauty and Charles – Heroic Virtue, together a great force. Masques centre of court life. Stuart divinity + now queen as a Platonic love goddess. Maria – from French court amnners and highly artificial language of adoration – fashion. Idealised love wiped away all stains. Through their harmony, Charles could make his heavenly ascent and bring great benefits to their obedient subjects. Very costy. Closed court, believed in masques. 3. 17th century „metaphysical” poetry (Donne, Quarles, Herbert, Crashaw, Vaughan, Marvell) Religious poetry, books of emblems (allegorical pictures, verses explaining their moral), unconventional or „unpotic” figures like compass or mosquito to reach surprise effects, paradox and oxymoron. About the profound areas of experience: love (romantic and sexual), man’s relationship with God. Brief but intense meditations, striking use of wit, irony and wordplay.
FGI 1081 Stilistika (Irina Ladusseva) Kab. 420 2 AP Ends with an exam; lasts only for 1 semester. At the exam you get 2 questions and an exercise (50 sentences: establish the device used, recognize it, and name it). Care about the pronunciation of the terms. Books: - I. Galperin "Stylistics" - I. Ladusseva "Rhythm and Text" - I. Ladusseva "Vocabulary and Style" - I. Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I. Ladusseva "A Guide to Punctuation" EXAMINATION TOPICS: 1
Ameerika Kirjandus 30.01.13 Naturalism · France, Emile Zola · Put down his theory in 1879: Le Roman Experimental, attempt to explain the development of human society throuch biological laws · Outlook is deterministic, pessimistic, fatalistic (fate or biology) · Man as an animal-clever than other beasts, still explainable within the framework · Man is not a free agent, is govern by something · Unable to determine his own faith · Hereditary · Naturalists tried to apply in fiction the processes of natural sciences · Writers task is to record facts, systems of behaviour, living conditions, never revealing any natural unbiased (completely natural) · Point of view: amoral-outside the category of morality, neither good or bad
vivacious woman about whom a future Viceroy of India would say, "Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room."[3] Father - John Lockwood Kipling. Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor, an illustrator, museum curator and pottery designer, was the principal and professor of architectural sculpture at the newly- founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art and Industry in Bombay. Later in life Kipling illustrated many of Rudyard Kipling's books, and other works. Kipling also remained editor of the Journal of Indian Art and Industry, which carried drawing works from the students of the Mayo School. COUPLE named their son after the place they had first met Rudyard Lake. Alice Kipling Fleming - Sister of British author Rudyard Kipling who became a well-known psychic, producing automatic writing under the name "Mrs. Holland." Born June 11, 1868, Alice Kipling was privately educated
HatYai, Songkhla 90112 E-mail: [email protected] Draft: 14th January 2003, #2 Abstract This article looks at the advantages and disadvantages of using Java and Java 3D for games programming. It assumes the reader is familiar with Java, but presents short overviews of gaming, the low-level APIs OpenGL and DirectX, and Java 3D. No programming examples are included here, although links to online code are supplied. 1. Background to Gaming Giving a definition for `computer game' is problematic, due to the wide range of game types. For example, the ArcadePod site (http://www.arcadePod.com) divides its hundreds of Java games into more than ten categories: 3D games, multiplayer, action, classic, indoor sports, board, outdoor sports, card, mind, casino, educational, and the useful `miscellaneous' catch-all. This makes it difficult to pin down the typical
The Renaissance Between 14th and 16th century in Europe From French word rebirth It was an age of growth in Europe. New, powerful city states emerged. A new middle class had more and more money to spend. Great artists, writers and thinkers lived during this time. During the Middle Ages many people who lived in the countryside worked on the land that they got from the noblemen. In return, they were protected by them Between the middle and the end of the 14th century, the plague, also called "Black Death" killed almost half of Europe's population. It spread most rapidly in the larger cities where many people lived. This led to economic depression. When the plague slowly decreased in the 15th century, the population in Europe began to grow. A new middle class emerged --bankers, merchants and trades people had a new market for their services. People became wealthier and had more than enough money to spend
Established church The Church of England is the established church, which means that: 1.)the Monarch is the Supreme Governor of the church, 2.)the Church performs a number of official functions, 3.)Church and State are linked. To disestablish Disestablishmentarianism refers to campaigns to sever links between church and state, particularly in relation to the Church of England as an established church. It was initially a movement in the United Kingdom in the 18th century. The established churches in Wales and Ireland could not count on even nominal adherence by a majority of the population of those countries. In Ireland, the predominantly Roman Catholic population campaigned against the position of the established Anglican Church of Ireland - eventually disestablished in Ireland from 1 January 1871. A broad church The Church of England is a broad church, representing a wide spectrum of theological thought and practice
associated with the United Kingdom since its creation. Throughout its history, the United Kingdom has been a major exporter and source of musical innovation in the modern and contemporary eras, drawing its cultural basis from the history of the United Kingdom, from church music, from Western culture and from the ancient and traditional folk music and instrumentation of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. In the 20th century, influences from the music of the United States became most dominant in popular music. This led to the explosion of the British Invasion, while subsequent notable movements in British music include the New Wave of British Heavy Metal and Britpop. The United Kingdom has one of the world's largest music industries today, with many British musicians having had an impact on modern music. Art Galleries 6
Author: Sandra Olivares González Tutor: Jesús Marín Calvarro Degree in English Studies, English Department, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Extremadura Cáceres, 29th January 2016 Philip Larkin’s Poetry: Themes, Form, Style, Imagery and Symbolism The aim of this work is to obtain some characteristics of the poetry of Philip Larkin, such us the origin of his themes, the way in which he writes his poems and the symbolism he uses (which is a very controversial topic because some assume that he does use it, while some others say that he uses it in an ironic way). In this work we tried to make a revision on the vision of Larkin through the studies that had been made on him, and on the basis of it we can say, that the voice of Larkin still clearly contemporary today
theatre production, and finally writing his own one-act and full-length plays. Later he has worked both as a freelancer and a contracted writer. He first wrote the short story "Ender's Game" while working at the BYU press. Ender's Game and its sequel Speaker for the Dead were both awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award, making Card the only author (as of 2008) to win both of science fiction's top prizes in consecutive years. Card continued the series with seven books, which divide into "Shadow" and "Speaker" series. He has also announced his plan to write two more novels: Shadows in Flight, a book that connects the "Shadow" series and "Speaker" series together, and Ender in Exile, a book that takes place after Ender's game and before Speaker for the Dead. Furthermore, Card recently announced that Ender's Game will soon be made into a movie. Though Card is best-known for "Ender's Game", he has also written in a variety of other
If a person be insensitive, be it from numbing cold, exhaustion, drugs, genetic makeup, or upbringing, then the process of education is bogged down, and results come only after great efforts. Sensitivity in my integrated meaning is broad, covering literally the senses, so that deaf and blind people are less sensitive, as well as people whose senses work perfectly, but whose receptivity or thought processes are blunted for whatever reason. A person can be insensitive in one way, such as blind, and extraordinarily sensitive in another way, such as in hearing. It is also possible to be so ultra-sensitive that the result is disadvantageous. I expect no argument in asserting that a normal sensitivity is a healthy, indispensable ingredient for optimal education. Sensitivity can be heightened or blunted by education. It is intertwined with curiosity. An ideal education affords numerous and varied opportunities for students to touch, see, smell,
The Stylistics of speech studies individual texts viewing the way the message or content is expressed. Literary Stylistics concentrates on artistic expressiveness that characterizes a literary work, a writer, or a whole time period. Linguistic Stylistics studies linguistic facts from the point of view of their ability to convey extra shades of meaning (connotations we call them). Stylistics has no fixed single unit of study. Stylistics studies everything that makes the utterance of the text expressive. STYLISTIC STUDIES Stylistics is regarded as a relatively new branch of philology, yet its roots go back as far as ancient Greece and Rome. In the 18th century there emerged an individualistic psychological view of style and stylistics. According to this view style bears the stamp of individual usage.
British Literature in the 20th-21st Century REVISION QUESTIONS 1. The Contradictory, diverse, chaotic 20th century. New developments in science and philosophy. The essence and influence of Freudian theory. Contradictory, diverse, chaotic 20th c- simultaneous rejection and invocation of the past. While modernists apotheosized the creative geniuses of the past, they also rejected old poetic forms. Challenge old and established beliefs and more and more people had access to books and education more people went to universities. profound change in morals:
The Renaissance In the history the Middle Ages were followed by the Renassance period. During this period a new class called bourgeoeisie came into being. This is the period when monarchies based on nationality were estabilished. The Renaessance started in Italy In the 14th century. Then it spread all over Europe, reached England in 16th century. The struggle for power culminated in a war called The War of Roses. It was a civil war between two dynasties, families. They had different emblems on one side the Yorks (white rose) other Lancasters (red). They couldn't decide who gets the throne. War ended 1485. A new dynasty came to throne, Tudor, the first king in this dynasty was Henry Vll. When he came to throne a period of stability followed because he built a nation based state. He was good at diplomacy
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as
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