Taxation (poll tax) used to force blacks into labour force. Segregation used to control access of blacks to land. A strong, centralized and unequal state. 1936 Black voters removed from common roll. 1956 Coloured voters removed from common roll. 1948 `Apartheid' state based on idea of `separate development'. Contested control of the state In South Africa, different population groups made conflicting claims to self-government (i.e. democratic rule). Nationalism is the doctrine that nations are entitled to self-government. (Hague & Harrop, p.9) Afrikaner Nationalism : Talking here about different types of nationalism: cultural&political NP: Founded 1912 Advocated policies designed to advance Afrikaner interests: Language parity (which would enable Afrikaners to get jobs in the state bureaucracy) Using state resources to to redress white poverty , Apartheid Cultural nationalism - promotion of language, culture (eg the Broederbond)
year of the beginning. Characteristics of Romantic age: The Romantic Age is a term used to describe life and literature in England in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. -Imagination was very important Like William Blake an English poet has said "I know that this world is a World of Imagination and Vision" -Belief and appreciating nature -Independency Writers placed the individual, rather than society, at the center of their vision. The assertion of nationalism became a central theme of Romantic age. Literature Emergence of new ideas and positive voices. Emphasis was women and children, the heroic isolation of the artist or narrator, and respect for nature. Some writings were also based on the supernatural. Belief in the possibility of progress. Writers tended to be optimists and espoused democratic values. Importance of feeling and imagination. Inspiration for the romantic writers came from two French philosopher Jean Jacques
Then Japan entered the war. Later, Italy and the United States would enter on the side of the allies. Imperialism: empires got bigger and with that the competition between the empires grew. Everyone wanted more areas for themselves. Militarism: at the start of 20th century, an arms race had started. Nations had more technology and manpower than ever before and started making armies and new weapons. Nationalism: Much of the origin of the war was based on the desire of the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer be part of Austria-Hungary but instead be part of Serbia. But in a more general way, the nationalism of the various countries throughout Europe contributed not only to the beginning but the extension of the war in Europe. Each country tried to prove their dominance and power.
again a lot of soldiers died and it didn't only deepen the anger the Israelis and Arabs sheared but it also made USSR and The US go face to face. The main reason why we can say that nobody won was because when the Arabs understood, that they had lost so much they started to use oil to manipulate the rest of the world and all that resulted in an oil war where all of the world was affected. 4) a) Arab nationalism was the desire for self-government which would be united by the same language and religion. Arab nationalism was always a threat for the French and Brits, but since the Arabs had been separated for such a long time nobody thought that it would happen but in just some years many Arab colonies started to fight against and try to get rid of their British and French masters. The first Arab League was put together and thanks to the Second World War the Brits and
The Welsh people didn't want to surrender so they kept fighting back but they sadly lost their land to this powerful new kingdom. In an effort to defend their new territory in 784 King of Mercia built an earthwork barrier, known as Wat's Dyke. It reached from sea to sea. Wat's Dyke was the first permanent boundary between the Welsh and English people. In England the period from 800-1000 AD is often called the late Anglo-Saxon period. Anglo- Saxon kingdoms liked nationalism. Numerous attempts were made throughout this period to create, if not a nation of Wales, then at least larger and more powerful kingdoms within Wales. One of the early leaders of these tentative movements toward nationalism was Rhodri ap Merfyn, later to be known as Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great). In 877 the two "Greats", Rhodri and Alfred clashed, and the Welsh leader and his son were killed. England kings
culture (Hall, 1992) • Emphasis on origins, continuity, traditional, timelessness – we have always been like this • Invention of tradition 45. Imagined communities- An imagined community is different from an actual community in that it is not—and, for practical reasons, cannot be—based on everyday face-to-face interaction among its members. It is a concept coined by Benedict Anderson to analyze nationalism. Anderson believes that a nation is a socially constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group 46. An ethnic nation- a social group whose members have the following characteristics: – share a sense of common origins; – claim a common and distinctive history and destiny; – possess one or more dimensions of collective cultural individuality; – feel a sense of unique collective solidarity. Ethnic identity in Britain is about minorities. 47
Independence Day On 24 February, Independence Day is celebrated in the Rebublic of Estonia. This is the day that the Manifesto was declared in Tallinn 91 years ago. In responce to a period of Russification initiated by the Russian empire in the 1890's, Estonian nationalism took on more political tones, with intellectuals first calling for greater autonomy, and later, complete independence from the Russian empire. Following the Bolshevik takeover of power in Russia after the October Revolution of 1917 and German victories against the Russian army, between the Russian Red Army's retreat and the arrival of advancing German troops, the Committee of Elders of the Maapäev issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence in Pärnu on February 24, 1918
majority in Québec), are also used to justify separation. The 1980 referendum took place on May 20 and the proposal was defeated by a 59% to 40 %. The 1995 Quebec referendum was launched by the Parti Québécois government of Jacques Parizeau. An eventful and complex campaign followed, with the "Yes" side flourishing after being taken over by Bloc Québécois leader Lucien Bouchard. It took place in Quebec on October 30 with "No" winning by 0.58%. Quebec nationalism or asserts that the Québécois are a nation and promotes the unity of French-Canadians in the province of Quebec. There is little certainty about the origin of the nationalist movements, but it is clear that French Canadian nationalism has been present for at least 200 years. When several parties and movements sprang up, preaching independence in the early 1960s, the social-democratic form of nationalism became the dominant form of nationalism
ü Brought in new types of architecture ü The first theatre was built under her rule ü She also encouraged exploration ü helped give birth to the British Empire and colonial America. The defeat of the Spanish Armada is one of the most famous events in English history ü The War however between England and Spain lasted until 1604, despite the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Yet the defeat brought about English nationalism, securing Protestantism as England's state religion. In contrast, for Spain it was a humiliating defeat, nearly destroying the national treasury of Spain. Janeli Õim 11A Her era saw the advancement of England as a military might Ruled her country effectively through council for 45 years in a time when women were still being looked upon as being inferior to men as England's greatest monarch.
rahva vastu, kes oli tulnud tänavatele Stalini hukkamõistmise vastu protesteerima. Rahvusväeosade olemas olu võimaldas ka enamikul tollastel ajateenijatel läbida teenistus, 1950 keskpaigast saadeti need laiali. Tartu rahulepinguga piir muutus, 5% kaotati. Uus haldusjaotus 1944-1945-ni, Petserimaa Venemaale, 1950 kaotati vallad, moodustati rajoonid(algul 39 rajooni, hiljem 15), linnades täitevkomiteed, külanõukogud, 3 oblastit. Kodanik nationalism- üldmõiste, lööksõna. Võitlus selle vastu oli sisepoliitilise arengu tunnus, selle taga oli ÜK(b)P keskkomitee. EK(b)P 8. pleenum tuli kokku 1950 märtsi II poolel, et arutada olukorra parandamist. Eesti kõrgemat juhtkonda süüdistati möödalaskmistes(natsionalismis, vales kolhoosipoliitikas, halvas kaadrivalikus. Suurpuhastus ametites: Karotamme asemele Ivan Käbin, jt . Ivan Käbin ja tema meeskond:Allus Moskvale, kuid arvestas ka Eestiga, hea läbisaamine NLKP esimese sekretäri N
välja töötanud toimivaid mehhanisme nende ohtude ületamiseks või pehmendamiseks (Terk, 2002). 1. Maindre, M., Tamkivi, N., Hunt, K. (2011) Valimised. Haridus. Välispoliitika. Globaliseerumine ja globaalprobleemid. http://learningaboutpolitics.eu/estoniansite/files/2011/05/maidre_hunt_tamkivi_valimi sed_pdf.pdf [10.02.2013] 2. Robertson, R. (1990) - Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept; peatükk kogumikust Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, koostanud Featherstone, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, 1996 3. Säästva arengu sõnaseletusi (2012) http://www.seit.ee/sass/?ID=1&L_ID=450 [10.02.2013] 4. Terk, E. (2002) Globaliseerumine jah, aga milline? http://www.sirp.ee/archive/2002/08.11.02/Sots/sots1-6.html [10.02.2013]
great artist. • Again he failed to gain entrance into the Academy • He eventually sold all his possessions and became a homeless drifter who slept on park benches and ate at soup kitchens throughout Vienna (age 19) • Adolf did manage to sell some paintings and postcards, but remained impoverished Vienna -Importance • Influenced by the anti- Semitic mayor of Vienna, Karl Lueger • Became interested in the idea of German nationalism. • Also received first taste of politics Military Service Adolf left Austria at the age of 24 to avoid mandatory military service that was required of all men. But he did sign up for military service at the start of WW I. He joined a Bavarian unit of the German Army. This is a picture of Hitler listening to an enlistment speech. World War I • Excited to fight for Germany. • Found a home fighting for the Fatherland.
From above. Jan-Mar, scary period for Js in high occuptions. Stalin died. Look in context of other peoples, nations, to understand J minority. Js fully integrated in interior until 48. Now it begins to seem that will not be, not equal. All Js, certain type of Js? Relation to IL, influence on what happens on SU Js. 18 Mar Stalin's secret pogrom: the postwar inquisition of the j anti-fascist committee - %party members? Indicted late? Office of security. Struggle for/against nationalism. Anti soviet vs anti-Semitic. Tied to Il, raising army, intl Js. Yiddish dying, need preserve culture. Nation wo territory, autonomous rights. From ghetto? P 104. Not enough evidence for show trial. Scared of betrayal. Scare Lithuanians, Ukrainians, still fighting. MBG found file. $ from Joint, build settlements in Crimea, letter in 1944. 48, Cold War 2 yrs, W vs SU nearly fighting. Connection to Joint, CIA, bourgeois J plot. Why didn't use as a show trial? Needed confessions. Heroes of SU,
· "Shooting an Elephant" (1936) · "Charles Dickens" (1939) · "Boys' Weeklies" (1940) · "Inside the Whale" (1940) · "The Lion and The Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius" (1941) · "Wells, Hitler and the World State" (1941) · "The Art of Donald McGill" (1941) · "Looking Back on the Spanish War" (1943) · "W. B. Yeats" (1943) · "Benefit of Clergy: Some notes on Salvador Dali" (1944) · "Arthur Koestler" (1944) · "Notes on Nationalism" (1945) · "How the Poor Die" (1946) · "Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" (1946) · "Politics and the English Language" (1946) · "Second Thoughts on James Burnham" (1946) · "Decline of the English Murder" (1946) · "Some Thoughts on the Common Toad" (1946) · "A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray" (1946) · "In Defence of P. G. Wodehouse" (1946) · "Why I Write" (1946) · "The Prevention of Literature" (1946)
mined oil shale. Oil shale energy along with electronics, banking and IT solutions are some of the key sectors of the economy. The flag of Estonia is a tricolour featuring three equal horizontal bands of blue, black and white in the downwards order. The Estonian flag first came to prominence in the 1880s as the flag of the Estonian Students' Society at the University of Tartu. The flag became associated with Estonian nationalism and was used as the national flag when the Declaration of Independence was issued in 1918. During occupations, the flag has been banned several times. In a good, snowy winter, the Estonians' favourite leisure activity is probably skiing. In spring, Estonians often leave the cities for the weekends. Many families have a cottage in the countryside. As approximately half of Estonia is covered with woodlands and wetlands, going for long walks in the wild is also very popular among Estonians
walls of their churches that they called it the Domesday Book. The Domesday Book still exists, and gives us an extraordinary amount of information about England at this time. William's policies cost English many of their liberties, but brought them peace and order. To understand the idea of kingship and lordship in the early Middle Ages it is important to realise that at this time there was little or no idea of nationalism. William controlled two large areas: Normandy, which he had been given by his father, and England, which he had won in war. Both were personal possessions, and it did not matter to the rulers that the ordinary people of one place were English while those of another were French. To William the important difference between Normandy and England was that as duke of Normandy he had to recognise the king of France as his lord, whereas in England he was king with no lord above him.
Indians were imported to meet the labor shortage on the plantations after the slaves were freed, and agriculture was diversified to lessen dependence on sugar exports. A new constitution in 1884 marked the initial revival of local autonomy for Jamaica. Despite labor and other reforms, black riots recurred, notably those of 1938, which were caused mainly by unemployment and resentment against British racial policies. Jamaican blacks had been considerably influenced by the theories of black nationalism promulgated by the American expatriate Marcus Garvey. A royal commission investigating the 1938 riots recommended an increase of economic development funds and a faster restoration of representative government for Jamaica. In 1944 universal adult suffrage was introduced, and a new constitution provided for a popularly elected house of representatives. Economy Jamaica is a mixed, free-market economy with state enterprises as well as private sector businesses
- vabam kaubandus 1990 - ühendatud saksamaa 1997 Maastricht treaty - loodakse EL 1995 – liituvad AT, soome, rootsi 2002 – loodakse euro 2004 – 10 riiki Actual konspekt from the begginning Schuman declaration - 1950 - To avoid war First steps towards political integration: - Council of Europe 1949 - ECSC 1951 The founding fathers - Christian democrats – universalism - Peripheral regions, borders - Victims of nationalism - Federalists Towards the European Economic Community - Election of Spaak – relaunching integration at the Messina Conference 1955 - Integration in all aspects of economy - Creation of a single market - Marginalization of federal idea The creation of EEC - Spaak report - Treaties of Rome (1958) 4 goals: - Single market within 12 years - Elimination of custom duties and tariffs
Brovkin, V. (toim) The Bolsheviks in Russian society : the revolution and the civil wars. New Haven, London: Yale University Press 6. McCauley, M. (2008). The rise and fall of the Soviet Union. Pearson/Longman. 7. Laqueur, W. (1987). The fate of the revolution: interpretations of Soviet history from 1917 to the present. New York: Scribner 8. Pipes, R. (1991). The Russian Revolution. New York: Vintage Books 9. Pipes, R. (1980). The formation of the Soviet Union : communism and nationalism. London: Harvard University Press. 10. Riasanovsky, N.V. (1984). A History of Russia. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11. Rogger, H. (1997). Russia in the age of modernisation and revolution, 1881-1917. London, New York: Longman 12. Volubev, V.O. (1997) The Mensheviks in the Fall of 1917: Decisions and Concequences. Brovkin, V. (toim) The Bolsheviks in Russian society : the revolution and the civil wars. New Haven, London: Yale University Press
and previous flags, the penny, and on the coat of arms (or royal arms). The Canadian Horse is an official Canadian symbol [1] [2] and commonly appears in images with the Mounties. Products made from the country's natural resources, such as maple syrup, are also associated with Canadian identity. In recent years, other symbols have become a source of pride: notably, the I Am Canadian campaign by Molson beer, most notably the commercial featuring Joe Canadian, infused home-grown beer with nationalism. 14. Conclusion Though Canada streches far north, people must not think about it as a cold and liveless country, as it offerst so much diversity in landforms, culture and climate. One should never forget how important resources this country has : from fresh water to grain, from uranium to gas. 15. Materials ,,A-Z Encyclopedia"The Kingfisher http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-43262/Canada http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/mountains.html http://www.canada
saadud informatsiooni, mida töödeldakse ringi rahvusliku identiteedi ja kollektiivse eneseteadvuse raamistikus. Ringitöödeldamine "ümbertöötlemine" leiab asset rahvusele iseloomulikus keeles, seda rahvust kandvas keeles. Keel omandab rahvuskultuurides (eriti eesti omas) määrava staatuse. 19 saj lõpuks jõuab Karl August Hermann nii kaugele, et hakkab koostama Eesti esimest entsüklopeediat. · Cultural nationalism (kultuurrahvuslus) Tähtsad mitmesugused kultuurikangelased, müütilised kangelased, samuti kultuurisündmused. Eriti tähtis KEEL! Kui kultuurikandja. Eesti rahvus sündis kultuurrahvuslusena. 19.saj teisel poolel toimus eestikeelse värsi aeglane üleminek baltisaksa autoritelt eestlaste kätte. Eestlaste ettekujutuses hakkas tekkima muinasaja jumalate parnass. Taanduva rahvausundi ja maagilise mõtteviisi (vennastekoguduste mõju) kõrval toimub 19.saj teisel
Ed I was invited to settle the matter. Now he told both men to do homage to him, then invaded Scotland & put John de Balliol on the Scottish throne. He was king 4 years. The years were not happy. Another invasion in 1296, Edward stole the sacred Stone of Destiny. Resistance movement led by William Wallace, Norman-Scottish knight, started. He beat the English at Stirling. A new leader took up the struggle, this was Robert the Bruce who crowned himself king in 1306. Scottish nationalism was born, the English army defeated. In 1307 Ed I died while preparing to lead his army into Scotland for the 6th time. His son Ed II was no soldier. The Scots led by Bruce won tge Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. In 1328 young Ed III agreed to respect Scotland's independence. The attempts of English kings to control Scotland had led the Scots to turn to the king of France. Both countries agreed that whenever England attacked one of them, the other would make trouble behind England's back
calm, as though almost glad the end had come." The war becomes not merely a traumatic experience or a hardship to be endured but something that actually transforms the essence of human existence into irrevocable, endless suffering. The war destroys Paul long before it kills him. Kantorek Though he is not central to the novel's plot, Kantorek is an important figure as a focus of Remarque's bitter critique of the ideals of patriotism and nationalism that drove nations into the catastrophe of World War I. Kantorek, the teacher who filled his students' heads with passionate rhetoric about duty and glory, serves as a punching bag as Remarque argues against those ideals. Though a modern context is essential to the indictment of Kantorek's patriotism and nationalism, Kantorek's physical description groups him with premodern evil characters. The fierce and pompous Kantorek is a small man described as "energetic and
● Sümboolne-analüütilised teenused (symbolic-analytic service) - nõuavad rohkem kompententse (ajakirjanikud, muusikud, nõuandjad, kunstnikud jne), kelle töö tegemise asukoht ei pruugi olla alati samas kohas (nt IT spetsialist - ma ei pea olema otseselt kliendi juures koodi kirjutama). See grupp saab majnduse õitsengust kõige rohkem kasu, sest nad ise toodavad ka kõige rohkem. Tuleviku stsenaariumid: ● Nulltulemusega natsionalism (zero-sum nationalism) - (siin on seltskond kellelt oodatakse kõige vähem, kompentents on väike). “Kas võidan mina või võidavad nemad”. Pikas perspektiivis jätkusuutlik ei ole. ● Kosmopoliitsus - vabaturu idee (pakkuda ükskõik kus, võimalikult odavalt, ükskõik kellele). Tagada oma töötaja heaolu, aga tehes seejuures koostööd teistega. ● Positiivne majanduslik natsionalsm Välismaale tööle siirdumine: Mõjutavad poliitilised, majanduslikud ja sotsiaalsed tegurid
delvis går i samma riktning som den mer realistiska, samhällsengagerade och radikala prosalitteratur, som vi redan talat om och delvis läst. Samtidigt som Runeberg på många sätt bryter med romantiken finns det fortfarande kvar många motiv - flyttfåglarna är ett "Flytt- foglarne" (den saknande Nord, polaritet hem – främmande; Speciell: Man behöver ingen hjälp, ingen vägvisning, man klarar av själv, romantisk: naturen besjälade, längtan, nationalism,) - och stoff i hans diktning som pekar bakåt mot de romantiska föregångarna. 1830 utkom första samlingen av Runebergs dikter- Dikter. Första häftet, och året därefter gav Svenska akademien skalden sitt andra stora pris för dikten Graven i Perrho. "Trefaldig sorg"- översättningslitteratur; Runeberg har översatt en serbisk folkdikt (via tyskan), men det var ett översättningsarbete som också fick konsekvenser för Runebergs sätt att skriva svenskspråkig originalpoesi
dynasty.[89] In the 18th century the Wahhabi movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher Ibn Abd alWahhab, Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as unIslamic. By the 17th and 18th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the 19th century, the rise of nationalism resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in 1829, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the 12 | P a g e RussoTurkish War of 18771878. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of World War I. In the 19th century, the Salafi, Deobandi and Barelwi movements were initiated. Modern times (1918present)
and the whole standard of living improved. Newspapers played an essential part in the 11 | P a g e Estonians' social and political awareness; societies and associations were also of immense importance -- in 1905, there were more than 500 in Estonia. The Estonian `social mentality' as a whole remained in opposition to the central Russian government; nationalism and socialism were the major political trends. Within the early 20th century national movement, the moderate and radical wings were clearly profiled. The moderates who gathered around the Tartu newspaper Postimees (the first issue was published in 1891), founded by Jaan Tõnisson and pastor Villem Reiman, wanted to transform the Russian authoritarian rule into parlamentarian government, i.e. constitutional monarchy. They
– art for a select few. Difficult time for Ireland; national awareness, advocated freedom from Britain and the Catholic Church. 1916 Easter Rising against the British; “Culture Revival”, “Celtic Twilight”; a revival of the Celtic (Gaelic) language, nationalism, glorification of all Irish. Joyce’s writings tightly connected to Ireland. Left the country in 1904 but never truly left at heart. Ulysses is like a guidebook through Dublin. Autobiographical piece A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Künstlerroman, subtype of the Bildungsroman
identity, freedom and national development. The biggest irony of their history is in the fact that the roots of the present Jewish-Arab tensions lie in the circumstances they have been treated by other nations during the times. The problems started after the First World War. Both nations began to 29 look for the end to their persecution by other forces. Zionism, the strongest force of the 19th century Jewish nationalism, emerged at the same period, when the Arabs began to quit of the Turkish Empire. The Jews are looking at their Aliyah as the return to their fathers' homeland, thus for Arabs they are just immigrants on foreign territories. The Jews dispersed all over the world considered themselves related to Palestinian Jews by blood bonds and faith, while the Arabs felt that they had to pay for European crimes, as the European powers encouraged the immigration of Jews to their land. Lisad
revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and the natural sciences. Its effect on politics was considerable and complex; while for much of the peak Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, in the long term its effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant. In the U.S, romantic Gothic literature made an early appearance with Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820) and Rip Van Winkle (1819), followed from 1823 onwards by the Leatherstocking Tales of James Fenimore Cooper, with their emphasis on heroic simplicity and their fervent landscape descriptions of an alreadyexotic mythicized frontier
Power of Maps. The Guilford Press, pp. 4-27 - Wood, Denis 1992. Maps are Embedded in a History – They Help Construct, in D. Wood The Power of Maps. The Guilford Press, pp. 28- 47 - Pickles, John 1992. Texts, Hermaneutics and Propaganda Maps, in T. Barnes and J. Duncan Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape. Routledge, pp. 193-230 - Herb, Guntram 1997. Maps as Weapons. The Development of Suggestive Cartography, in G. Herb Under the Map of Germany: Nationalism and Propaganda 1918-1945. Routledge, pp. 76-94 - Hajdu, Zoltan and Anssi Paasi 1995. The Changing Representations of Finland in Geographical Texts in Hungary: A Contextual Analysis. Fennia 173. 1., pp. 33-51 - Kivimäe, Jüri 1999. Re-writing Estonian History? National History and Identity. Studia Fennica Ethnologica 6, pp. 205-212 - Veemaa, Jaanus 2002. Eesti sotsiaalruumilise teadvuse kujundamine. Eesti tähendused, piirid ja kontekstid, koost. E. Berg, Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk.
humour, disinterested kindness' (Murphy, 1992, p. 235). On a cultural level what counts is their `extraordinary inner strength', a vividly defined cultural identity Downloaded by [KU Leuven University Library] at 06:11 02 June 2015 (`which has nothing to do with politically encouraged nationalism'), in spite of the inferiority complex. Time and education may well ensure economic Á and moral Á recovery. Hoffman's Romanian experience ends in a much more ambiguous tone. Her
Cambridge: Polity Press. Gogia, N. (2006). Unpacking corporeal mobilities: The global voyages of labour and leisure. Environment and Planning A, 38(2), 359-375. Hall, S. (1996). Introduction: Who needs ‘identity’. In S. Hall & P. d. Gay (Eds.), Questions of cultural identity (pp. 1-17). London: Sage. Hannerz, U. (1990). Cosmopolitans and locals in world culture. In M. Featherstone (Ed.), Global culture: Nationalism, globalization and modernity (pp. 237-251). London: Sage. Havitz, M., & Dimanche, F. (1990). Propositions for testing the involvement construct in recreation tourism contexts. Leisure Sciences, 12(2), 179-195. Hottola, P. (2004). Culture confusion: Intercultural adaptation in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 447-466. Hottola, P. (2008). Farewell countercultural wanderer? Dress and styles in South Asian backpacking
Norra sisepoliitika ja demokraatia areng Radikaalseim teerajaja põhjamaades: demokraatlik Eidsvolli põhiseadus (1814) koos parandustega. Mh majandusprobleemide tõttu purunes esialgne talurahva ja eliidi (ametnikud ja majandustegelased) omavaheline liit, nende rühmade omavaheline pinge. Eliidi hulgas 2 voolu: konservatiivsed patrioodid = jäik põhiseaduslik konservatism/liberaalse põhiseadusliku suuna pooldajad= reformimeelsus. Norras võisid poliitiline nationalism ja kultuurinatsionalism areneda teineteisest lahus! Rahvaesinduse tasandid Norras: Üleriiklik tasand Kahekojaline parlament , kogunes iga kolmas aasta. Täisealisteste meestest hääleõigus 45%: lisaks vaja anda vanne põhiseadusele, esimeses voorus valiti valijamehed, kes omakorda valisid saadikud maakonniti. Esialgne tulemus: ametnikkond on parlamendis üleesindatud, talurahvas alaesindatud. Kohaliku omavalitsuse tasand
instability. To avoid the possibility of Vabadussõjalaste Liit (Estonian Independence War Veterans’ League) seizing power, the Head of State Konstantin Päts enacted a state of national emergency in March 1934. The parliament was dissolved, all political parties disbanded, and to replace them Isamaaliit (Fatherland League) was founded. It was a relatively mild authoritarian regime, yet it cannot be considered a total dictatorship. 1 The “official nationalism” with its corporative nature was criticised by intellectuals. The Estonian Writers’ Association, however, supported the steps taken by the government. Social life stabilized and the economic situation improved. Eesti Raamatu Aasta (Year of the Estonian Book) in 1935 was a great national cultural event, commemorating the 400th anniversary of the publication of the first book in Estonian (Simon Wanradt and Johann Koell: The Lutheran Catechism, printed in Wittenberg)
*Henry VIII and the English Reformation Henry VIII was King of England and the second monarch of the House of Tudor. He was a significant figure in the history of the English monarchy and is known for his six marriages. The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. Many factors contributed to the process: the decline of feudalism and the rise of nationalism, the rise of the common law, the invention of the printing press. Ofcourse, as Henry VIII desired for an annulment he was strongly in favour of and influenced the reformation. He broke with Rome and established himself as head of the Church of England. *Fidei Defensor It is an originally Latin title which translates to Defender of the Faith. The phrase has been used as part of the full style of many monarchs since the early 16th century. It
Meanwhile, the price of gas remained low. In 2008, the price paid by Ukraine for gas was still less than half of that paid by Western European countries. Over a longer period, this growth pattern was bound to be unsustainable. This is the most important single fact of Ukraine's economic prospects. The improving terms of trade of the 2000s were a positive windfall, but Ukraine did not know how to use that windfall wisely. Ukraine's economy and its growth prospects ultimately suffered from its nationalism and inefficiency. The windfall Ukraine enjoyed meant that industry did not have to diversify or become more sophisticated--two characteristics that are necessary for competition in today's markets. In 2000, metals and mineral products accounted for half of Ukraine's exports. Adding agro-food and chemicals took the proportion to just over 70 percent. In 2008, the shares remained quite similar, with agro-food increasing from 11 to 16 percent. Steel export unit value grew
Some of the most prolific have served Cilo, the muse of history. Many of these unsung heroes—the only cryptologists whose contributions enlightened all mankind—worked in the 19th century. The immense influence of Leopold von Ranke's objective school of history, which demanded a study of the original documents, sent droves of historians to mine state papers and diplomatic correspondence in the archives, whose doors had been unlocked for the first time by the nationalism and democracy of the 1800s. The researchers found many of the documents in cipher, or partly so. Invariably, it seemed, the crux of a dispatch was enciphered. In the mid- 1500s, a Venetian ambassador wrote home about his talk with Henry II of France concerning English affairs. "His Majesty suddenly turned to me, taking a troubled aspect and shrugging his shoulders, added to me these very words. . . ." and the rest is in cipher! Historians realized that
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