Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Mikrokontrollerid ja robootika kodutöö 4". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
frequency, counts, ground, consider, following, measure, loop, circuit, based, detect, between, caused, change, value, diagram, changes, difference, terms, explain, higher, shift, other, assume, 00000, occur, electrical, figure, potential, divided, chapter, 40000, 5555, method, results, gained, rate, simple, require, pass, filter, needs, anotherHomework-04 Solution (100 marks) Read Chapter_4_Time_Based_Measurements.pdf Question 1 (10 marks) When converting an analogue value to a frequency, consider the following diagram describing the system. The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at an interval of 2ms. How many counts does the microprocessor detect at, a) 20 MHz? b) 18 MHz? What is the difference in terms of number of counts detected by the microprocessor? Solution: 1 1 a) Converse 20 MHz to time length: T 0.00005ms f 20,000,000 2ms Number of counts in 2ms: N 40,000 0.00005ms 1 1 b) Converse 18 MHz to time length: T 0.000055556ms
Microcontroller homework for week 07 1. A) 40000 counts B) 36000 counts The difference between 20MHz and 18MHz is 4000 counts. 2. A) 555,555 counts more B) Higher resolution is caused by increased sampling rate. 3. A) Because the mixer needs additional components B) The mixer approach multiplies the frequency shift you want to measure, but also any other frequency shift. This includes drift caused by component heating, noise, etc. 4. The output waveform according to input: 5. A) 100 Hz B) 500 Hz C) 1 kHz 6
Interrupt Rate 43 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers 43 Design Checklist 45 v 3 Sensors 47 Temperature Sensors 47 Optical Sensors 59 CCDs 72 Magnetic Sensors 82 Motion/Acceleration Sensors 86 Strain Gauge 90 4 Time-Based Measurements 93 Measuring Period versus Frequency 95 Mixing 97 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters 99 Clock Resolution 102 5 Output Control Methods 103 Open-Loop Control 103 Negative Feedback and Control 103 Microprocessor-Based Systems 104 On-Off Control 105 Proportional Control 108 PID Control 110 Motor Control 123 Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops 130 6 Solenoids, Relays, and Other Analog Outputs 137
Mictrocontroller Week 03 Numbering systems 1. Convert the decimal number 123.456 to the following formats, taking whole numbers and fractions into account. Show calculations. a) binary b) hexadecimal c) base-5 d) BCD === 1. a) 0111 1011.0111 01002 b) 7B.7416 c) 443.2125 d) 0001 0010 0011.0100 0101 01102 === 2. Extend the following unsigned 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 2. a) 006B b) 00B5 === 3. Extend the following signed two’s complement 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 3. a) 006B b) FFB5 === Logic and arithmetic 4. Using two’s complement arithmetic, calculate the following (choose a suitable number of bits for the representation): a) 121 – 185
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Treshold, noise, range, stability, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, hysteresis Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if R T = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. R70 30 c =R H =9,2 kV RH 9,2 k V O= ∙ V DD= ∙ 2,5 = 0,388 V (R T + R H ) ( 50 k +9,2 k ) Hint: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf
Mictrocontroller Week 03 Numbering systems 1. Convert the decimal number 123.456 to the following formats, taking whole numbers and fractions into account. Show calculations. a) Binary Fractional part : Reading direction Integral part: Reading direction 0,456 x 2 = 0,912 0 123 / 2 = 61 1 0,912 x 2 = 1,812 1 61 / 2 = 30 1 0,812 x2 = 1,624 1 30 / 2 = 15 0 0,624 x 2 = 1,248 1 15 / 2 = 7 1
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Solution: 1. Thershold. 2. Sensitivity. 3. Full Range. 4. Linearity. 5. Accuracy. 6. Precision. 7. Stability. 8. Hysteresis. 9. Noise. Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if RT = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. Solution: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at: http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 2 Week 04 Homework - Solutions Check Thermistor - Wikipedia.pdf at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor Calculate the Humidity Sensor resistance at 30°C T = 273.15°C +30°C = 303
2.3V and quantized voltage with the output code word equal to 011101012 using an 8 bit ADC with 5V reference? 011101012 = 117 Correspond to 5V * 117/256 = 2.2852V Error = 2,3V – 2.2852 = 0,0148V Question 5 A digital multimeter is designed to have a readout with four decimal digits. How many bits will be required in its ADC? MAX = 9999 213 = 8192 214 = 16384 (too many digits) 13 Bit will be required in ts ADC. Question 6 Draw a circuit diagram of a 2 bit flash ADC using only resistors, comparators and NAND gates. Question 7 Given the following dual-slope ADC: a) How long would it take for this ADC to complete the run-up phase? 𝑅𝐶 𝑡𝑢𝑝 = − ∙ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −400𝜇𝑠 𝑉𝑖𝑛 The run-up phase takes 400 μs. b) How long would it take for this ADC to complete the run-down phase?
Cat. No. W317-E1-11 SYSMAC CPM1A Programmable Controllers OPERATION MANUAL CPM1A Programmable Controllers Operation Manual Revised October 2007 iv Notice: OMRON products are manufactured for use according to proper procedures by a qualified operator and only for the purposes described in this manual. The following conventions are used to indicate and classify precautions in this manual. Always heed the information provided with them. Failure to heed precautions can result in injury to people or dam- age to property. ! DANGER Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. Additionally, there may be severe property damage.
ADC with 5V reference? 0.01484375V Question 5. A digital multimeter is designed to have a readout with four decimal digits. How many bits will be required in its ADC? 13 Bits Question 6. From Wikipedia Question 7. a) How long would it take for this ADC to complete the run-up phase? 400 µs b) How long would it take for this ADC to complete the run-down phase? 1 ms Question 8. What is the typical performance in terms of THD at a frequency of 500 kHz of: a) MAX1200 pipeline ADC. -85dB b) MAX1201 pipeline ADC. -85dB c) MAX1205 pipeline ADC. -84dB Question 9. Name two disadvantages of: a) Flash ADC Cost, high power demand b) SAR ADC Limited speed, requires anti-aliasing filter c) Dual-slope ADC Slow conversion, expensive components d) Sigma Delta ADC multibit ADC and multibit feedback DAC- higher order Question 10. a) Architecture SAR b) Differential linearity +- 0,4 LSB c) Minimum acquisition time 1,4 ms
At breakdown, the diode goes into avalanche where a number of carriers appear suddenly in the depletion layer. With a rectifier diode, breakdown is usually destructive. 4)Typical values: Uknee- approximatly 0.7V; UF 0.7-2.0V; leakage (IR) 1-10 microA/200- 700microA. 5) Idealized characteristic. In view of a very small leakage current in the reverse- bias state and a small voltage drop in the forward-bias state as compared to the operating voltages and currents of a circuit in which the diode is used, the oputput characteristic of the diode can be idealized as shown in the figure. This corner can be used for analyzing the circuit topology, but should not be used for actual circuit design. At turn on, the diode can be considered as an ideal switchbecause it turns on rapidly as compared to transients in the circuit. 6) One of its main applications is in rectifiers, circuits that convert the Alternating voltage or
Response 2. 11264 100% 3. 12522 0% 4. 1023 100% 5. 10037 0% Score: 0/10 2. Kuidas nimetatakse mälupesa, mis hoiab infot mälupesa kohta, kus asub programmi jaoks oluline informatsioon? Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 1. Direct 0% address 2. Count 0% 3. Flag 0% 4. Pointer 100% 5. Loop 0% Score: 0/10 3. Kui palju mälu on Ecki xComputer´l? Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 1. 512 B 0% 2. 1KB 0% 3. 2KB 100% 4. 4KB 0% Score: 0/10 4. Kas register ja mälupesa on samad asjad? Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 1. Jah 0% 2. Ei 100% Mis on BIOS? Student
Question 1 (in wiki and in terminologies) 1. SNR is a calculated value that represents the ratio of root- mean-square (rms ) signal to rms noise. 2. SINAD stands for Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio. It is a measure of the quality of a signal from a communications device, often defined as: where is the average power of the signal, noise and distortion components. SINAD is usually expressed in dB. For examples to calculate the ratio of 1 kW (one kilowatt, or 1000 watts) to 1 W in decibels, use the formula 3. ENOB is the effective number-of-bits related to SINAD and the quality of a digitized signal. The 6.02 term in the divisor converts decibels (a log10)
for SOF & EOF frame read on 8 bit boundaries until EOF detected reception `01111110' ii) fixed header follows with address & length of data iii) receiver > Functionality of SAP and SNAP · MAC address identifies link quality failure, terminated. - ensure flag pattern isn't in frame data -> bit stuffing · transmitter inserts stuff bits: if counts number of bytes to determine EOF · used in LANs (broadcast transmission a hardware interface ("station"). · LLC Service Access Point the expiration of an idle-period timer,
Motherboard - the principle printed circuit board assembly in a computer; includes core logic (chipset), interface sockets and/or slots, and input/output (I/O) ports. Printed circuit board (PCB) - a thin, laminated sheet composed of a series of epoxy resin and copper layers and etched electronic circuits (signal, ground and power) Chipset (or core logic) - two or more integrated circuits which control the interfaces between the system processor, RAM, I/O devises, and adapter cards. Processor slot/socket - the slot or socket used to mount the system processor on the motherboard AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port - a high speed interface for video cards; runs at 1X (66MHz), 2X (133MHz), or 4X (266MHz). PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect - a high speed interface for video cards, sound
difference. Stop the drive. the previous experiment. 4 Set the Stop Mod to coasting (so called The motor restart is very freewheel braking). Enable the Flying fast and it accelerates at Start running function. Run the motor exponential rate. to the maximal speed. Then stop and restart it immediately before the motor stops. Observe the motor response. Stop the drive. Disable Flying Start. 5 Set the PWM Frequency to the maximal Less noise than before. level and run the motor again. Observe PWM noise is caused by and explain the noise. Is it higher or the voltage inverter less than before. switching at a frequency in the audible range. 6 Using Boost Selection, set the variable torque boost to 30.0 VT. Run the motor The spring effect was at very low speed (2-3 Hz)
For many tumor types, such as lymphoma and mast cell tumors, diagnosis is usually easily achieved with cytology, and knowledge of the diagnosis prior to surgery augments treatment planning. For spindle cell tumors, such as fibrosarcoma or hemangiopericytoma, diagnostic cytologic samples are not always obtained, and a biopsy may need to be performed to achieve a definitive diagnosis. Useful characteristics of diagnostic tests Accuracy and Precision Accuracy is the measure of a test result's accordance with results determined by a gold standard. It is the frequency with which a given test correctly identifies a patient as having a disease, or put another way, how closely the mean of test data points accords to the mean of the reference standard. A test with high diagnostic accuracy has relatively few false results in comparison to true results. Precision is the measure of a test result's reproducibility. If repeated testing is performed on
How this general definition is further specified depends on the product that is being evaluated and the user. For example, quality can be focusing on construction, on making sturdy and safe furniture, and on testing it. Like Ikea, the Swedish furniture chain, that advertised in its catalogs with production quality and gave examples on how a couch was tested on sturdiness. In survey statistics the main focus has been on accuracy, on reducing the mean squared error or MSE. This is based on the Hansen and Hurwitz model (Hansen, Hurwitz, & Madow, 1953; Hansen, Hurwitz, & Bershad, 1961) that differentiates between random error and systematic bias, and offers a concept of total error (see also Kish, 1965), which is still the basis of current survey error models. The statistical quality indicator is thus the MSE: the sum of all squared variable errors and all squared systematic errors. A more modern approach is total quality, which combines both ideas as Biemer and Lyberg
u (t ) K P e(t ) e(t )dt TD TI 0 dt This is a third-order plant model given by a transfer function of 1 G( s) , u (t ) is input signal, e(t ) r (t ) y(t ) is the error between the ( s 1)3 output y (t ) and the desired output setpoint r (t ) . Use logical reasoning to determine whether K P , TI , TD must be increased or decreased in each of the following examples: a. Run in MATLAB the below program to see the output development if Proportional gain K P increases from 0.1 to 1. (10 marks) Example 1: Proportional gain K P increases from 0.1 to 1. G=tf(1,[1,3,3,1]); for Kp=[0.1:0.1:1], G_c=feedback(Kp*G,1); step(G_c), hold on; end b. Run in MATLAB the below program to see the output development if the proportional gain K P increases from 0.1 to 1. Example 2: Maintaining Proportional gain K P 1 , Integral gain TI , increases from 0
bundles anchored to the surface of the fabric (see Figure 1). The fabric’s pills formation (i.e. the so called “resistance to pilling”) is typically measured using procedures described in Standards such as the D4970/D4970M-10e1 (ASTM, 2010) and the UNI EN ISO 12945– 2004; since fabrics take a long time to be pilled in normal use, resistance to pilling needs to be tested by a simulated accelerated wear, followed by a visual assessment of the degree of pilling based on a visual comparison of the sample to a set of test images. FIGURE 1. Example of pilled fabric Two common pieces of equipment for pilling measurement, mainly used in Europe, are the Martindale pilling tester and the Pilling Box. The Martindale tester consists of a number of testing plates (See Figure 2) on which the abrading fabrics is attached; these four testing plates are mounted on the base plate of the instrument.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT PORTUGAL Marvin Üürike Tallinn University of Technology Faculty of Chemical and Materials Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Estonia ERASMUS PROJECT STUDY OF THE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN A HELICAL COIL Supervisor: Albina Ribeiro Porto 2015 2 Abstract The following work investigates overall heat transfer coefficient of a helical coil and how it changes in different situations. The variables investigated were flow rate inside a submerged helical coil and agitation of the bath. To investigate the change in heat transfer coefficient in different situations, a simple experiment was set up. It consisted of a rectangular isolated tank, which was filled with water, submerged steel coil and an agitator. A rotameter was used to measure the flow rate, and a
Pertaining to computer networks, a downlink is a connection from data communications equipment towards data terminal equipment. This is also known as a downstream connection. The uplink port is used to connect a device or smaller local network to a larger network, or connect to the next "higher" device in the topology. For example, the edge switch connects "up" to the distribution layer managed switch. Lühidalt - The communication going from a satellite to ground is called downlink, and when it is going from ground to a satellite it is called uplink Duplex distance is the space between the uplink and downlink frequencies. The duplex distance for GSM is 80 MHz, where each channel has two frequencies that are 80 MHz apart. 3. Tihendamise meetodid, millised on sides kasutusel Sagedustihendus FDMA (lainepikkuse järgi WDMA), aegtihendus TDMA, koodtihendus CDMA, ruumiline tihendus SDMA.
Muscle proteins are skeletal muscle to undergo relatively large involved in maintaining the structure and intracellular changes also influences its organization of the muscle and muscle cells response to the drastic alterations that occur (the role of highly insoluble stromal pro- during the first few hours following exsan- teins). They are also important in the contrac- guination. Thus the organization, structure, tile process. These proteins primarily are and metabolism of the muscle are key to its associated with the contractile organelles, the function and to the maintenance of its integ-
Characteristics of waves Due to the depth of the sea, the heaviness of the wind and the time that wind can act the water surface, waves have different characteristics. Characteristics of waves Waves produced by a strong wind Waves caused by a strong wind over a deep sea and for a long time 4 The shape of waves can be described by a sinusoidal form of a mathematical sine function. The following values are important for a quantitative description of the energy stored and the power of the waves: Wave high h is the difference between wave crest and through. The higher the wave is, the more of energy is stored in it in form of potential energy. @hD = m The wave length l is the distance between two wave crests. The shorter the wavelength the more of energy (potential) can be transported if wave high and
focused into a tight zone. In CIEF, once a solute has focused at its pI, the zone is mobilized past the detector by either pressure or chemical means. This technique is commonly employed in protein characterization as a mechanism to determine a protein's isoelectric point. Isotachophoresis (ITP) ITP is a focusing technique based on the migration of the sample components between leading and terminating electrolytes. Solutes having mobilities intermediate to those of the leading and terminating electrolytes stack into sharp, focused zones. Although it is used as a mode of separation, transient ITP has been used primarily as a sample concentration technique. Electrokinetic Chromatography (EKC)
The visual cliff- an infant is placed on the center board of a heavy sheet of glass and his mother calls to him. If he is the deep side of the cliff, he will not crawl across the apparent cliff.This suggests that the perception of depth is not learned through experience, but is built into our system at the very start. Complex social behaviour in humans: human social interactions are more subtle and flexible than those of animals. For much of human social life is based on the individual's rational appraisal of how another person will respond to his own actions: ,, If I do this...he will think this...then I will have to do this.." and so on. Peacockss courtship ritual happens to fail then he has no alternate strategy; all he can do is display his tail feathers again and again. · Under some circumstances people tend to behave differently in crowds than they do when alone. ( For example panic- when someone shouts FIRE!
computer), at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1957 A new language, FORTRAN (short for formula translator), enabled a computer to perform a repetitive task from a single set of instructions by using loops. Kenneth Olsen founds Digital Equipment Corporation. 6 FORTRAN Fortran on vanim assemblerist kõrgema taseme programmeerimiskeel, mis võimaldas loop ´ida. See loodi 1957 aastal IBM-is teaduslike ja tehniliste arvutuste tarvis. 1958 SAGE -- Semi-Automatic Ground Environment -- linked hundreds of radar stations in the United States and Canada in the first large-scale computer communications network. Jack Kilby completes building the first integrated circuit, containing five components on a piece of germanium half an inch long and thinner than a toothpick. 1960
These emotional responses are linked to changes in autonomic and neuroendocrine systems, which are essential for metabolic support when preparing the body for action. Since emotion can influence such important processes like learning, decision-making, memory and consequently health and welfare of the individual then dysfunctional regulation of emotions can lead to psychopathology. A total of 26 healthy, non smoking male participants, age group 18-42 years were recruited into the study. Based on the theory of Cybernetic 3-Dimensional Model on Emotion Regulation (CMER), three dimensions of emotion regulation was measured. Participants were stressed using the TSST test, and the salivary cortisol and plasma IL-6 was measured as endocrinological markers of the stress response. Multiple regression and correlation analysis were conducted investigating the main hypothesis. The results show that hedonistic emotion regulation (HER) and the distress- augmentative emotion
It is important to ensure that all premises are explicitly stated. Sometimes, an argument needs the addition of an implicit premises to get the complete form. This figure is a square. Therefore, this figure has four sides. There is a missing premise: All squares have four sides. So the full argument is now apparent: All squares have four sides. This figure is a square. Therefore, this figure has four sides. Validity/invalidity of forms Let us consider the following form: All A are B All C are A Therefore, All C are B. When the premises are true, the conclusion is necessarily true. This is a valid form. Let us consider the following form: All A are B All C are B Therefore, All A are C When the premises are true, the conclusion can be true. Example: All A are B A=Swans All Swans are Animals All C are B B=Animals All Birds are Animals
Copyright © 1967, 1973 by David Kahn All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information address The Macmillan Company, 866 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-16109 Crown copyright is acknowledged for the following illustrations from Great Britain's Public Record Office: S.P. 53/18, no. 55, the Phelippes forgery, and P.R.O. 31/11/11, the Bergenroth reconstruction. Published by arrangement with The Macmillan Company FIRST PRINTING SECOND PRINTING THIRD PRINTING FOURTH PRINTING FIFTH PRINTING SIXTH PRINTING SEVENTH PRINTING EIGHTH PRINTING NINTH PRINTING TENTH PRINTING SIGNET TRADEMARK: REG. TJ.S. PAT. OFF. AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES REGISTERED TRADEMARK---MARCA REGISTBADA HECHO EN CHICAGO, U.S.A.
[10] 7. (i) plasmid cut by restriction enzyme; at specific sequence; same enzyme as used to cut (insulin) gene; sticky ends / described; ref. complementary sticky ends; ligase seals (sugar-phosphate) backbone / AW; max 4 (ii) credit any two from the following: 1 antibiotic resistance (gene) introduced and survivors have plasmid; 2 fluorescent marker (gene) introduced and glowing bacteria have plasmid; 3 identify bacteria producing insulin using antibodies; 2 [6] 8. referring to pig insulin: ethical / religious, reasons;
Cost Accounting. Chapter 1 Management accounting measures, analyzes, and reports financial and no financial information that helps managers make decisions to fulfill the goals of an organization. Financial accounting focuses on reporting to external parties such as investors, government agencies, banks and suppliers. It measures and records business transactions and provides financial statements that are based on GAAP. Cost accounting measures, analyzes, and reports financial and no financial information relating to cost of acquiring or using resources in an organization. Value-chain analysis: sequence of business functions in which customer usefulness is added to products and services. 1. Research and development 2. Design of products, services, or processes 3. Production 4. Marketing 5. Distribution 6. Customer service.
2002 rose by about 20% over the record US$9.4 billion in 2001. Individual game sales are also increasing: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City from Take Two Interactive sold 1 Games Programming with Java and Java 3D an estimated 3 million copies in its first month of release. This game is likely to become the best selling title of 2002, and of all time. 1.2. Console Hardware Since consoles are so central to gaming, it is interesting to consider their capabilities. The PlayStation 2 processor runs with a clock speed of 294 MHz, has 32Mb of RAM, and a separate graphics chip that can render about 66 million polygons per second. The small amount of RAM is an important constraint upon games wishing to use Java. The introduction of the Xbox changed the game rules (so to speak), with its Pentium III, 64Mb RAM, a 8Gb hard disk, and the ability to render 150-200 million polygons per second.
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