The great Enlighteners: Crèvecoeur, Jefferson, Paine, Franklin. The American Enlightenment is the intellectual thriving period in the United States in the midtolate 18th century (17151789), especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion. American Enlightenment a gradual but powerful awakening that established the ideals of democracy, liberty, and religious tolerance in the people of America. If there were just one development that directly caused the American Revolution and uplifted the intellectual culture of the continent while it was only a British colony, it would be the American Enlightenment. Broadly, the Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that changed the fundamental
1. The Jacobean masque Elizabethan one nation culture, now cultural polarisation between the new courtly culture and the rest of the country. Court in cultural isolation. Ben Jonson. King and courtiers were close to universally recognised ideal types (conflict with the reality). Mysticism. Emergence of perspective view, stage machinery, artificial light, revolution. The stage cast the monarch in the focal point (the lines of perspective of the stage met there. Inigo Jones. Masque an educative vehicle, towards classical antiquity and architecture. Tide towards absolute monarchy. Masque – linked poetry and moral philosophy into art. Music, dance, poetry, lavish illusionistic scenic display to express the doctrines of divine kingship
Philip Larkin’s Poetry: Themes, Form, Style, Imagery and Symbolism Author: Sandra Olivares González Tutor: Jesús Marín Calvarro Degree in English Studies, English Department, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Extremadura Cáceres, 29th January 2016 Philip Larkin’s Poetry: Themes, Form, Style, Imagery and Symbolism The aim of this work is to obtain some characteristics of the poetry of Philip Larkin, such us the origin of his themes, the way in which he writes his poems and the symbolism he uses (which is a very controversial topic because some assume that he does use it, while some others say that he uses it in an ironic way). In this work we tried to make a revision on the vision of Larkin through the studies that had been made on
Comparison of P. B. Shelley's and W. Wordsworth's "To a Skylark" Poems The Skylark is a bird whose singing is very melodical. It is an inspiration to many poets, two of them being P. B. Shelley and W. Wordsworth. The Skylark is a common nature metaphor for pure poetic expression. Shelly Shelley's poem is all about praising the birds singing and how the lark can create such beautiful songs unintentionally. For the bird, singing is effortless and comes out naturally. Still the creation is harmonic and spreads joy. The poem starts with Shelly calling the bird a "blithe spirit" and expressing his admiration of how the song comes from the bird's heart without any effort. "Bird thou never wert-/ That
metaphors. He only has one sonnet that conforms to traditional rules; his songs are not lyrical at all. He introduces sex, death and erotic love into poetry. John Milton (1608–74) – poet; introduced the blank verse into English poetry. Best known for epic poem Paradise Lost; story of the fall of man and the eventual expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Literature after the Restoration (of Monarchy in 1660) – rich and many-‐sided, covering
colonisation to Englishmen back in the homeland. An example of this form of writing is John Smith's A True Relation of Virginia, which is widely recognized to be the first example of Am lit. The early years of colonisation produced a mass of utilitarian writings including biographies, accounts of voyages, diaries, sermons, pamphlets. Much of the material addressed the problems of Church and State. There were few examples of fiction, poetry or drama. Anne Bradstreet of Massachusetts published some lyrical poems of high literary quality (1650) and Edward Taylor, who was born in England but lived in Boston, wrote some poetry in the style of John Donne and the metaphysical poets. All 17 th cent Am writings were, both in content and form, similar to English lit of the same period. The great literary figures of the 18th cent were Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), Thomas Paine (1737-1809) and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826).
........................................................177 Enthusiasm.................................................................................................180 The Frequency-holders..............................................................................183 The New Earth Is No Utopia.....................................................................184 Notes...........................................................................................................186 About the Author........................................................................................189 CHAPTER ONE THE FLOWERING OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS EVOCATION Earth, 114 million years ago, one morning just after sunrise: The first flower ever to appear on the planet opens up to receive the rays of the sun. Prior to this momentous event that heralds an evolutionary transformation in the life of plants, the planet had already been covered in vegetation for millions of
1. Beowulf. The dating of Beowulf is still controversial. The poem is one of the earliest and greatest monuments of the Germanic literatures. The main stories of the poem (the fights of B.) are versions of common folk-tales, but the poet also introduces many incidental stories, some of which belong to the world of ancient Germanic legend. He writes his folk-tales and legends in a web of other events, mainly set in the Baltic Kingdoms. He shows a very rich and leisurely portrayal of this Baltic world, providing many customs like the close relationship between lord and man in the war-band and others. All this encouraged the supposition that the unknown author of the poem was himself a bard of the ancient type
wanted security and they found it in old things; Middle ages became popular, "Morte d'Arthur" by Thomas Malory 2) Ruskin and the medieval revival · Who was Ruskin and what were his ideas of art and culture? He was the greatest critic in the English language; rhetorician (person in the society, who always has sth to say about anything; not part of the politics, usually from arts department...); cast nature as a reflection of divine truth; instead classicism, looking for sth essentially British; believed in artistic socialism art and morality closely linked; against mass production , emphasis on quality; preferred Gothic, medieval revival in architecture; he taught people to appreciate art and he said that things that are important to British should be from Britain (not from other countries around the world) · The more prominent artistic and cultural movements of Victoria Britain:
· The French Revolution, 1789 · The King of England was George III, after him George IV and then Queen Victoria Outcomes: · Revolution did not bring welfare · Lives of the lower-classes worsened · Extended the distance between the lower and upper class · The rich got richer, the poor got poorer 2. Romanticism is a reaction against classicism, science and atomic (aesthetic ideal of order and unity) worldview. Romantic ideal is the organic world. Romanticism: · Returns to nature and belief in the goodness of mankind · Exaltation of the senses and emotion overcome reason and intellect is the time when novels became more important · Imagination is very important, it is a God-like creator (W. Blake: "I know that this world is a World of Imagination and Vision") 3. Romantic image of the poet
1. What is the object of philosophical study? The object of philosophical study is being itself on an abstract level. Everything and nothing can be or exist. Things like colour, nature, material things like a table just are, but the meaning of being in be-ing in itself is unclear. Non Material things can also be or exist. If something is, then it is a being. But what exactly is this IS that we can see or on the opposite can not see? Therefore this is one of the fundamental questions of philosophy. 2. Can you reject solipsism? Solipsism (solus ipse) means nothing exists, therefore everything is an illusion outside of our own minds
Ameerika Kirjandus 30.01.13 Naturalism · France, Emile Zola · Put down his theory in 1879: Le Roman Experimental, attempt to explain the development of human society throuch biological laws · Outlook is deterministic, pessimistic, fatalistic (fate or biology) · Man as an animal-clever than other beasts, still explainable within the framework · Man is not a free agent, is govern by something · Unable to determine his own faith · Hereditary · Naturalists tried to apply in fiction the processes of natural sciences · Writers task is to record facts, systems of behaviour, living conditions, never revealing any natural unbiased (completely natural) · Point of view: amoral-outside the category of morality, neither good or bad · Naturalist find it absurd to blame the wicked. These criminals are doing what nature,
People's eyes are attracted to beauty and it's quite natural. We look at flowers, landscapes, pieces of art, and so on. We understand why it is beautiful. People also think of a man's/woman's appearance as of a masterpiece of nature and enjoy it as much as a landscape in the Alps. But is the essence of this beauty the same? Landscapes are parts of nature, pieces of art are created by gifted people; these objects are not alive, don't possess an intellect, so it is much easier to define the essence of it's meaning and purpose. Humans have divine gift of speech, abstract thinking and freedom of action. We can't but agree that it's very difficult to define, what is hiding behind good looks. Our mind is used to assume that beauty contains only good things. We forget that beauty can also be dangerous. This
We visualize nature condition as a situation where state does not exist and political power do not belong to anyone. In this situation we need to decide how can people live in this kind of conditions. This way we will understand how would the life be without the state and hopefully it will help us to see why do we even need the state. For example Jean-Jacques Rousseau thought that it should have been taken more time to develop from nature condition to the civil society. (Wolff, 1996) Some theoretics say that we have a lot of proofs about how people are managed to live without the state. (Wolff, 1996) Hobbes thought that power is only a way to get what the person wants. To be sure about being successful it needs to get powerful. According to Hobbes to be powerful it is necessary to have good reputation, a lot of money and friends. By the virtue of human wanting power
because made of steel 2. Formal cause: - what form, definition or property it has - why is this salt? because made of sodium and chloride 3. Efficient cause: - what initiated the change or movement - why did the baseball move? because someone hit it 4. Final cause: - what end or goal does it have? - why does he walk? because he wants to be healthy - also nature operates in terms of final causes - things don't happen spontaneously, every action that nature takes is for the sake of something, everything has a purpose - where a series has a completion, all the previous steps are done for the sake of that - art partly competes with and imitates nature - animals and plants do things for the sake of an end - plants grow leaves to provide shade for fruit - has roots downwards for nourishment
Hamlet Shakespeare, William Published: 1599 Categorie(s): Fiction, Drama Source: Feedbooks 1 About Shakespeare: William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564 – died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "The Bard"). His surviv- ing works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been trans- lated into every major living language, and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare
However, the `sons' or younger intellectuals saw these reforms were not fast or far-reaching enough. Thus, the generation of fathers is seen in the prevailing gentry, `', who ruled over the serfs and lands. Turgenev himself states, that « . , , . , . , : , ? -- , ». (Pisma IV, 380). Accordingly, Sukikh (1971:312) agrees that the progressive thinkers of the forties had lost their edge. This evaluation by the author himself sets a tone through which the connotation of the portrayal of the `generation of fathers' in Fathers and Sons can be assessed. By taking the title in the broader sense as indicating a generational, rather than a parental and filial relationship, the "generation of fathers" is represented by Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Yevgeny Vassilievich Bazarov. The `fathers' can be seen as the contemporaries of the "superfluous man" and romantic idealists,
Tim Chiu April 4th , 2009 Topics y Lao Zi The Person y Tao Te Ching The Book and the Name y Ch. 1 & 14 Describing the indescribable Tao y Ch. 2 & 11 On duality and Formlessness y Ch. 8 & 78 The Virtues of Water Lao Zi The Person y Real name was Lee Er, who was a highly regarded philosopher of his time y Keen observer of the virtues of Nature and the relationship between man and his environment y Realized the existence of a formless and indescribable origin: Tao y Can not thoroughly analyzed by our thoughts and logic y Its existence gave rise to everything and pervades all that we know y The manifestation of Tao in humans is called our True Nature y Purity and innocence of a child y Spring and Autumn, Warring States Era of the Chou dynasty (~500BC), during a time of turmoil and spiritual disintegration
principle Mantra 3 How living in disharmony with it harms Scriptures don't say that we have to give up all happiness. We can enjoy even on material level, but how? We can enjoy our quota. OVERVIEW OF ISO MANTRA 1 PURPORT (P 1-2) Glory of Vedic knowledge (p 3-4) How the Lord is the proprietor of everything. (p 5) Eg of one's quota in nature. (p 6-8) Eg of one's quota in human possession if the earth. (p 9-10) Eg of quota in human diet. (p 11) Live according to Ishavasya. We focus primarily on Srila Prabhupada's purports, because we want to understand Srila Prabhupada's mood. GLORY OF VEDIC KNOWLEDGE (P 1-2) THE PRINCIPAL UPANISHADS. 1. Isa 7. Taittiriya 2. Kena 8. Aitareya 3
RECORDINGS OF SYMPHONIC MUSIC. APPENDIX D. SCORES OF SYMPHONIC MUSIC PUBLISHED. APPENDIX E. CHRONOLOGY OF ESTONIAN SYMPHONIES. APPENDIX F. SOUND TAPES OF ESTONIAN SYMPHONIES IN THE ESTONIAN MUSIC INFORMATION CENTRE AT THE COMPOSERS UNION. APPENDIX G. SOME PROGRAMMES WITH ESTONIAN MUSIC AND CONDUCTORS. APPENDIX H. INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. APPENDIX I. SELECTION OF PHOTOGRAPHS. APPENDIX J. MUSICAL EXAMPLES. PIANO ARRANGEMENTS AND SCORE SAMPLES. APPENDIX K. USEFUL ADDRESSES. ABOUT THE AUTHOR ESTONIA AND THE ESTONIANS Estonia is situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland, between the Baltic Sea and Lake Peipsi. The country is populated by Estonians who belong to the Western Finnish group of nations, a branch of the Finno-Ugric stem, and speak the Estonian language. Estonia is the northernmost of the Baltic States. From west to east the length of the country is 360 kilometres and the width, from north to south, is 255 kilometres.
3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres of human activity fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, official documents, business correspondenc etc. Style bears the stamp of indivual usage, that is every writer has a unique pattern/habit and abilities that form his style. This approach is best illustrated in the well-known victum of the french poet Georges-Louis de Buffon ,,Style is the man himself." Stylistics English stylistics or the study of style has not been discussed on the same scale as french stylistics, german or russian. The very term stylistics came into more common use in english only some 30-40 years ago. It was however recorded much earlier that is in 1882 for the first time, meaning ,,The Study of literary style, the study of stylistic features." A short history of the development of stylistics
about intelligence ; reaalsuse üle mõtisklus ; believes that god is truth 4. Name three characteristics of Modern philosophy. believes that superior was created by inferior (!) ; more negative ; about will ; power ; domain of reality ; believes that knowledge is truth ; man is god 5. What was the problem that the first philosophers tried to solve? The problem of motion. (Intemporality) They tried to explain nature. 6. What was the “arché”? Greek word for the primary sense of origin or beggining Arche is the element and the first principle of existing things, the source of action. 7. What was the “arché” for Thales? And for Anaximander? Thales claimed that the first principle of all things is water For Anaximander arche did not exist. He proposed the existence of the apeiron, an indefinite substance from which all things are born and to which all things will return. It was completely indefinite
Phonetic SD ("Rhythm And Style") 8. Lexical SD* 9. Syntactic SD* Use lecture notes 10. Graphical means and devices 11. Common literary and common colloquial vocabulary 12. Special literary vocabulary 13. Special colloquial vocabulary 14. Metre in English poetry. Modifications of metre ("Rhythm and Text") 15. Typically English stanzas ("Rhythm and Text") 16. Rhythm in poetry and in prose ("Rhythm and Text") Study independently 17. Varieties of language (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 18. Emotive prose (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 19. Scientific prose style (I. Galperin "Stylistics")
1. A generalist is ignorant from the point of view of a specialist and a specialist is stupid from the point of view of a generalist. 2. All great stupidity is created by geniuses. 3. All stereotypes are true; the fact that you recognize a slur proves that it isn't. 4. Anything you're afraid is true is true. 5. Before most people get to the point of being able to tell their ass from a hole in the ground they're already assholes and it's too late. 6. Concentrating on something important can make you lose track of your soap opera. 7. Debunking the bunk is everyone's responsibility. 8. Don't ask me to pay for anyone else's mistakes. I make enough of my own. 9. Even those who possess real magic must beware of being misled by "magical thinking." 10. Everyone knows what shit tastes like. 11. Exclusive occupancy of a private room is a basic human right. 12. Fair compensation for genius is wealth. 13. God's not perfect, so it's a pretty good bet that you're not, either. 14
A survey of the development of stylistic studies: It is a relatively new branch in philology; yet, its roots go back as far as ancient Greek and Rome where the rhetoricians cultivated the art of clear and elegant use of language. 18th cent--emerged an individualistic-psychological view on style and stylistics. According to that, style bears the stamps of individual usage: every writer has a unique pattern of habits and abilities that form his style. Fr. Poet Buffon: "Style is the man himself." Late 19th, early 20th century--appeared a utilitarian approach to style remotely linked with ancient rhetoric. It became important to improve the style of a text and show the author how better express his thoughts. (Vallins, Lucas) There was also another tendency in that time--to regard style as a study of form separated from content. (Saintsbury, Bally, Marouseau, Aronstein, Deutchbein) 50s, 60s--rapid growth of interest in stylistics
Introduction to Literature N.Raud Lecture 1 Some Theories of Literature Sources: Sylvan Barnet. Morton Berman. William Burto. 2000. An Introduction to Literature. Fiction. Poetry. Drama. Boston. Toronto: Little, Brown and Company. Guy De Maupassant, Hautot and His Son, pp.325333 James Joyce, Araby,pp.345349 William Faulkner, The Bear, ÕIS, SMFolder WHAT IS LITERATURE? Literature is a "performance in words". It has an element of entertaining display, we expect literature to be in some sense entertaining, or, to afford pleasure. WHAT IS IT THAT MAKES LITERATURE PLEASANT? A literary work seizes our interest and
The Life of Dante, the Inferno of Dante Dante Alighieri, one of the greatest poets of the Middle Ages, was born in Florence, Italy on June 5, 1265. He was born to a middle-class Florentine family. At an early age he began to write poetry and became fascinated with lyrics. During his adolescence, Dante fell in love with a beautiful girl named Beatrice Portinari. He saw her only twice but she provided much inspiration for his literary masterpieces. Her death at a young age left him grief-stricken. His first book, La Vita Nuova, was written about her. Sometime before 1294, Dante married Gemma Donati. They had four children. Dante was active in the political and military life of Florence.
One of the most important developments in the western intellectual tradition was the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution was nothing less than a revolution in the way the individual perceives [ tajub ] the world. As such, this revolution was primarily an epistemological revolution it changed man's thought process. It was an intellectual revolution a revolution in human knowledge. Even more than Renaissance scholars who discovered man and Nature, the scientific revolutionaries attempted to understand and explain man and the natural world. Thinkers such as the Polish astronomer Nicholas Copernicus(14731543), the French philosopher René Descartes(15961650) and the British mathematician Isaac Newton(16421727) overturned the authority of the Middle Ages and the classical world. And by authority I am not referring specifically to that of the Church the demise of its authority was already well under way even before the
A indicates strong emotions, paralyzing the speaker or his desire to conceal part of information. NT: she must leave or better yet drown herself make away with herself at some way or The speaker's strong emotions therefore inability to finish. NT: And it was so unlikely that she had stolen his wallet that... well. NOMINATIVE SENTENCES NOMINATIVE SENTENCES are just a noun-sentence, containing a noun or a nominal-noun-phrase sentence. NOMINATIVE SENTENCES strengthen the dynamic nature of the narrative. NT: London. Parks. Horse rides. Noisy streets. Noisy traffic. Policeman. Such sentences evoke a more or less isolated idea of an object without any connection with other objects. These sentences appeal to reader's imagination, and thus makes the reader active. ASYNDETON ASYNDETON means intentional omission of conjunctions between parts of a sentence or between sentences, disregarding norms of the literary language. ASYNDETON is used mostly to describe an energetic (objectic?)
Words are then either neutral formal informal (or: neutral colloquial literary). This colouring (formal informal) is always present in a word (e.g. "drink" (neutral) "beverage" (literary) "pull" (colloquial); "home" (neutral) "residence" (literary) "digs" (colloquial). Phonestheme is a subtype of IC. This is a repeated combination of sounds that has a more or less clearly perceived meaning. E.g. "fl" combination of sounds conveys the idea of airiness, brightness with the implication of insecurity; "sl" has the meaning of slowness and inactivity; "spr" conveys the idea of energetic, risk, and lively motion. 3. ADHERENT CONNOTATION Meaning of a word has: a denotation (meaning proper, we find it in dictionaries) and a connotation (an additional shade of meaning). Connotation may be a permanent part of word meaning it is then called inherent connotation. Connotation is ever present when the word is used
The Death of the Author The Death of the Author - Roland Barthes Source: UbuWeb | UbuWeb Papers 1 The Death of the Author In his story Sarrasine, Balzac, speaking of a castrato disguised as a woman, writes this sentence: “It was Woman, with her sudden fears, her irrational whims, her instinctive fears, her unprovoked bravado, her daring and her delicious delicacy of feeling” Who is speaking in this way? Is it the story’s hero, concerned to ignore the castrato con- cealed beneath the woman? Is it the man Balzac, endowed by his personal experience with a philosophy of Woman
Denial of conventions, traditional structure, plot and presentation of character. The stream of consciousness. Allusiveness. Virginia Woolf's Modern Fiction as a theoretical platform for Modernism. Criticism of Realist literary method. Literary modernism: end of the 19th century-1920 (reached its height) and ended 1940s. A self- conscious break with traditional aesthetic forms. Rejecting the sentiment and discursiveness typical of Romanticism and Victorian literature for poetry that instead favored precision (täppis) of imagery and clear, sharp language. Modernist writers embraced the unconscious fears of a darker humanity. Sub movements: surrealism, formalism, avant-garde, symbolism, imagism Structuralism: Writers used myth and music as a part of the books structure. J. Joyce "Ulysses". Deep structure is the same as in "odyssey" and T.S. Elliot "the fisher king"-more complicated experiment
Because of the fact that they were all students they were also very young- the oldest one, Hunt, was 21. They were soon joined by William Rossetti(critic), James Collison(painter), Frederic Stephens (critic), Thomas Woolner(sculptor). The three youthful Pre-Raphaelites deliberately challenged the established view of art, drawing up a manifesto of their intentions and publishing them in the four issues of a periodical called "The Germ". They would paint direct from nature, with objective truthfulness and genuine ideas in sympathy with what was direct and heartfelt in the art of the past. The brotherhoods techniques came from the early Flemish art- especially Van Eyck. To imitate the work of great Italian artists the PRB-s studied the colours in nature. To have the effect of glowing colours they invented a new method called "wet white". It was very difficult and wasn't used a lot (except Hunt). The technique was to apply colour on a wet brilliant white ground.
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