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1. What does the word “ philosophy ”  mean ?
The  study  of proper behaviour and the search for  wisdom , in greek  means  love for wisdom
2. Is philosophy a  science ? Why? What kind of science it is?
Yes it is. It tries to  understand  the  meaning  of reality. It’s the science of  truth . Science, as it exists  today , happens within 
the framework of philosophy.  Philosophy, however, is bigger  than  science. It is also a form of art and discipline…...
3. Name three  characteristics  of Classical philosophy?
deeply rooted in religious traditions ; believes that inferior was created by superior ; more positive ; seeks the  real  truth ; 
about intelligence ; reaalsuse üle mõtisklus ; believes that god is truth
4. Name three characteristics of Modern philosophy.
believes that superior was created by inferior (!) ; more negative ; about will ; power ; domain of reality ; believes that 
knowledge is truth ; man is god
5. What was the problem that the  first  philosophers tried to solve?
The problem of  motion . (Intemporality) They tried to explain nature. 
6. What was the “arché”?
Greek word for the  primary  sense of origin or beggining
Arche is the element and the first principle of existing things, the source of  action .
7. What was the “arché” for  Thales ? And for Anaximander?
Thales  claimed  that the first principle of all things is water
For Anaximander arche did not  exist . He proposed the existence of the apeiron, an indefinite substance from which all 
things are born and to which all things will return. It was completely indefinite. 
8. What was the “arché” for Anaxímenes? And for Pythagoras?
For Anaximenes it was air and for Pythagoras it was numbers.
9. Why are the Pre-Socratic giving real philosophical answers?
They try to give  reasons  to things and not only unreal mythological explanations.
10. Which were the names of the two  ways  that the goddess revealed to  Parmenides ?
The way of truth and the way of opinion. 
11. According to Parmenides, which are the object and the method used to walk the way of the truth?
And for the way of the opinion?
12. Name at least five characteristics of Parmenides’ Entity?
one ; present to the mind ; immovable ;  full  ; continuos ; unreated
13. According to Parmenides, what is motion and why it is only apparent?
According to Parmenides, motion as we  know  it, does not exist. Motion is illuminating and darkening. Coming to be is 
nothing more than coming to be visible. 
14. What is the great philosophical  discovery  that Parmenides did? What are the contradictions that his discovery 
awakens?
He  discovered  that things are. 
The contradiction  between  oneness and multiplicity.
15. Who were the Sophists?
Sophists taught people how to  speak  well and how to  convince  people. They claimed that they were philosophers but 
actually they weren’t, because they didn’t care about the truth.
16. Why Sophists were  important  in the context of Greek incipient democracy?
Because they taught how to speak well and to convince others.
17. Why Sophists are not real philosophers?
Because for them the truth does not  matter .
18. Who said the  phrase : “man is the measure of all things”? What does this phrase mean?
Protagoras, it means that  the  individual  human being, is the ultimate source of value.
19. What was  Socrates ’ main concern?
The truth.
20. Which were the two parts of the Socratic method?
He would ask people questions and show that they’re ignorant.
Only then the people were ready to learn  something
21. What is “to  define ” i.e., “to give a  universal  definition”?
To define a  thing  is to set limits to it.
22. Why it is so important to know the  essence  of things?
If we know the essence, we can truly say what things are. 
 
23. What does Socrates’ famous motto “know yourself” mean?
It means that in order to fully understand the world we must first understand ourselves.
24. What is the “areté” and why is it so important for Socrates?
Virtue, excellence. For Socrates, areté had a human meaning. It was the excellence and efficiency a human being can 
achieve to be happy and  feel  healthy.
25. Which is  Plato ’s solution to the problem of the one and the many?
Kuna eksisteerib mitu peaaegu valget asja, peab eksisteerima üks täiesti(täiesti) valge asi. 
26. Plato discovers that  there  are  different  degrees in qualities and beings. Which is the conclusion that he draws from 
this  fact ?
27. According to Plato, what is an “ idea ”?
The idea is what we see when we see something. 
(Kaks maailma: üks tõelise tegelikkuse ja ideede mailm, teine näiva tegelikkuse ja kaduvate esemete maailm. Ideed on 
jäävad, vägagi  reaalsed .)
28. According to Plato, how can we know the essence of things, that is, the ideas?
We know because we remember.
Ideed on meis kõigis juba olemas, õppides me saame neist lihtsalt uuesti teadlikuks.
29. How does Plato consider the things of this world (the ones that we can see and touch and feel)?
Tajutavad esemed on muutlikud, nad alati hävinevad. 
Why are they important?
30. For Plato, which is the first and most important “idea”?
The idea of  good  (!!!!!)
31. What is the platonic “demiurge” and why is it important?
Platon  räägib teoses "Timaios" jumalusest Demiurg, kes "ideedest" lähtuvalt kujundab maailmaruumi,  vormides  tule, õhu, 
vee ja maa.
32. How does Plato describe the human  soul ?
Hingel on kolm alget: 1. mõistus (teadmine, mõtlemine); 2. emotsioon (julgus, vaprus); 3. iha (himu, instinkt)
33. How does Plotinus calls what Plato calls participation? And Christianity?
34. According to Plato, where should we seek for an explanation of the world?
Platon  eitab maailma tekkimises kõike juhuslikku, ta usub ainulaadse, täiusliku ja kauni kosmose olemasolu - ta usub 
selle loojasse (Demiurg). Maailma peab Platon hingestatud elusolendiks.
35. What does it mean that a  term  is “univocal”? And “ambiguous”?
Univoval - 1 word 1 meaning, only one explanation
Ambiguous - 1 word 2 meanings, several possible explenations
36. What does it mean that a term is “analogous”? Why “being” is an analogous term?
Analagous - 1 word, meanings are partly the  same , partly different. Being is said in many ways.
37. How does Aristotle defines movement? 
The realisation of the possible in so far as it is possible. Movement can be explained because the potential and the 
actual being exist. (ma ei saa ise ka selles lausest aru, aga see oli pedro slaidides)
38. What is “being in actuality”?
What the thing is at the moment. ( Having  a certain perfection?)
39. What is “being in potency”?
The thing’s potency of moving towards perfection. Being in potency means that even if you don’t have now a certain 
perfection, you have the real capacity of having it. 
40. What is “accidental  change ”?
Sth happens but the thing  still  stays the same in substance. For example if someone cuts off my  hand  (accidental 
change), I am still a human. 
41. What is “substantial change”?
The substance of sth changes entirely for example paper turns into ash. Substantial change is permanent.
42. Define substance and  accident .
Substance - the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists and which has a tangible,  solid  presence. Being 
in itself.
Accident - a property of a thing which is not essential to its nature. Being in  other
43. According to Aristotle, what is the soul? Which are the three kinds of souls?
Soul is substantial form of  living  things. The soul is alive. “The soul is the first actuality of a natural  body  that is potentially 
alive.” Three kinds: Vegetative, sensitive, intellectual.
44. Where can we  find  truth and falsehood? Why?
Truth and falsehood are two kinds of being that are simply the consequence of judgement. We can combine new 
judgements to attain new truths. We call it reasoning.
45. Which are the four causes?
Material , formal, efficient, final.
46. What is the name that Aristotle gives to his god?
The Mover.
Noesis Noeseos
47. How does Augustine define  evil ?  
Augustine taught that Evil is a lesser good, or the absence of good. Evil is the second divine principle.
48. Why God cannot be the creator of evil?
He who is supremely good, He would never permit the existence of anything evil among His works.
49. Why does God allow evil to exist?
God does not allow evil to exist so much as we  choose  it by our  actions , deeds, and  words .
50.PHYSICAL EVIL- Absence of some satisfaction desired by a human appetite, whether spiritual or bodily. In general, 
may be equated with pain.
MORAL EVIL-sin;contrary to the will of God
Neither of  these  is one and only true evil. Evil is subjective.
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