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1. What is the object of philosophical study? The object of philosophical study is being itself on an abstract level. Everything and nothing can be or exist. Things like  colour, nature, material  things like a table  just are, but the meaning of being in be-ing in itself is unclear. Non Material things can also be or exist. If something is, then it is a being. But what exactly is this IS that we can see or on the opposite can not see? Therefore this is one of the fundamental questions of philosophy.  2. Can you reject solipsism? Solipsism (solus ipse) means nothing exists, therefore everything is an illusion outside of our own minds. I think that it is true that we know WE as in myself exists. But i can not for certain say that the person reading this exists although it might seems like it to me. I think that you really can’t reject solipsism on the whole because you do know that you exists, but can you for certain say that anybody else does? It may as well be just an illusion, but you never can say for certain. That is why you can not reject it, although you may say that you don’t believe it. 3. What is Kant’s categorical imperative? It is a kind of ethic or moral law or philosophy that applies to every being. It is a motivation  for an action that must be completed. For example, if i want to get a grade for this exam, it is  imperative that i answer these questions. It is a certain action or inaction that must be  theoretically completed in order to achieve what is necessary. The necessity for this moral  law is quite simple: Immanuel Kant provided a sort of equation for the humanity, if we can  name it that, that determines a reason for things we do or why we find certain things moral or  immoral and why we want to follow certain things through, example given why we eat - so to not starve or why we follow the law - so to not go to jail. 4. What was civic democracy in Medieval society? Civic democracy was called feudalism.  It comes from the Latin word feodum or feudum. It is a structure in society, which includes higher ups that had land or could afford protection for  themselves and fo those, who could not afford it and people working for them in a way that  benefits everyone in the society. It is similar to a pyramid scheme. The 3 main classes that  held this structure together were lords, vassals and fiefs. There is a common saying from that  time period as well - my vassals vassal is not my vassal. It meant that the vassal was only 


responsible for the person working directly under them and not for the person working under  their worker. Then into the play also came division of labour and how to produce more than  you can consume, so to gain profit. Corporations inside the cities were made and guilds were  formed. It also had a key structure: Father who was head of the corporation and his family  who also among other things had the right to vote, an understudy who learned the business  and a disciple who worked as a servant for the house and learnt the basics on how to do the  masters job. All of this fast development eventually lead to the alliance of cities. 5. What is the difference between legal positivism and natural law theory  (look from Internet!)? Legal positivism states that law is created by the people in power, therefore government who  is a legally constituted authority. Law is still law and must be obeyed and therefore human  nature or morality is not of concern. The validity is in law itself and is sufficient evidence that it must be followed. Natural law on the other hand is legal rights or ‘’law’’ in the moral itself. It mean that the right thing is not what the law says, but the morals that the society creates are right and valid. Everything that is against human nature is unjust or immoral and moral is the  only right ‘’law’’ by nature.  WHO OF THEM IS RIGHT: MATERIALISM OR IDEALISM AND WHY? Materialism is a philosophical trend or school that states that everything material is created  by physical matter itself. Matter in fact is the fundamental essence of materialism. The human mind, everything we touch and see are the byproducts of different material processes that  happen around us. Materialist concept of life starts with production of life to support human  life and every living thing on the planet. Everything else we see is created by us, but also  provided for us by materialistic matter in a philosophical sense. Emotions and relationships  can also be explained through materialistic world of view, for example love means to value  flowers, chocolate and other nice or expensive things. Idealism on the contrary is a  metaphysical doctrine that explains the existence of something greater than us or that  everything around is created by a spirit of some sort. We can not comprehend these higher  powers. It affirms and prioritizes ideals or ideas and that reality is mental. Spirit is the  essence of being and human. Although the physical human body or life among us can  deteriorate, the spirit of it is infinite and by understanding that we can be united with the  universe or even comprehend it’s existence. Both of these philosophical schools have truth in  them in my eyes. I can’t fully state that i belong to either one of them, but i can comprehend 


and understand the ideas behind those ideas. I personally believe in a higher spirit and also  believe in fate that determines some things for us, but people also have to have the motivation to open doors to find the right path for them and find value in life itself. It is true that we can  see, touch and sense thing, but how far does this really go? I think that materialistic things  like a table or a chair exist, but what is incomprehensible is how the world came to be or we  inside of that world. As there are many many people on this earth there are also many many  views, opinions and understandings of how life came to be. Some believe in a certain god, so  they pray and follow the god’s instructions how to live their life. Some value materialistic  things over other. But this, in my opinion, is why philosophy is of importance. It raises the  questions that a human couldn’t possibly think to think what it thinks so to raise these  questions is to also question life and how it came to be. And that is why the understanding of  something greater is also beyond  some people. But in essence, it does have an importance on have we perceive the world.
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