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Questions for the Second Philosophy Test (0)

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Questions for the Second Philosophy Test
A. Aristotle
  • According to Aristotle, what is the soul ? Which are the three kinds of souls? Hing on elusolendi olemuslik vorm. Vegetatiivne, tajulik ja teadlik hing.
  • Where can we find truth and falsehood? Why? Oma teadvuses, kuna seal moodustame kontseptidest lauseid ja ideid, mida otsustamise käigus kõrvutades jõuame tõesuse ja vääruseni.
  • Which are the four causes? Aineline , vormiline, tegev ja lõplik põhjus.
  • What is the name that Aristotle gives to his god? Noesis Noeseos – mõtte mõte.
    B. Saint Augustine
  • What is evil for the Manicheans? „Teine jumal“.
  • How does Augustine define evil? Millegi, nt headuse, puudumisena.
  • Why God cannot be the creator of evil? Kuna kurjus pole miski, vaid millegi puudumine.
  • Why does God allow evil to exist ? Kuna ta suudab kurjast head esile tuua.
  • What is physical evil? Inimtahtest sõltumatu, vaatepunktist sõltuv kurjus.
  • What is moral evil? Inimtahtest pärinev kurjus.
  • Which evil is the only true evil? Why? Vähema hea valimine enama hea asemel, kuna sedasi inimene valib kurjuse (millegi puudumise).
  • Why do we make evil choices ? Kuna me näeme neis (vähemat) head.
    C. Thomas Aquinas
  • Which are the three main philosophical topics that Aquinas developed ? Usk ja mõistus; olemus ja olemine; 5 tõestust Jumala olemasolule.
  • According to Aquinas, which is the deepest metaphysical distinction that we can find in created beings? Eristus olemise ja olemuse vahel.
  • Explain briefly one of Aquinas proofs of God’s existence. Liikumine toimub, liikumine pidi millestki algama ning see „esimene liikuja“ saabki olla vaid Jumal.
  • According to Aquinas, the relation between faith and reason should be harmonic or not? Why? Usu ja mõistuse vahel ei saa olla ebakõla, sest mõlemad on jumalikku päritolu.
    D. William of Ockham
  • What does Ockham’s razor say? Mitme võimaluse seast tuleb valida lihtsaim (st vähimate eeldustega) sobiv variant.
  • According to Ockham, what makes an action right? Õige tegu on ükskõik milline tegu, mida Jumal nõuab.
  • According to Ockham, where does the concept of things exist? Mõistuses.
  • What is the name of Ockham’s theory of knowledge? Nominalism .
    E. Descartes
  • What is the main question that Descartes is trying to answer ? „Kuidas ma saan kindel olla, et ma elan tões?“
  • Which are four precepts of Descartes' method? Selgete ja eristuvate ideede leidmine (süsteemselt kõiges kahtlemise teel) ja nendega tegelemine; keerukamate ideede analüüsimine (kas keerukam idee koosneb selgetest ideedest?); sünteesi teel selgetest ideedest keeruliste ideede järeldamine; kontroll.
  • Descartes will only accept one specific kind of ideas : which are them ? Why only these ones ? Kaasasündinud ideid, kuna Jumal on loonud mõistuse ja Jumalat saab usaldada.
  • “I think, therefore I am”. What does this phrase mean ? Ainus, milles kahelda ei saa, on kahtlemine, seega ka mõtlemine.
  • How does Descartes prove the existence of God? Kasutades Canterbury Anselmi ontoloogilist argumenti: mõistuses on idee täiuslikkusest/täiuslikust olendist. Täiuslik olend (Jumal) poleks täiuslik, kui teda olemas poleks, seega on Jumal olemas.
  • Why God's truthfulness is important for Descartes? Kuna sellest järeldub, et me saame oma mõistust usaldada.
  • According to Descartes, which are the two elements that constitute man and how are they connected? Mõistus ja keha; nad on ühendatud käbikeha kaudu.
    F. Hume
  • What is the problem that Hume is trying to solve? What answer does he give to that problem? Küsimus „kas milleski saab kindel olla?“ Tema leiab, et mitte.
  • What is Empiricism? Mõtteviis, et kogu mõistuses olev teave tuleb väljast, meelte kaudu.
  • What is Skepticism? Faktidena sõnastatud väiteis kahtlemine.
  • According to Hume, what two different kinds of mental perceptions can we find in our minds? Ideed ja muljed.
  • What does Hume think about general abstract ideas? Why? Ta leiab, et neid pole tegelikult olemas, kuna inimene konstrueerib ideed muljete põhjal.
  • What does Hume think about the notion of substance? Why? Olemust pole olemas, kuna üldiseid ideid pole olemas.
  • What does Hume think about the notions of God, the world and the self? Why? Neid pole olemas, kuna olemust pole olemas.
  • According to Hume, what is belief and why is important for life? Uskumus on tunne, „elujuht“, mis võimaldab inimelul eksisteerida, kui see peaks olemas olema.
    G. Kant
  • What is Kant's philosophy goal? Päästa teadus ja usk Hume’i skeptitsismi käest.
  • Why Kant believes that his philosophy is a Copernican Revolution ? Sest tema filosoofia leiab erinevalt varasemast , et mõistus on aktiivne instrument.
  • What are the pure forms of perception and the pure forms of conception? Taju puhtad vormid on aeg ja ruum; kontseptsioonide puhtad vormid on põhimõisted e kategooriad.
  • What is the difference between noumena and phenomena? Noumena ehk „maailm iseeneses“ on maailm sellisena, nagu ta tegelikult on; phenomena ehk „maailm meie jaoks“ on maailm sellisena, nagu meie teda tajuda saame.
  • According to Kant, in which field does religion have a place? Moraali vallas.
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    . Aristotle
    1. According to Aristotle, what is the soul? Which are the three kinds of souls? Hing on elusolendi olemuslik vorm. Vegetatiivne, tajulik ja teadlik hing.
    . Saint Augustine
    1. What is evil for the Manicheans? „Teine jumal“.
    2. How does Augustine define evil? Millegi, nt headuse, puudumisena.

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