If either the sensor or the microprocessor is changed, the system has to be recalibrated. • If the sensor or microprocessor is changed and recalibration is not performed, the results will be incorrect, but there is no way to know that the results are incorrect unless the microprocessor has a means to identify specific sensors. • Data for all the sensors can be stored in one place, requiring less memory than other methods. In addition, if the calibration is performed by calcula- tion instead of by table lookup, all sensors that are the same can use the same software routines, each sensor just having different calibration constants. Diagram B shows an alternate method of handling a remote sensor, where the EEPROM that contains the calibration data is located on the board with the sensor. This EEPROM could be a small IC that is accessed with an I2C or microwire interface (more about those in Chapter 2, “Digital-to-Analog Conversion”). The tradeoffs here are:
Most modern PCs also come with external cache memory, called Level 2 (L2) caches. These caches sit between the CPU and the DRAM. Like L1 caches, L2 caches are composed of SRAM but they are much larger. Disk caching works under the same principle as memory caching, but instead of using high- speed SRAM, a disk cache uses conventional main memory. The most recently accessed data from the disk (as well as adjacent sectors) is stored in a memory buffer. When a program needs to access data from the disk, it first checks the disk cache to see if the data is there. Disk caching can dramatically improve the performance of applications, because accessing a byte of data in RAM can be thousands of times faster than accessing a byte on a hard disk. When data is found in the cache, it is called a cache hit, and the effectiveness of a cache is judged by its hit rate. Many cache systems use a technique known as smart caching, in which
Switching; Amplification - Base current regulates large amount of collector current. 1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Schockley of Bell Labs file for a patent on the first transistor. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Claude Shannon's "The Mathematical Theory of Communication"showed engineers how to code data so they could check for accuracy after transmission between computers. Shannon identified the bit as the fundamental unit of data and, coincidentally, the basic unit of computation. Norbert Wiener published "Cybernetics," a major influence on later research into artificial intelligence. He drew on his World War II experiments with anti-aircraft systems that anticipated the course of enemy planes by interpreting radar images. 1949 Maurice Wilkes assembled the EDSAC, the first practical stored-program computer, at Cambridge University. His ideas grew out of the Moore School lectures he had attended three
A... AA Auto Answer AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting AAB All-to-All Broadcast AAC Advanced Audio Coding AACS Advanced Access Control System AAL Asynchronous Transfer Mode Adaption Layer AAM Automatic Acoustic Management AAP Applications Access Point [DEC] AARP AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol AAS All-to-All Scatter AASP ASCII Asynchronous Support Package AAT Average Access Time AATP Authorized Academic Training Program [Microsoft] .ABA Address Book Archive (file name extension) [Palm] ABAP Advanced Business Application Programming [SAP] ABC * Atanasoff-Berry Computer (First digital calculating machine that used vacuum tubes) ABEND Abnormal End ABI Application Binary Interface ABIOS Advanced BIOS ABIST Automatic Built-In Self-Test [IBM] ABLE Adaptive Battery Life Extender + Agent Building and Learning Environment [IBM] ABM Asynchronous Balanced Mode ABR Available Bit Rate
block of characters. Synchronous tranmission uses explicit bit synchronization: ·higher bit rates, more 2. Asynchronous Disconnected Mode(ADM) for unbalanced mode (if supported). efficient · Data is transmitted in large contigous blocks of bits or characters. ·frame = unit of combined station not ready to receive any I or S frame 3. Initialization Mode(IM) For connection-oriented service, it also prioritises use of transmission. ·frame contains payload (data) and overhead (control bits) used for initialization of stations (download of software) or exchange of LLC resources > Bit synchronization bits are encoded in signal transitions
Mictrocontroller Week 03 Numbering systems 1. Convert the decimal number 123.456 to the following formats, taking whole numbers and fractions into account. Show calculations. a) binary b) hexadecimal c) base-5 d) BCD === 1. a) 0111 1011.0111 01002 b) 7B.7416 c) 443.2125 d) 0001 0010 0011.0100 0101 01102 === 2. Extend the following unsigned 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 2. a) 006B b) 00B5 === 3. Extend the following signed two’s complement 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 3. a) 006B b) FFB5 === Logic and arithmetic 4. Using two’s complement arithmetic, calculate the following (choose a suitable number of bits for the representation): a) 121 – 185 b) -70 – 88 == 4. Convert back to verify answer == 5. Calculate the following without converting the number base. Show calculations.
the chosen JVM; IBM's implementation exceeded the performance of C++ code compiled with gcc [Ladd 2003]. A detailed comparison of difference versions of Java and other companies' virtual machines and native code compilers can be found in [Doederlein 2002]. An area of Java that is still slow is its GUI API, Swing. GUI components are created and controlled from Java, with little OS support: this increases their portability and makes them more controllable from within a Java program. The downside is speed since Java imposes an extra layer of processing above the OS. This is one reason why some games applications still utilise the original Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) -- it is mostly just simple wrapper methods around OS calls. However, most games do not require complex GUIs: full-screen game play with mouse and keyboard controls are the norm, so GUI speed is less of a factor. Another speed drain is Java's garbage collector, which is run automatically by the
1 Introduction at the same time as the suspension and regarding the overall performance of the main steering components. internal components. Such a test can be used The first step in this maintenance program as a basis to decide on the extent of the work General information is to prepare yourself before the actual work to be carried out. If for example a This Chapter is designed to help the home begins. Read through all the Sections relevant compression test indicates serious internal mechanic maintain his/her vehicle for safety, to the work to be carried out, then make a list engine wear, conventional maintenance as
Ticket No1 1)The characteristic is called output characteristic or volt-ampere charateristic of a Rectifier Diode. 2)Rectifier Diode. 3) A is called Anode and C is called Cathode. An Anode has positive potential and therefore collects electrons in the device. Cathode has negative potential and therefore emits electrons to anode. The symbol looks like an arrow that ponts from the anode to the cathode, and reminds that conventional current flows easily from the p side(anode) to the n side(cathode). BIASING. Forward biasing. If the current in a diode is too large, excessive heat will destroy the device. Even approaching the burnout current value without reaching it can shorten its life. Therefore manufacturer's data sheet specifies the maximum forward current, that diode can withstand. This average current IF is the rate a diode can handle up to the forward direction when used as a rectifier. Another entry of interest in the da
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) UNICODE (Extended ASCII) Each pixel contains a value representing some shade of gray. The more shades of gray possible, the more memory will be needed. Instructions: Must be stored within the computer before use. Must be stored in binary form. A set of binary instructions is called a program. Program: A collection of instructions for the computer to perform one by one. Machine Language: The language of the computing machine. All instructions must be in the form of binary numbers (binary code). Stored-program Computer: Also known as the von Neumann-type computer. Has memory - a place to keep both: instructions (ie program) and the needed information (ie data)
Tallinna Tehnikaülikool Raadio- ja sidetehnika instituut Projekt ainetes ,,IRT0030 Andmeside" ja ,,IRT0100 Kommunikatsioonivõrkude struktuurid ja teenused" teemal «VoIP teenus» Üliõpilane: Ruslan Karpovits Õpperühm: IATM Matrikli nr: 050829 Õppejõud: Avo Ots Tallinn 2008 Author's word This project is written to show some interesting aspects of working with VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) service. The project briefly describes the process of finding a solution for based VoIP problem and its realization.
1. OBJECT-ORIENTED PARADIGM The Model •The model defines an abstract view to the problem. This implies that the model focuses only on problem related stuff and that you try to define properties of the problem. These properties include: 1 •the data which are affected and 2 •the operations which are identified by the problem. Object-oriented Paradigm •Everything is an object •A program is a bunch of objects telling each other what to do by sending messages •Each object has its own memory made up of other objects •Every object has a type •All objects of a particular type can receive the same messages Domain Model •A domain model does not represent the entire domain as it is in the real world. It includes only the concepts that are needed to support the application. Object •Is a partitioned area of memory where object code is stored •The area of memory is protected
place B b−, represents an unsuccessful transmission. When this binding occurs the data packet (1,"COL") is removed from the input place A. No token is added to the output place B If the binding element b++ occurs, arc expression on the arc from TransmitPacket to B evaluates to 2‘Data({seq=1,data="COL"}) 9.Net structure and inscriptions 10.Occurrence of steps 11.Model parameterization RECV.all is a predefined color set function (– takes a unit () as an argument– returns the list representation of a multiset– containing one appearance of each of the colors in RECV) List.map is also a predefined function (– takes a function and a list as arguments – applies the function to each list element) Fusion sets to glue places from different modules (– compound places across hierarchical structure) 12.Unfolding hierarchical CPN
Mictrocontroller Week 03 Numbering systems 1. Convert the decimal number 123.456 to the following formats, taking whole numbers and fractions into account. Show calculations. a) Binary Fractional part : Reading direction Integral part: Reading direction 0,456 x 2 = 0,912 0 123 / 2 = 61 1 0,912 x 2 = 1,812 1 61 / 2 = 30 1 0,812 x2 = 1,624 1 30 / 2 = 15 0 0,624 x 2 = 1,248 1 15 / 2 = 7 1 0,248 x 2 = 0,496 0 7/2=3 1 0,496 x 2 = 0,992 1 3/2=1 1 0 1 1 0 0 So 123.45610 = 0111 1011.0111 01002 b) Hexadecimal Fractional part :
Voyage Planning Voyage Planning The key elements of the Voyage Plan are: Appraising all relevant information Planning the intended voyage Executing the plan taking account of prevailing conditions Monitoring the vessel’s progress against the plan continuously Planning The detailed voyage or passage plan should include the following factors: 1) the plotting of the intended route or track of the voyage or passage on appropriate scale charts: the true direction of the planned route or track should be indicated, as well as all areas of danger, existing ships' routeing and reporting systems, vessel traffic services, and any areas where marine environmental protection considerations apply; 2) the main elements to ensure safety of life at sea, safety and efficiency of navigation, and protection of the marine environment during the intended voyage or passage; such elements should include, but not be limited
REPORT & USER MANUAL TR A F F I C L I G H T S C O N TR O L S Y S T E M ALEXANDER TARANENKO ANASTASSIJA MOROZOVA Tallinn University of Technology March 2013 INTRODUCTION The following system consists of two Mitsubishi AL2 controllers that control two crossroads, a pedestrian crossing and a parking lot. The following implementation divides the task between the two, but keeps controller one the main one and controller two the secondary one. The system can work in two modes, automatic and manual, the latter of which can also work in two separate sub- modes that must be selected for each crosswalk individually. DESCRIPT
Costs other than direct material costs. Costs incurred to convert DM into finished product. Conversion costs = DL + MOH Overtime premium and idle time classified as indirect labor costs. Product cost is the sum of the costs assigned to a product for a specific purpose. Chapter 3 - Cost-Volume-Profit analysis CVP analysis examines the behavior of total revenues, total costs and operating income as changes occur in the units sold, the selling price, the variable cost per unit, or the fixed costs of a product. Breakeven point is that quantity of output sold at which total revenues equal total costs. Breakeven in units = Fixed costs/contribution margin per unit. Breakeven revenues = fixed costs/CM%. Target operating income. Qty of units required to sold = (fixed costs + target op income) / CM per unit. Revenues needed to earn = Fixed costs + target op income / CM%. Target operating income = target net income / (1-tax rate)
· their incomes, · preferences, · the prices of the goods they may buy. The behavior of the buyers or consumers is expressed in the demand function. In a market setting, this is achieved by buyers (consumers) and sellers (producers) interacting. The producers and/or sellers have other objectives. Profits may be either an objective or constraint. As an objective, a producer may seek - to maximize profits or - minimize cost per unit As a constraint the agent may desire - to maximize "efficiency," - market share, - rate of growth or - some other objective constrained by some "acceptable level of profits. In the long run, a private producer will probably find it necessary to produce an output that can be sold for more than it costs to produce. · The costs of production (Total Cost, TC) must be less than the revenues (Total Revenue,TR).
Kui d on kahe ruuteri vaheline kaugus ja s edastuskiirus, siis viide on d/s. Millisekundites. 14. Arvutivõrkude ja interneti ajalugu * 1961 – 1972 – the development of packet switching. 1961 – Kleinrock – queuing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching 1964 – Baran – packet-switching in military nets 1967 – ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969 – first ARPAnet node operational 1972 – ARPAnet demonstrated publicly, first e-mail program * 1972 – 1980 – Internetworking, new and proprietary nets 1970 – ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii 1973 – Metcalfe’s PhD thesis proposes Ethernet 1974 – Cerf and Kahn – architecture for interconnecting networks * 1980 – 1990 – new protocols, a poliferation of networks 5 1982 – SMTP e-mail protocol 1983 – deployment of TCP/IP, DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation
for a given period of operation (most often a year). These absolute figures might be expressed in a currency or in physical units (such as tonnes, cubic metres, or gigajoules). Absolute figures provide information on the size of an impact, value, or achievement. Relative figures are ratios between two absolute figures of the same or different kind. Ratios allow comparisons of similar products or processes. They also help relate the performance and achievements of one firm, business unit, or organisation to those of another. Ratio indicators provide information on the efficiency of an activity, on the intensity of an impact, or on the quality of a value or achievement. Need for Reporting Absolute Figures Absolute figures provide information about the magnitude of the reporting organisation’s contribution to an overall effect. They are essential to any assessment of carrying capacity, ceiling, or limits—a core principle of sustainability. For example, the total amount of
In other words when there is no one-to-one correspondence between the units in the frame and the units in the target population. The most common form of coverage error is undercoverage, that is, not all units of the target population are included in the sampling frame. A clear example of undercoverage is persons with an unlisted phone number when the sampling frame is the telephone book. Another form of coverage error is overcoverage; here a unit from the target population appears more than once in the sampling frame. Duplications like this can occur when a sampling frame results from the combination of several lists. For example, on one list a woman is listed under her maiden name, and on a second list under her married name. If these lists are combined, the same person is listed under two different entries. Another example is surveys that use mobile (cell) telephones; these overcover persons who own more than one phone
microchips tiny pieces of silicon containing complex electronic circuits design to make or draw plans for something financial relating to money or how money is managed electronic involving the use of electric current in devices such as TV sets or computers Internet the large system of connected computers around the world print to produce text and pictures using a printer unformatted a disk that is completely blank, so information can't be recorded onto it Extranet a network that allows communication between a company and the people it deals with transmission the process of sending data over a communication channel reboot to restart the computer, without switching it off completely microbrowser a web browser designed for small screens on handheld devices software engineer a person who designs and maint
· Increased rigor including a formal Meta Model that links the artifacts of TOGAF together · Elimination of unnecessary differences · Many more examples and templates. Additional guidelines and techniques include · A formal business-driven approach to architecture scoping and segmetation · Business capability-based planning · Guidance on how to use TOGAF to develop Security Architectures and SOAs 11.SW Component A software component is a unit of composition with contractually specified interfaces and context dependencies only. A software component can be deployed independentlyand is subject to composition by third parties 12. Distributed Component 13. Java Architecture, JavaBeans Java Architecture JavaBeans JavaBeans are reusable software components for Java that can be manipulated visually in a builder tool. Practically, they are classes written in the Java programming
Question 1 Define the following ADC terms: 1. SNR – (Signal to Noise Ratio) SNR is a calculated value that represents the ratio of RMS signal to RMS noise. 2. SINAD - (signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio) Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean value of the root-sum-square (RSS) 3. ENOB – (effective number of bits) The effective number-of-bits and relates to SINAD 4. THD - (total harmonic distortion) Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the RSS of its harmonics. 5. SFDR - (spurious free dynamic range) Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. 6. Channels - related to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. 7. Linearity - relates to how a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend nonlinearity. 8. Operating temperature - measurement, which i
ship 35732 ships 10762 the code is a two-part code, because a second section, in which the code elements are in regular order, is required for decoding: codenumber plaintext 10980 was not 10981 spontaneous (ly) 10983 shielding 10986 April 13 10988 withdrawn from 10990 acknowledge In a sense, a code comprises a gigantic cipher alphabet, in which the basic plaintext unit is the word or the phrase; syllables and letters are supplied mainly to spell out words not present in the code. In ciphers, on the other hand, the basic unit is the letter, sometimes the letter-pair (digraph or bigram), very rarely larger groups of letters (polygrams). The substitution and transposition systems illustrated above are ciphers. There is no sharp theoretical dividing line between codes and ciphers; the latter shade into the former as they grow larger
major ROI by an efficient supply and inventory management system and also by reducing overproduction. 11 How Integration Is Achieved In Supply Chain? Stage 1: Complete functional independence where each business function such as production or purchasing does its own thing in complete isolation from other business function. For instance, production function seeking to optimize its unit cost of manufacture by long production runs with out regard for build up of finished goods inventory and advance impact it will have on the warehousing as well as working capital. Stage 2: Companies recognize the need of limited integration between adjacent functions such as distribution and inventory management or purchasing and material control. Stage 3: A natural extension of stage two, leading to establishment and implementation of end- to-end integration
1950 Engineering Research Associates of Minneapolis built the ERA 1101, the first commercially produced computer; the company's first customer was the U.S. Navy. 1951 The UNIVAC I delivered to the U.S. Census Bureau was the first commercial computer to attract widespread public attention. Although manufactured by Remington Rand, the machine often was mistakenly referred to as the "IBM UNIVAC." Remington Rand eventually sold 46 machines at more than $1 million each. The first AI program to run in the U.S. was also a checkers program, written in 1952 by Arthur Samuel of IBM for the IBM 701. 1952 Heinz Nixdorf founded Nixdorf Computer Corp. in Germany. It remained an independent corporation until merging with Siemens in 1990. 1953 IBM shipped its first electronic computer, the 701 Speedcoding: John Backus. 1954 Texas Instruments announces the start of commercial production on silicon transistors.
Notation (JSON) and Really Simple Syndication (RSS). The point is that you can obtain the output you need in a form that’s easy to parse within the language you need for your application. o Ressurss - Kõik asjad, mille poole on vaja pöörduda, on ressurssid. Toimub eraldi URIga. Resources are the key abstractions in REST. They are the remote accessible objects of the application. A resource is a unit of identification. Everything that might be accessed or be manipulated remotely could be a resource. o URI paths Uniform Resource Identifier, is a string of characters used to identify a resource ühtne ressursi-indikaator Internetis leiduvail tarkvaralistel võrguressurssidel (HTML dokumendid, pildid, videoklipid, programmid, muusika jne) on igaühel oma unikaalne URI, mis määrab kindlaks ressursi nime (URN) ja aadressi (URL), mis näita ära, kust ja kuidas võib seda ressurssi
Facts about charts and carriage requirements Primar Stavanger – IC-ENC Working Group on information (PSIWG) 1st edition - November 2004 Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen Graphic design: Peter M. Bastrup, KMS This compendium may be reproduced in whole or in part provided that all extracts quoted are reproduced verbatim without adaptation and the source and date are stated. Primar Stavanger and IC-ENC shall be indentified as the originators of the compendium. 2 Facts about chart carriage reguirements CONTENTS Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Where are the rules for professional marine navigation written down? . . . . . . . . . . .6 What are the IMO requirements for the carriage of nautical charts? . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 What is a nautical chart? . . .
reasons for doing some activities.... 10. Offer feedback after oral or written assignments or pair-, group work. 1 References: Kahny, Jim. Classroom dynamics: An interview with Jill Hadfield. Available at http://ltprofessionals.com/journalpdfs/vol1no1/features/winter2000kahny.pdf accessed 27.12.2012 ESOL Teaching Skills TaskBook. Classroom dynamics: unit 1 a). Available at http://akoaotearoa.ac.nz/download/ng/file/group-4/n2431-esol-teaching-skills- taskbook-unit-1-a---classroom-dynamics.pdf accessed 27.12.2012 III Language teaching methods. · (Traditional: the grammar-translation method/ classical method.) · Traditional: the direct method Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiQvG-fvzLM Kids lesson (direct method) Language is primarily speech Reading skills are developed through practice with speaking
Week 4 homework. Question 1: 1. SNR – Ratio of root mean square signal to root mean square. 2. SINAD – Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean of value of the root sum square. 3. ENOB – The effective number of bits and relates to SINAD. 4. THD – Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of RSS of its harmonics. 5. SFDR – Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. 6. Channels – multiple analog signal inputs to the ADC that can be individually selected or selected through a multiplexor. 7. Linearity – Describes how an ADC conveter follows a linear function. 8. Operating temperature – A temperature at which the ADC functions optimally, usually given by the manufacturer. 9. Power dissipation – The proportion of power dissipated (through heat) when the ADC is working. Question 2: An 8 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 5V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 1.2V? 0011
These statements have been decisive to the creation of the so-called "6 second rule", which has become a best-known teaching standard for subtitling over the years. Mayoral (2001, 4) mentions variable reading speeds for cinema (10 frames per foot of film--between 14 and 15 characters per second), as used by the Ameri- can company 20th Century Fox, while the values for television and video would be lower. The author also mentions the television subtitling software program used by the company Screen Subtitling System Ltd, which proposes reading speed fig- ures of 9 characters per second for adults, and half to two third equivalent ones for children. As far as the usage of reading speeds expressed in WPM and how adequate it may be in different countries, Mayoral affirms: No se dan normas de traducción audiovisual para diferentes países (las velocidades de lectura se establecen habitualmente --p. ej. Ivarsson, 1992, y Screen Subtitling Sys-
TI 0 dt This is a third-order plant model given by a transfer function of 1 G( s) , u (t ) is input signal, e(t ) r (t ) y(t ) is the error between the ( s 1)3 output y (t ) and the desired output setpoint r (t ) . Use logical reasoning to determine whether K P , TI , TD must be increased or decreased in each of the following examples: a. Run in MATLAB the below program to see the output development if Proportional gain K P increases from 0.1 to 1. (10 marks) Example 1: Proportional gain K P increases from 0.1 to 1. G=tf(1,[1,3,3,1]); for Kp=[0.1:0.1:1], G_c=feedback(Kp*G,1); step(G_c), hold on; end b. Run in MATLAB the below program to see the output development if the proportional gain K P increases from 0.1 to 1. Example 2: Maintaining Proportional gain K P 1 , Integral gain TI , increases from 0.7 to 1.5. (10 marks) G=tf(1,[1,3,3,1]);
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