Chocolate addiction Are you Chocoholic ? Do you eat chocolate to make yourself feel better? Do you love chocolate more than yourself? Do you still want more chocolate when you feel sick of eating it? Those were the most common symptoms of chocholic Chocoholic Craves or compulsively consumes chocolate 'Chocoholism' is quite common. Chocolate is on top of the list of foods people say they crave. Term chocoholic = "chocolate" + "alcoholic.” Coined in 1968 Mostly used loosely or humorously to describe a person who is inordinately fond of chocolate. References http://chocolaterehab.com/ http://weheartit.com/entry/group/710858 http://candieink.com/tag/chocolate/ Thank you for your attention!
Smog Author: Uku Volke 12.A TKiG, 2012 Problem · Highly toxic · Term originates from the 19th century London · Coined in Daily Telegraph July 26, 1905 · Worsened by thermal inversions Origin: Smo(ke) + (fo)g = Smog Main Causes The London Smog: coalpowered industry. Photochemical smog = vehicular fumes + industrial fumes + sunlight The main pollutants: NO2, SO2 Thermal Inversion Health Risks · Bad for everyone · Extra risk for people with heart, lung conditions and
The whole inside of the store is in a luxurious, opulent style with statues, and golden details. The Harrods motto is Omnia Omnibus Ubique--All Things for All People, Everywhere. Selfridges Selfridges is over 100 years old and opened on 15th March 1909 It was founded by Harry Gordon Selfridge The flagship store in London's Oxford Street is the second largest shop in the UK (after Harrods) George Selfridge coined the phrase "the customer is always right and who are we to disagree?!" Since it opened in 2003, the Birmingham store has been named every year by industry magazine Retail Week as one of the 100 stores to visit in the world. Marks and Spencer Marks and Spencer is an English shopchain with 703 stores in the United Kingdom and 361 stores spread across more than 40 countries It specialises in the selling of clothing and luxury food products.
The whole inside of the store is in a luxurious, opulent style with statues, and golden details. The Harrods motto is Omnia Omnibus Ubique--All Things for All People, Everywhere. Selfridges Selfridges is over 100 years old and opened on 15th March 1909 It was founded by Harry Gordon Selfridge The flagship store in London's Oxford Street is the second largest shop in the UK (after Harrods) George Selfridge coined the phrase "the customer is always right and who are we to disagree?!" Since it opened in 2003, the Birmingham store has been named every year by industry magazine Retail Week as one of the 100 stores to visit in the world. Birmingham London Queen of Time Marks and Spencer Marks and Spencer is an English shopchain with 703 stores in the United Kingdom and 361 stores spread across more than 40 countries The flagship store was opened at Marble Arch,
characters' ability to form weaponry and vehicles out of old parts, and its distinctive theme tune. The show boosted the career of Mr. T, who portrayed the character of B. A. Baracus, around whom the show was initially conceived. [1][2] Some of the show's catchphrases, such as "I love it when a plan comes together,"[3] "Hannibal's on the jazz," and "I ain't gettin' on no plane!" have also made their way onto T-shirts and other merchandise. The show's name comes from the "A-Teams," the nickname coined for U.S. Special Forces' Operational Detachments Alpha (ODA) during the Vietnam War,[4] although this connection was never referenced on-screen. Characters Their leader is Lieutenant-Colonel/Colonel John "Hannibal" Smith (George Peppard), whose plans tend to be unorthodox but effective. Characters Lieutenant Templeton "Face" Peck (Dirk Benedict; appeared as Templeton Peck in the pilot), usually called "Face," is a smooth-talking con-man who
Serbia wanted to take over Bosnia and Herzegovina. This assassination led to Austria- Hungary declaring war on Serbia. When Russia began to mobilize due to its alliance with Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia. Thus began the expansion of the war to include all those involved in the mutual defense alliances. "Splendid isolation" Splendid Isolation was the foreign policy pursued by Britain during the late 19th century. The term was actually coined by a Canadian M.P. to praise Britain's lack of involvement in European affairs. It basically means that Great Britain was isolated from the rest of Europe: they weren't even connected by land and they stayed away from the affairs of European countries. They didn't want to ruin the situation that they had: during the late 19th century, Britain's primary goal in foreign policy was to maintain the balance of power in Europe and to intervene should that balance be upset
generation and the burning of coal. As such, it began entering the atmosphere in large amounts during the Industrial Revolution and was first discovered by a Scottish chemist, Robert Angus Smith, in 1852. In that year, he discovered the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England. Although it was discovered in the 1800s, acid deposition did not gain significant public attention until the 1960s and the term acid rain was coined in 1972. Public attention further increased in the 1970s when the New York Times published reports about problems occurring in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. Effects of Acid Rain Today there are several important impacts of acid deposition on both natural and man-made environments. Aquatic settings are the most clearly impacted by acid deposition though because acidic precipitation falls directly into them. Both dry and wet deposition also runs off
Intensifiers or adverbs result is trite oxymoron (very often) e.g. horribly smart, terribly sweet. Words with a wide range of application 1. thing- may stand for anything 2.stuff 3. job Ph. Verbs make out (understand), give in (surrender). Nouns converted from ph v e.g. break through, getaway. Time fillers you see! I mean.. eaaa..you know.. Special colloquial vocabulary Slang colourful words and expressions belonging to low colloquial speech. Coined and used by people to show that they are "one of the gang". Used by many social groups. Reason the appearance of slang lies in the speakers desire to be original, witty and sometimes a protest against the standards. If such a word is used widely it seizes to be slang and becomes common or neutral word. E.g. skyscraper, taxi, piano, photo, pub. The history of slang is short. The word boose has been slang word even since it was coined at the 16 th century. Slang is formed by
-let- (e.g. starlet, chicklet, etc.); -kin- (e.g. lambkin, etc.); -ling- (e.g. weakling, etc.); -ette- (e.g. kitchenette, etc.); -y / ie-(e.g. daddy, etc.). Proceeding with composition we may say that unexpected models of compound words are humorous due to unusual combination of elements (e.g. chief: boy-friend-in-chief ). Words standing for people may be coined out of a phrase (usually they are negative) (e.g. "Ms. what-her-name"). This type of word building compression is often used to coin new words (nonce words): nouns (e.g. "She greeted me with a pleasant-day-don't-you-think-so smile.") adjectives (e.g. "Move-away-or-I-will-kick-you attitude") In general, nonce words are very expressive, because they are fresh, strikingly new and unexpected. Words based on repetition and rhyme (e.g. helter skelter, riff raff, etc
increasingly controversial position. In 1999, when the European Council, in the wake of the historic decision on the EU's eastward expansion, also decided to grant Turkey candidate-membership status, "9/11" had yet to happen. The attacks dramatically changed the social and political climate and awoke dormant feelings of deep unease. Subsequently, much of the discourse on relations between Western and Muslim states was cast in the mould of the "clash of civilisations", to use the phrase coined by Samuel Huntington. Ethnic violence became more quickly associated with Islam and visible communities of religious Muslims more quickly labeled as dangerous fundamentalists (Zürcher, E.J., Linden, H., 2004). It is not only in the member states, but also in Turkey itself, that public and political manifestations of Islam raise controversy. Evidence for this can be found in the countless "headscarf incidents" in Turkey, as well as in the periodic interventions by
Küpsemine 1. than do women. Interestingly, this is the same area of Einstein's brain that was discovered to be abnormally large. The IPL also processes sensory information, and the larger right side in women allows them to focus on, "specific stimuli, such as a baby crying in the night." 2. Reaction to stress. Men tend to have a "fight or flight" response to stress situations while women seem to approach these situations with a "tend and befriend" strategy. Psychologist Shelley E. Taylor coined the phrase "tend and befriend" after recognizing that during times of stress women take care of themselves and their children (tending) and form strong group bonds (befriending). The reason for these different reactions to stress is rooted in hormones. The hormone oxytocin is released during stress in everyone. However, estrogen tends to enhance oxytocin resulting in calming and nurturing feelings whereas testosterone, which
early languages[1] except Gothic.[2] An example of the resulting vowel alternation is the English plural foot ~ feet (from Germanic */fts/, pl. */ftiz/). ABLAUT In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language. It has significantly influenced modern Indo-European languages. An example of ablaut in English is the strong verb sing, sang, sung and its related noun song. The term ablaut (German for "off-sound") was coined in the early nineteenth century by linguist Jacob Grimm. However, the phenomenon itself was first recorded more than 2000 years earlier by the Sanskrit grammarians and was codified by Pn ini in his Ashtadhyayi, where the terms gun a and vr ddhiwere used to describe the phenomena now known respectively as thefull grade and lengthened grade. In the context of European languages, the phenomenon was first described in the early 18th century by the Dutch linguist Lambert ten Kate STRONG VERBS:
When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is information technology, or "infotech". Information Technology (IT) is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information. Presumably, when speaking of Information Technology (IT) as a whole, it is noted that the use of computers and information are associated. The term Information Technology (IT) was coined by Jim Domsic of Michigan in November 1981.[citation needed] Domsic created the term to modernize the outdated phrase "data processing". Domsic at the time worked as a computer manager for an automotive related industry. In recent years ABET and the ACM have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study separate from both Computer Science and Information Systems. SIGITE is the ACM working group for defining
the style also borrowed stylistically from the Victorian era. The gothic combines horror with romance. The subculture is strongly music oriented as well, although it has mixed various styles of music, e.g. gothic rock, metal, postpunk, neoclassical, etc. The music styles have also developed to include dark electronic styles, e.g. EBM, dark electro, also darkwave, futurepop, synthpop, etc. The term ‘gothic’ was actually coined in 1967 by a musician John Stickney, who had had a meeting in Jim Morrison’s (singer of the American rock band The Doors) cellar and felt that ‘gothic rock’ was the best way to describe that meeting. The goth subculture in England originates in the Batcave bar, which opened in London in 1982, and which quickly became THE place for goths to gather.
-let- (e.g. starlet, chicklet, etc.) -kin- (e.g. lambkin, etc.) -ling- (e.g. weakling, etc.) -ette- (e.g. kitchenette, etc.) -y / ie-(e.g. daddy, etc.) Proceeding with composition we may say that unexpected models of compound words are humorous due to unusual combination of elements (e.g. chief: editor-in-chief, boy-friend-in- chief - this sounds funny and unexpected). Words standing for people may be coined out of a phrase (usually they are negative) (e.g. "Ms. what-her-name", "a might-have-been", "an also- run"). This type of word building compression is often used to coin new words (nonce words): nouns (e.g. "She greeted me with a pleasant-day-don't-you-think-so smile.") adjectives (e.g. "Move-away-or-I-will-kick-you attitude") In general, nonce words are very expressive, because they are fresh, strikingly new and
language of the native speakers (as opposed to Latin as a lingua franca) · Need for general literacy · Renaissance- Need for terminology and new (scientific, philosophical, etc) vocabulary in the vernacular The Great Vowel Shift was a major change in the pronunciation of the English language that took place in the south of England between 1450 and 1750. First studied by Otto Jespersen, who coined the term. The phonetic values of the long vowels form the main difference between the pronunciation of Middle English and Modern English, and the Great Vowel Shift is one of the historical events marking the separation of Middle and Modern English. Originally, these vowels had "continental" values Great Vowel Shift in short (a very simplified account!): Long vowels turned into diphthongs or other long vowels and diphtongs into long vowels. /i:/ into /ai/ /u:/ into /au/ /o:/ into /ou/
DEFINITION OF BLOG In recent decade on the internet scene appeared such term as `weblog', the later version of which had been simplified and is nowadays known as `blog'. Due to the fact that these `personal online, web-based publications' (Armstrong & Retterer, 2009, p. 233) have found a broad response among many users both on leisure and professional level, the amount of definitions rose highly as well. Term `weblog' originally was coined in 1997 by John Barger and Robert Wisdom as they defined it as a `webpage where a web logger `logs' all the other webpage's he/she finds interesting' 4 (Armstrong & Retterer, 2009, p. 233). Since then it has simply been referred to as `a blog' and explained as it is `an online journal that users can continuously update, in their own words, online' (Matheson, 2004, p. 449)
Cucaracha – cockroach o One part of the word becoming obsolete Isle-land – island Samblind – sandblind 15. Archaisms Use of a form of speech or writing which is no longer current or that is currently only within a few specific contexts. Form or use of a form which is obsolete or recognizably belongs to an older state of a language. (thou, thee, whence, whilst) 16. Neologisms Newly coined words or expressions, which are in the process of entering common use. o Selfie, fauxhawk, vape, Tebowing 17. Affixation Affixation is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base, which may be simple (as in full, the base to which –ness is attached to yield fullness), or complex (like meditate, the base to which pre- is attached to yield premeditate). Affixes can be bound before, inside and after the base of the word o Prefixes
(Those Louisianans descended from the Acadians Chesapeake Colonies During the early settlement of the colonies, children born of immigrants in the colonies were often referred to as creole. This is found more often in the Chesapeake Colonies. Africa Portuguese Africa and the origins of "Creole" The English word creole derives from the French créole, which in turn came from Portuguese crioulo. This word, a derivative of the verb criar ("to raise"), was coined in the 15th century, in the trading and military outposts established by Portugal in West Africa and Cape Verde. It originally referred to descendants of the Portuguese settlers who were born and "raised" locally. The word then spread to other languages, probably adopted from Portuguese slave traders who supplied most of the slaves to South America through the 16th century. While the Portuguese may have originally reserved the term crioulo for people of strictly European descent, the crioulo
partly overlap with archaic words (hapless, naught--nothing, aught--anything.) The function is satire, irony, humour. Neologisms are highly bookish until they become ordinary words in time (Bushes-- mistakes) Nonce words are less literary because they are unexpected and very expressive (sleepable pillow, walkable, oneness--feeling of belonging together) 13. Special colloquial vocabulary Slang consists of very colorful units belonging to low colloquial speech. They are coined and used by people to show that they are one of the gang. Slang is used as a protest against the standard or because of the desire to be original. If a word is widely used, it ceases to be slang and becomes a neutral word. (Skyscraper, taxi, photo) (But booze created by Chaucer remained a slang word for centuries. Slang is formed by word building and also by figures of speech (metaphorupper storey --head; bread--money; metonymyskirt--woman; hyperbolekilling--astonishing;
Aborigines held a corroboreein which there were elements of music, song and movement that imitated or replicated animal movements, hunting prowess, battles or ceremonies of initiation that had been conducted for thousands of years. Corroborees are part of Aboriginal culture. They were not simply dances, but were highly significant events and belong to the Australian Aborigines. A corroboree is a ceremonial meeting of Australian Aborigines. The word was coined by the European settlers of Australia in imitation of the Aboriginal word caribberie. At a corroboree Aborigines interact with the Dreamtime through dance, music and costume. Many ceremonies act out events from the Dreamtime. Many of the ceremonies are sacred and people from outside a community are not permitted to participate or watch. The Australian Aborigines used a limited variety of implements to make musical sounds. The
nation – story of nation told and retold in national histories, literatures, the media and popular culture (Hall, 1992) • Emphasis on origins, continuity, traditional, timelessness – we have always been like this • Invention of tradition 45. Imagined communities- An imagined community is different from an actual community in that it is not—and, for practical reasons, cannot be—based on everyday face-to-face interaction among its members. It is a concept coined by Benedict Anderson to analyze nationalism. Anderson believes that a nation is a socially constructed community, imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group 46. An ethnic nation- a social group whose members have the following characteristics: – share a sense of common origins; – claim a common and distinctive history and destiny; – possess one or more dimensions of collective cultural individuality; – feel a sense of unique collective solidarity
Wave Feminism. It generated mythology almost before it was born such as bra burning - and it was a matter of deep concern to those within it at the time that its history would be rewritten by those who weren't in it. One important reality was that it is more sensibly seen as a movement of the 1970s and 1980s, not the 1960s, despite often being described as a 1960s phenomenon. The term 'women's liberation' was coined in the early 1960s, when the word liberation was becoming popular, but (for example) the first Women's Liberation Conference in Britain took place in 1969, at Ruskin College, and its major publications such as Spare Rib and off our backs not founded until 1970 and beyond. Literature of Feminism Feminism has gradually become more far-ranging and subtle in its attacks on male-dominated society. Many injustices still need to be corrected, but equally necessary is a
· Children of the Frost (1902) · Tales of the Fish Patrol (1906) · South Sea Tales (1911) Autobiographical memoirs · The Road at Project Gutenberg (1907) · John Barleycorn (etext) at Project Gutenberg (1913) Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 December 21, 1940) was an American writer of novels and short stories, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. He is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century's greatest writers. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the twenties. He finished four novels, including The Great Gatsby, with another published posthumously, and wrote dozens of short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with despair and age. Novels · This Side of Paradise (1922) · The Beautiful and Damned (1922) · The Great Gatsby (1925)
of which contain a reference to the single original complex object. Any operations performed on the proxies are forwarded to the original object. Once all instances of the proxy are out of scope, the complex object's memory may be de allocated. 6. Antipatterns In software engineering, an anti-pattern (or antipattern) is a design pattern that appears obvious but is ineffective or far from optimal in practice.[1][2] The term was coined in 1995 by Andrew Koenig,[3] inspired by Gang of Four's book Design Patterns, which developed the concept of design patterns in the software field. The term was widely popularized three years later by the book AntiPatterns, which extended the use of the term beyond the field of software design and into general social interaction. According to the authors of the latter, there must be at least two key elements present to formally distinguish an actual anti-
However, the Red Kangaroo, the Emu and the Golden Wattle appear on Commonwealth coat of arms. The national anthem is called „Advance Australia Fair“. The flag has the „Union Jack“ in the top left-hand corner. The rest is dark blue background with white stars. These stars consist of the southern cross and a large seven-pointed white „federation star“ representing 6 states and the territories. 48. The Strine. Strine is a term coined in 1964 and subsequently used to describe a broad accent of Australian English. The term is derived from a shortened phonetic rendition of the pronunciation of the word "Australian" in an exaggerated Broad Australian accent, drawing upon the tendency of this accent to run words together in a form of liaison.
beastly (as in 'so beastly critical') blest, deuced (if I know) guv’nor luncheon spiffing 20th-Century Archaisms "Among the technological archaisms I've had to explain to the Tuned In children--what a 'record' is, why they call it 'dialing' a phone, the fact that, once, you couldn't rewind TV shows--is the fact that, a long time ago, musicians used to make little movies of their songs, and people would watch them on TV." 17. Neologisms A neologism is a newly coined word or term which has emerged into everyday usage. Some neologisms are formally accepted into mainstream language (at which point, they cease to be neologisms), and some wither until they can longer be considered everyday terms. A neologism can be: A completely new word (e.g., oversharers) A new combination of existing words (e.g., digital detox) A new meaning for an existing word (e.g., sick) Examples of Neologisms
organizational changes and other shifts in public life that distance us from the Twenties. But the Weberian system has actually (been) adapted to them very successfully, as Continental PA always has. Both to characterize these and to denote a post-post-NPM, synergetic system of PA, perhaps a specifically European one that is not a NPM "laggard" but the opposite, Pollitt and Bouckaert, in what is now the standard book on Public Management Reform, have coined in the second edition (September 2004) the term "Neo-Weberian State" or NWS. I think it is wise to accept that label for the sake of clarity and uniformity, even if I do not agree completely with all details (for my earlier thought on the matter, see Drechsler 2003, 2005a, upon which much of the current article is based), and even though the Weber label might not be "cool" enough for the consultancy circuit. The respective outline of
strategy in which quantitative information is systematically collected from a relatively large sample taken from a population. Most books stress that survey methodology is a science and that there are scientific criteria for survey quality. As a result, criteria for survey quality have been widely discussed. One very general 4 definition of quality is fitness for use. This definition was coined by Juran and Gryna in their 1980s book on quality planning and analysis, and has been widely quoted since. How this general definition is further specified depends on the product that is being evaluated and the user. For example, quality can be focusing on construction, on making sturdy and safe furniture, and on testing it. Like Ikea, the Swedish furniture chain, that advertised in its catalogs with production quality and gave examples on how a couch was tested on sturdiness
generation immigrants are people born in the target culture, whose both parents were also born in the target culture, but whose at least one grandparent is foreign born. Historiographic metafiction – term coined by Linda Hutcheon. Tightly connected to magic realism; contrast between history and story, can we ever truly know the truth or meaning behind the representation of history, and what the truth really is. Hutcheon:
Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (Hill fort) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Conimbriga and Mirobriga. Several works of engineering, such as baths, temples, bridges, roads, circus, theatres and layman's homes are preserved throughout the country. Coins, some of which coined in Lusitania land, there are numerous pieces of ceramics. Contemporary historians include Paulus Orosius (c. 375-418) and Hydatius (c. 400469), bishop of Aquae Flaviae, who reported on the final years of the roman rule and arrival of the Germanic tribes. MUSLIM IBERIA Portugal was part of the Arab-Muslim world for slightly under five and a half centuries following the Umayyad Caliphate conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 until 1249 with the
external quality characteristics. External quality characteristics are those parts of a product that face its users, where internal quality characteristics are those that do not. Another definition by Dr. Tom DeMarco says "a product's quality is a function of how much it changes the world for the better." This can be interpreted as meaning that user satisfaction is more important than anything in determining software quality. Another definition, coined by Gerald Weinberg in Quality Software Management: Systems Thinking, is "Quality is value to some person." This definition stresses that quality is inherently subjective - different people will experience the quality of the same software very differently. One strength of this definition is the questions it invites software teams to consider, such as "Who are the people we want to value our software?" and "What will be valuable to them?". Source code quality
1) Empirical research (direct observation and experience) by Dweck demonstrated that students with a fixed image of intelligence are at risk of underachievement in academics. 2) The second principle is demonstrated in theories and models of cognition, which are discussed and continuously tested. MRI is used to see what areas in the brain are active when people perform cognitive tasks. 3) Cultural schemas (term first coined by Frederic Bartlett) influence remembering. Bartlett found that people had problems remembering a story from another culture, and that they reconstructed the story to fit their cultural schemas. He demonstrated that people remember in terms of meaning and what makes sense to them. Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the cognitive level of analysis. Cognitive psychologists have to a large extent used the experimental method, because
b. Tehnoloogiavastasus. Andy Bennett (2005) Culture and Everyday Life Tegelikult pärinevad juba 19 sajandi Ludiiditide liikumisest (masinapurustajad). Esimesed olid hipid - huvitav, et neid mõjutas massimuusika. Aja ratsionaliseerimise vastu - narkots, ida filosoofiad. Suurem sensoorsus - laulmine, tantsimine jms. 1990ndate liikumine leidis palju oma juuri sealt. Tagasi maale liikumine - ,,dropping out" Turn on, tune in, drop out" is a counterculture phrase coined by Timothy Leary in the 1960 'Turn on' meant go within to activate your neural and genetic equipment. Become sensitive to the many and various levels of consciousness and the specific triggers that engage them. Drugs were one way to accomplish this end. 'Tune in' meant interact harmoniously with the world around you - externalize, materialize, express your new internal perspectives. Drop out suggested an elective, selective, graceful
Logo Computer Systems is formed in Montreal, Canada, to market the public domain language LOGO. Microsoft begins work on its first microcomputer application, a spreadsheet program initially called Electronic Paper. Digital Research releases CP/M-86 for Intel 8086- and 8088-based systems. Intel announces the iAPX-432 32-bit microprocessor. Intel later builds the 80286 as a step between the 8086 and the 432. The term RISC (reduced instruction set computer) is coined by Professor David Patterson of the University of California in Berkeley. He designs a microprocessor called RISC I. Intel introduces the 8087 math coprocessor. 1981 IBM introduced its PC, igniting a fast growth of the personal computer market The MS-DOS, or Microsoft Disk Operating System, the basic software for the newly released IBM PC, established a long partnership between IBM and Microsoft, which Bill Gates and Paul Allen had founded only six years earlier
"cryptogram" emphasizes the fact of transmission more; it is analogous to "telegram.") To decipher or decode is for the persons legitimately possessing the key and system to reverse the transformations and bare the original message. It contrasts with cryptanalyze, in which persons who do not possess the key or system— a third party, the "enemy"—break down or solve the cryptogram. The difference is, of course, crucial. Before about 1920, when the word cryptanalysis was coined to mean the methods of breaking codes and ciphers, "decipher" and "decode" served in both senses (and occasionally still do), and in quotations where they are used in the sense of solve, they are retained if they will not confuse. Sometimes cryptanalysis is called codebreaking; this includes solving ciphers. The original intelligible text that emerges from either decipherment or cryptanalysis is again called plaintext. Messages sent without
Now the good news: with a little help, it's never been easier to collect a few data points (at little cost), track them (without training), and make small changes that produce incredible results. Type 2 diabetics going o of medication 48 hours after starting a dietary intervention? Wheelchair-bound seniors walking again after 14 weeks of training? This is not science ction. It's being done today. As William Gibson, who coined the term "cyberspace," has said: "The future is already here--it is just unevenly distributed." The 80/20 Principle: From Wall Street to the Human Machine This book is designed to give you the most important 2.5% of the tools you need for body recomposition and increased performance. Some short history can explain this odd 2.5%. Vilfredo Pareto was a controversial economist-cum-sociologist who lived from 1848 to 1923.
defined functional roles; there are appropriate occasions for using them, inap- propriate occasions for using them, and appropriate responses. When we talk of their meanings, we mean the functions they characteristically perform in the context of our current social practices. On the Wittgensteinian view, this is the locus and natural home of all meaning, though most expressions have vastly more complicated social roles. To emphasize all this, Wittgenstein coined the term "language-game," as in the meeting and greeting language-game, the wedding language-game, the arithmetic language-game, and so on. Wittgenstein offers a further analogy (1953: 2): A builder and his assistant have just four kinds of building stones that they use. They speak a little primitive language that has just four corresponding words in it: "block," "pil- lar," "slab," and "beam." They build things, engaging in their nonlinguistic
definition is “processed foods having dis- International considerations of functional ease-preventing and/or health-promoting foods were reviewed by Fitzpatrick (2007). benefits in addition to their nutritive value” Also, a recent book (Bagchi 2008) provides (Arihara 2004). The term functional food the regulations of functional foods in many was coined in Japan in the early 1980s countries, including the United States, (Arihara 2006b). Japan is also the first European Union, Australia, and Japan. country to have formulated a specific regula- tory approval process for functional foods. In Functional Meat Products 1991, the concept of foods for specified health use (FOSHU) was established by the Numerous low-fat or fat-free meat products
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