Edinburgh Castle is an ancient stronghold which dominates the sky-line of the city of Edinburgh from its position atop Castle Rock. It is Scotland's second most visited tourist attraction. Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC. As it stands today though, few of the castle's structures pre-date the Lang Siege of the 16th century, with the notable exception of St Margaret's Chapel, the oldest surviving building in Edinburgh, which dates from the early 12th century.As with all castles, Edinburgh's fortress has been a centre of military activity
.. · They are very hospitable · Fond of football and pubs Clan system · In the 12th c. Highland society was divided into tribal groups led by autocratic chiefs · All clans had their motto and their own territory The Kilt · Each family or clan had its tartan that was used to make the kilt · After the Battle of Culloden wearing of tartan was prohibited for nearly 100 years · The kilt is made from about 7m of material · Most popular types are the Black Watch tartan and the Royal Stuart Kilts · You can take the Scot out of Scotland but never Scotland out of Scot SCOTTISH FOOD AND DRINK Haggis Scotch whisky CASTLES IN SCOTLAND Scone Palace · Ancient crowning venue of Scottish kings and queens · At Scone, sitting on a stone the king archived a mystical union with the past and with the earth. · All British monarch have been crowned on the Stone of Scone Blair Castle · One of the most visited attraction
The Reform Act of 1832 had set the standard of legislative authority residing in the House of Lords, with executive Viscount Melbourneauthority resting within a cabinet formed of members of the House of Commons; the monarch was essentially removed from the loop. She respected and worked well with Lord Melbourne (Prime Minister in the early years of her reign) and England grew both socially and economically. [5] Marriage The Queen married Prince Albert on 10 February 1840 at the Chapel Royal in St. James's Palace; four days before, Victoria granted her husband the style His Royal Highness. Prince Albert was commonly known as the "Prince Consort", though he did not formally obtain the title until 1857. Prince Albert was never granted a peerage dignity. [4] Prince Albert replaced Melbourne as the dominant male influence in Victoria's life. She was thoroughly devoted to him, and completely submitted to his will. [5] Victoria did nothing without her husband's approval
Just pick up a dictionary to see. 13. Magna Carta The Magna Carta is an English legal document written in 1215 CE which had a huge influence on the developing legal system of England. The proper name for the Magna Carta is the Magna Carta Libertatum, the Great Charter of Freedoms. By establishing Magna Carta the King was not above the law. 14. 100 year war - a series of separate wars lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne, which was vacant with the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings. The two primary contenders were the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, also known as the House of Anjou. The House of Valois claimed the title of King of France, while the Plantagenets from England claimed to be Kings of France and England. Plantagenet Kings were the 12th century
clock or the clock tower as well. It is the largest four-faced chiming clock and the third-tallest free-standing clock tower in the world. The clock first ticked on 31 May 1859. The pendulum is installed within an enclosed windproof box sunk beneath the clockroom. It is 3.9m long, weighs 300 kg and beats every 2 seconds. The clockwork mechanism in a room below weighs 5 tons. · Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the British monarch. Originally known as, the building which forms the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site which had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, forming three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace
Dunnichen, and the reign of Bridei m. Beli (671693), with another period of consolidation in the reign of engus mac Fergusa (732761). The Kingdom of the Picts as it was in the early 8th century, when Bede was writing, was largely the same as the kingdom of the Scots in the reign of Alexander (11071124). However, by the tenth century, the Pictish kingdom was dominated by what we can recognise as Gaelic culture, and had developed an Irish conquest myth around the ancestor of the contemporary royal dynasty, Cined mac Ailpn (Kenneth MacAlpin). From a base of territory in eastern Scotland north of the River Forth and south of the River Oykel, the kingdom acquired control of the lands lying to the north and south. By the 12th century, the kings of Alba had added to their territories the Anglic-speaking land in the south-east and attained overlordship of Gaelic-speaking Galloway and Norse-speaking
Renaissance was revived and education improved, because of the printing press. In 1509 Henry VIII became king. He is of course one of the most famous rulers in Britain. Most people know him because he had many wievs, from who he killed most. But actually he did many other things worth remembering. He made the Reformation what made him the head of english Anglican church. He wanted to extend his power and also Pope did not let him divorce. English Royal Navy was his creation. Elizabeth I reign is also called the Golden Age of England. On her reign tradeing improved and English fleet was one of the biggest in the world. At her time Spanish Armada was destroyed in 1588 . England had great naval commanders who discovered land for Britain. They were the first to reach northen coast of New World and also they developed in India. East-Indias tradeing company was made and it was very rich and powerful. Britain had a
aligned to present an open view into Wales from along its length. As originally constructed, it must have been about 27 metres wide and 8 metres from the ditch bottom to the bank top. *Redwald and Sutton Hoo Redwald was a rich, influential pagan warrior. He kept both a Christian and a pagan altar in his temple. It seems that he had a last lapse into paganism before his death, for he was burried in the great Sutton Hoo ship burial. The burial site in Sutton Hoo was discovered near his royal court in Suffolk. Only the impression of the wooden vessel remained, but the treasure buried with the king contains a splendid amount of imported silver, jewellery and coins from France. *Alfred the Great and the rise of Wessex to cultural pre-eminence He is said to be one of the best kings ever to rule mankind. He was the king of Wessex. He defended Anglo-Saxon England from the Danes, formulated a code of laws and improved military skill. He limited
Up until then England was Catholic and divorcing was not allowed for him. He really wanted a new wife, so he declared that England was no longer a part of the Catholic Church and made himself as the head of the new church. It happened in 15 8. What good did the invasion of Romans bring to England? It brought roads and order. They also built the first version of London. 9. What do you know about the Tower of London? It was at first a castle for the king of England, but Henry VIII turned it into a prison. There are Beefeaters, who are the tour guides now but used to be the guards. They keep the royal jewels there. It's one of the most visited sight in London and also one with the most fascinating history. 10. If going back in time was possible, which decade in British history would you choose to live in? Why? I'd like to be in the Victorian age. Simply because the architecture changed and also
He built a wooden palace at Westminster, were the parliament met later. This is why Westminster became the seat of government not the city of London itself. Edward the Confessor also built Westminster Abbey. He ruled until his death in 1065, after which King Harold was crowned. Norman period( Medieval London) 1066 In 1066 in the Battle of Hastings the Normans were victorious and William was crowned King. William granted the citizens of London special privileges, but he also built a castle in the southeast corner of the city to keep them under control. This castle was expanded by later kings until it became the complex we now call the Tower of London. The Tower acted as royal residence, and it was not until later that it became famous as a prison. In 1176 the first stone London Bridge was built. This bridge was to remain the only one in London until 1739. Because the passage across this one bridge was narrow and clogged with
St Columba 6th, 7th C Irish sent missionaries to Gaul, Germany, Scotland and England St Columba went to Scotland, converted Picts, 563 founded a monastery of island Iona Credited with major role in converting Scotland to Christianity St Aidan Irish missionary, King Oswalds of Northumbria bishop Had qualities to convet Northumbria. After monastery of Lindisfarne 635 had built he set up a church in royal village He always travelled on foot, Several monasteries were founded St Augustine 597 Christ church influenced English society of kings, warriors ad farmers Pope Gregory the Great, sent the first mission in 597 headed by monk St Augustine to Kent, where he founded a monastery at Canterbury 601 Augustine was enthroned as first Archbishop of Canterbury St George Patron saint of England, soldiers, arcgers,
boundaries, but the name "London" has long applied more to the whole metropolis that has grown up around it. London has been an important settlement for over two millenniums. It is also one of the world's leading business, financial and cultural centres and its influence in politics, education, entertainment and even fashion contribute to its status as a major global city. London is a major tourist attraction with four world heritage sites, several royal parks and numerous iconic landmarks such as the Houses of Parliament, Towe Bridge, the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey and the London Eye. 2. History Although there is some evidence of a permanent settlement before the Romans came in 43 A.D., it is more accepted by historians that the Romans were the first. The settlement was called Londinium. The first London lasted for just seventeen years, for around AD 61, a tribe of Celts led by Queen Boudica stormed London, burning it to the ground
In the Middle ages, it was the place where the bishops and the nobility resided. Here the landed gentry built their beautiful town houses. Most of the remaining buildings were erected after the big fire on Toompea in 1684. Historically, the fortress on Toompea consisted of two parts : the small fortress (today's Toompea Castle) and the big fortress (The rest of Toompea). Pikk Hermann is the best-known corner tower among the three surviving ones of Toompea Castle. It is 46 metres high and serves as one of Estonia's landmarks. Tall Hermann was a traditional name given to the main towers of German castles. After the 50-year long Soviet occupation, the Estonian blue-black-white tricolour was once again hoisted on Pikk Hermann on 24 February 1989. The Cathedral of St. Mary the Virgin (Toomkirik or the Dome Church) was consecrated as a single- nave church with a rectangular chancel in 1240, and rebuilt into a Gothic basilica thereafter. The
The story is very important as it allows us to lear about the way of life in the 4th century. The characters can be divided into two groups fictitious and historical. The epic deploys many metaphors - e.g. the sea = the swan's road, body = a house for bones and alliteration. It is structured as two parts. In the first part King Hroghtgar, king of Danes built a palace Hereot near a lake. He disturbed the lake monsters sleep with his racuous parties. Grendel then goes to the castle every night and kidnaps a man. This went on for 12 years. Beowulf, a young viking, decides to put an end to it. He chooses 14 men to join him and sails across the strait with no weapns, mind you, because Grendel fought unarmed and Beowulf was an idiot however according to the rules of fiction he defeats Grendel. To reward him the king gave Beowulf armour of precious metals. At night Grendel's mother come for revenge at night, Beowulf defeats her as well with a magic sword.
Another fire devastated the theatre in 1902, after which it moved out from Old Town. The premises came into the possession of the Puppet Theatre in 1955. In 1991, the whole building was given to the theatre. Renovation works took place in 2001-03. 5 17 Lai Street Lai 17, so-called Menshikov House was completed about 1685 in the Dutch Baroque style. The family coat-of-arms on the pediment was added in 1817 by then owner Count Stenbock (Sweden origin Russian brigade leader and estate owner). It belonged to Prince Alexander Menshikov, the governor- general of Estonia in 1710-19. He was born in the family of a groom at the Russian Royal court, and at the age of 13 became a personal servant and later a close assistant to Czar Peter I. After Peter's death he helped the czar's widow, Catherine I, to the throne and became the actual ruler of Russia for a couple of years until he was defeated in the power struggle and banished into exile. 23 Lai Street
Edward VIII Sovereign / 'svrn / kõrgeim, ülim Abdication / æbd'ken / loobumine, äraütlemine Edward VIII fell in love with an American divorcee, but he couldn´t marry her, because it was forbidden in Britain to marry a divorced person. Edward chose love over duty and gave the throne to his brother Albert. Edward and his loved one lived in exile for years, but now they are buried together in a royal family tomb near Windsor. World War I 1914 - 1918 Spark / sp:k / süütama Archduke / :tdju:k / ertshertsog Trench / trent / kaevik Proclamation / prkl'men / väljakuulutamine Bombardment / bm'b:dmnt / pommitus Inaugurate / 'n:gjret / pühitsema, pidulikult tähistama Annex / 'æneks / liitma, liidetuks jääma World War I broke out because of an assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The
Henry I was the first unquestioned ruler. One of the most important kings in the Middle Ages. He had lands in Britain & France. Then the government was the monarch, a person, not a place. He had more land than any pervious king. After his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, he also ruled the lands south of Anjou. His empire stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees. England provided most of its wealth, but the heart was Anjou. Henry II began to regain royal control. During the war some barons had become very powerful. He pulled down some of their castles. He tried to restore law & order. He wanted the same kind of justice to be used everywhere. He appointed his own judges to travel around the country. They dealt with crimes & disagreements over poverty. Serious offences were tried in the king's court. At first they had no special knowledge or training. They were trusted to use common sense. By the end of the 12th cent. They had real
the nation's "third" party. There is a large body of laws that have never been codified known as common law. 5) Economy, industry, agriculture, tourism The UK economy has performed remarkably well for the past 15 years, especially in the service sector. The value of all goods and services produced within the UK economy for final consumption is measured by GDP. The biggest companies are BP energy, Vodafone, GlaxoSmithKlein, HSBC Holdings, Royal Bank of Scotland, etc. The main revenue sources were taxes on income, taxes on expenditure, National Insurance Contributions, taxes on capital. The profile of British industry has changed greatly since WW II. About 70% today work in service industries. Agriculture takes up almost 80% of the land but employs only 1-2% of the total workforce. Mainly wheat, barney, oilseed rape, sugar beet, peas and beans are cultivated. 7
It was laid in the 15th century. The massive wooden gate with ironworks dates from the 17th century. Long Leg was used by vehicles. Until the 20th century there was no way down form the western side of Toompea except for a foot-path. The stairs were built in 1903 and are called Patkul Stairs. The name Patkul itself comes from Johann Patkul. He had worked against the Swede, so Patkul was remembered by Russians. In the Middle Ages that part of Toompea where the castle stands was called the Small Fortress. The rest of the hill with the homes of the feudal lords and bishop of Tallinn was called the Big Fortress. The main building, the centre of the Small Fortress, was the Convention House- a building where the members of the knighthood lived. In the 1920s the reconstruction of the building was carried out. The northern part of it became the seat of the State Assembly of the Estonian Republic.
Scotland ! Scotland (Gaelic: Alba) is a country in northwest Europe that occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It is part of the United Kingdom, and shares a land border to the south with England. It is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland consists of over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides. Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. It was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which saw Scotland become one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Scotland's largest city is Glasgow, which was once one of the world's leading industrial metropolises, and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation which dominates the Scottish Lowlands. Scottish waters consist of a large sector o
Richard III of the House of Lancaster in the Wars of Roses and he was crowned as the King of England. Henry VII united the two rival houses and started the Tudor dynasty. During Henry's reign the medieval period came to a close. There was a revival, or Renaissance, of learning, partly as a result of the printing press, which ended the Church's monopoly of learning. Henry's son and heir, Henry VIII created the Royal Navy, which culminated with the sinking of the Spanish Armada in 1588. One of the leaders of the English navy was Sir Francis Drake, who was the first Englishman to sail around the world. The Royal Navy also enabled England to realize her imperialistic ambitions and defy the Pope and the Catholic powers of Europe. Henry used Parliament to establish himself as the head of the Protestant Church with the Act of Supremacy (1534)
The Presentations Triinu: "The Notorious Prisoners of the Tower" Built in 1078, has been used as a fortress, Royal Palace, a prison, the home for Crown Jewels. The first prisoner was Ranulf Flambard in 1100. The only woman tortured in the Tower was Anne Askew. Guy Fawkes was prisoned 5 th November 1605, hung in 1607. Walter Raleigh was knighted, married without queen´s permission. Last prisoners were in the Tower in 1952. Rita: "Alexander Fleming" Was a pharmacologist, has graduated 6 schools, studied anti-bacterial agents, found
and tacky commercialism. Packed in among thousands of other visitors, trying like crazy to see the city in three days and worrying about getting ripped off, it's not surprising, may think the city is overrated. Just relax, take a deep breath. While the city centre is a mélange of stunning architecture, from Gothic, Renaissance and baroque to neoclassical, art nouveau and cubist, beyond the medieval lanes of the Old Town and the Castle District, there's an entire other cosmopolitan city to explore. Search out the riverside parks, lively bars and beer gardens, music clubs, museums and art galleries. Harness Prague's excellent public-transport system to explore emerging suburbs such as Zizkov, Vinohrady, Smíchov and Holesovice. You'll be guaranteed cheaper prices, a more local ambience, and an assured escape from any more feelings of doubt..
Gallic builders over wide rivers as the Loire, Seine, and Allier of 600ft (200m) span, used by pedestrians and domestic animals. The stone vault probably first sprang forth in Anatolia and the Aegean region of Asia Minor (central and western Turkey) in the 2nd millennium BC for short spans in civic construction. The Mesopotamian civilizations introduced the first major development of brick vaulting in the royal palaces, and also probably the first important arch bridges in the 6th century BC. Roman bridges Figure 1 Ponte Saint-Martin (c 25 BC) near Torino (Italy). Shunsuke Baba, photographer The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the Romans. They applied a civil engineering repertoire on an unprecedented grand scale and achieved impressive results. Roman engineering
The most important things that happened in this time were the Hundred Years' War, the Black Death and the Peasants' Revolt. The Hundred Years' War had a devastating effect on English economy. The Black Death killed about on third of all the population. The peasants wanted a better life and they started a revolt that was turned down but it led to greatly improved conditions for the peasant class. The Tudor England (1483-1603) started when the war between two royal families for the English Crown ended when Henry VII united the two rival houses, giving origin to the Tudor dynasty. The was is called the War of the Roses because both families had a rose as their symbol. During Henry's reign the power of towns and the importance of middle classes became to be felt. Henry VIII used Parliament to establish himself as the head of the Protestant Church of England with the Act of Supremacy in 1534. It greatly strengthened the
Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In 1947 she married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with whom she has four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward. In 1992, which Elizabeth termed her annus horribilis ("horrible year"), Charles and Andrew separated from their wives, Anne divorced, and a severe fire damaged part of Windsor Castle. Revelations continued on the state of Charles's marriage to Diana, Princess of Wales, and they divorced in 1996. The following year, Diana died in a Paris car crash, and the media criticised the royal family for remaining in seclusion 4 in the days before her funeral. Elizabeth's
While she was the queen, Britain changed completely. Near the beginning of her reign the population was about 18 million people but by 1901 it was 30 million. By the end of her reign Britain had huge industrial cities, linked by railways. Telephone and telegraph communications improved. There was street and house lightning for the first time. Education for all 5-10 year olds started. More people could read and write. Victoria was the first monarch on a photograph. The royal family of Europe had a terrible disease hemophilia. The disease stops the blood from clotting. Victoria was a carrier and her son died of it at the age of 31. Victoria married Prince Albert her German cousin. The marriage was very happy until Albert's death. He was a good father to his large family. Although he was very British he introduced on of German custom that the British now love the Christmas tree. When Albert died Victoria was heartbroken
murdered.[8] She is the only female on the Forbes top earning dead celebrities list.[9] Contents 1 Childhood 1.1 Family and early life 1.2 Foster homes 2 Career 2.1 Early years 2.2 Stardom 2.2.1 Playboy playmate 2.2.2 A-list actress 2.2.3 Marilyn Monroe Productions 2.3 Later years 3 Marriages and relationships 3.1 James Dougherty 3.2 Joe DiMaggio 3.3 Arthur Miller 4 The Kennedys 5 Death and aftermath 5.1 Administration of estate 6 Trivia 6.1 Pornographic film claims 7 Quotes 7.1 Quotes about Monroe 8 Filmography 9 Awards and nominations 10 Art (selection) 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Childhood Family and early life Main article: Childhood of Marilyn Monroe Marilyn Monroe was born in the charity ward of the Los Angeles County Hospital.[1][10] According to biographer Fred Lawrence Guiles, her grandmother, Della Monroe Grainger, had her baptized Norma Jeane Baker by Aimee Semple McPherson
poem’s meaning To the Noblest & best of Ladyes, the Countesse of Denbigh Henry Vaughan: many obvious borrowings, striking opening lines. The World Andrew Marvell: many strands of 17thC thought, feeling and style, created the tradition of garden poems The Definition of Love, To His Coy Mistress, The Garden Ben Jonson: IX: Song: To Celia, II: To Penshurst; Hymn to Cynthia. 4. The arrival of classicism in England. The impact of the art collections of the Earl of Arundel and Charles I Inigo Jones, travel with Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel. Purpose: in-depth study of ancient and modern architecture. Italy, Venice, Vicenza, Rome, Naples. New cultural scene, looked back to early Roman Empire. Arundel: influential, new ideal for gentleman’s life. Promotion of foreign culture, Renaissance Italy, world of classical antiquity. Virtue: civility, grace, elegant manners, interest in learning. In Italy excavated,
and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. 2. The Queen’s working day. Starts after breakfast. Reads the newspapers which are prepared by the Press Secretary, and a report on the previous day’s proceedings in the Parliament and the letters she receives. Also phone calls. Once a month she attends the Privy Council in order to give Royal Assent to various items of government legislation. Discusses domestic matters with the Master of the Household. Towards the end of the day, there is always another pile of official papers and reports waiting to be read or acted upon. The business on constitutional monarchy never ends. 3. Who is the present heir to the throne? Speak about his education. Who are the 2nd and 3rd in line? Present heir is Prince Charles, The Prince of Wales
It was officially declared the national anthem on 19 April 1984. Peter Dodds McCormick, a Scot, composed `Advance Australia Fair' under the pen-name `Amicus' (amicus is the Latin word for friend). `God Save the Queen' was the anthem before it. It was first performed in Sydney on Saint Andrew's Day, 1878. Peter McCormick died in 1916 and `Advance Australia Fair' became free of copyright in 1966. Some of the original words of the song have been changed for the official version. On specifically Royal occasions, both `Advance Australia Fair' and `God Save the Queen' are played. The second choice for the anthem was `Waltzing Matilda'. It is still a famous song and Australians like that song and they sing it. Government and Head of State. Australia is a constitutional monarchy, (queen + teda asendavad inimesed) based on a liberal democratic tradition. Queen Elizabeth II, queen of Great Britain, is also formally Queen of Australia. In reality the
N. A. Vavilov ASPECTS OF BRITISH HISTORY Н. А. Вавилов КРАТКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ Учебное пособие на английском языке Москва Институт международного права и экономики имени А. С. Грибоедова 2008 2 УТВЕРЖДЕНО кафедрой лингвистики и переводоведения Вавилов Н.А. Краткая история Великобритании: Учебное пособие на английском языке. – 2-е изд., пересмотр. и испр. – М.: ИМПЭ им. А.С. Грибоедова, 2008. �
countryside charm to create a comprehensive experience of Estonia beyond the big cities. But the legend of the White Lady of Haapsalu, which is at the heart of the festival, is perhaps the most famous tall tale of the many that are so abundant in Estonia's folklore. It is the story of a poor girl who falls in love with the son of the village elder, and disguises herself as a choirboy in order to sneak into the castle. But, alas, the lord of the manor's son discovers the deception. He is overcome by jealous rage and orders his men to seal the girl inside the thick stone walls while still alive. Turned into an incarnation of undying love, the White Lady now appears every August, on the night of the full moon, in the Dome Church chapel window. Haapsalu is seven-and-a- quarter centuries old this year, and the townsfolk intend to make it a celebration to remember
annaabi.ee 
Sisene Facebook'ga
Sisene Google'ga
Sisene LinkedIn'ga
