RUNNING HEAD: RUSSIA Russia Throughout the History U.S Government Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. History of Russia 3. Russia nowadays 4. Important people in Russia throughout the history 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction- Russia Throughout the History Russia is a one of the biggest countries is the world. The first clues about Russian history are from as early as the 9th century. Russia has suffered through rough times in war, mad leaders and tough life amongst the locals. Over times the country has had several different names and political systems. They have been an empire ruled by a czar, a communist nation, and a democratic federation. Nowadays the country's official name is the Russian Federation ("Basic facts about,").
..................................................................... 6 18501918.............................................................................................................................. 8 The national awakening................................................................................................... 8 The russification period.................................................................................................... 9 Emergence of parties and the 1905 revolution............................................................... 11 The post-revolutionary situation and World War I (19071917)...................................... 14 Our opinion............................................................................................................................ 18 References............................................................................................................................ 19
The geography of Syria is primarily semiarid and desert plateau with a double mountain belt in the west. The government system is a republic under authoritarian regime. The chief of state is the President and the head of government is the Prime Minister. Syria has a mixed economy in which there is limited private freedom but the economy remains highly controlled by the government. Syria is a member of the Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU). Two-thirds of Syria is desert; the other third is part of the Fertile Crescent along the Mediterranean coast. About 80 percent of the population lives in that fertile region. The total population of Syria is a little over 13 million. Half the people live in cities, 4 million in Damascus alone. Arabic is the official language of the Syrian Arab Republic and the language is spoken by nearly all Syrians. French is the second-most- common language. However, it has started to be rivaled by English.
Association (EFTA). 1960 Creation of European Free Trade Association 1961 UK applies to join the Community. 1962 The Parliamentary Assembly changes its name to the European Parliament. 1965 The Treaty merging the executives of the three Communities (ECSC, EEC, Euratom) is signed in Brussels; enters into force on July 1, 1967. Empty chair crisis 1966 Luxembourg compromise – solution for the empty chair crisis: weaker commission, veto power, common argiculture policy, qualified majority voting 1967 UK re-applies to join the Community. 1968 Agreement of EEC’s common external tarif 1972 Referendum in Norway on joining; majority votes against. Launch of „snake in the tunnel“ 1973 January: Denmark, Ireland and the UK join the European Communities. 1974 April: foreign secretary James Callaghan makes statement to the Council on the new Labour government’s policy on the Community. Calls for major
This is important because customary norms are legally binding for all, this way conventions can become binding on all. E.g. the convention of human rights, wasn't legally binding, now customary and legally binding. E.g. convention for chemical weapons has become a customary norm and the fact that SÜÜRIA is not a member state doesn't mean anything. Principles of PIL 1. Pacta sunt servanda (every treaty in force is binding upon the parties to it and must be performed by them in good faith) 2. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples (lot of problems with self-determination, many believe that this means that every nation can have their own independent state, self-determination in another state, autonomy; a fully independent state is only allowed if the nation is very repressed in a state, e.g. in Kosowa?, others are not recognized, even de facto states are not recognized sometimes
do so in the near future. In the fourth quarter of 2008, the average monthly gross wage in Estonia was 13,117 kroons (838, US$1,066.5). Estonia is nearly energy independent supplying over 90% of its electricity needs with locally mined oil shale. Alternative energy sources such as wood, peat, and biomass make up approximately 9% of primary energy production. Estonia imports needed petroleum products from Western Europe and Russia. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy. The ice-free port of Muuga, near Tallinn, is a modern facility featuring good transshipment capability, a high-capacity grain elevator, chill/frozen storage, and brand-new oil tanker off-loading capabilities. The railroad serves as a conduit between the West, Russia, and other points to the East.
education in England and Wales over two years (three years in certain schools). It was introduced in the UK in 1988 to replace O-level and CSE examinations. One of the main changes to previous educational qualifications in the United Kingdom was to allow pupils to complete coursework during their two years of study, which was marked by their teachers and contributed to their final examination grade. There has been a move recently from doing coursework and modular examinations for part of the course when pupils would take exams throughout the course to an end of year exam after the two years of study (a 'linear' series). The exams are being revised to make them more difficult such as testing skills from a whole text in English instead of part of a text. Coursework has now been replaced by Controlled Assessments in certain subjects, in which the student completes a number of assessed pieces of
7.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The annals were initially created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copies were made and distributed to monasteries across England and were independently updated. In one case, the chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154. Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are of equal historical value and none of them are the original version. 8. Beowulf Beowulf is the most famous heroic poem (written down 8-9cc) Beowulf is a war-leader from Scandinavia.He rescued the land of the Danes from a man-like monster Grendel. The monster kills the hero.The poet describes the funeral and how warriors mourned their king. 9. The Vikings, their way of life. Sutton Hoo
banned until late in the fourth century. *Boadicea/Boudica At his death bed, Boudica's husband left half his possession to the emperor, expecting that this would protect his family. However, his property was confiscated. When Boudica, the queen of the Celts, protested, she was flogged and her daughters were raped. She swept trough Southern Britain with her tribe and tortured every Roman she met. A women having power seemed unnatural to the Romans. She fought back for 2 years, but finally took poison and died. *Hadrian's Wall It was built by the emperor Hadrian and it marked the Northen border of the Roman empire. Hadrian's Wall was built, beginning in 122, to keep Roman Britain safe from hostile attacks from the Picts. The wall stretched from the North Sea to the Irish Sea. In addition to the wall, the Romans built a system of small forts called milecastles. Sixteen larger
century, and the Department of Russian Folklore. The core curriculum includes courses in the history of Russian literature (from Kievan Rus times to the present) and folklore, modern Russian , Old Slavonic, the history of the Russian language and Russian dialectology, etc. The Department of Russian Literature of XX century in Russian literature explore (from 1890s to the present), including works of Russian emigrants abroad and nonRussian writers in Russia proper. Curriculum at the Division of Russian as a Foreign Language is similar to the one of the Division of the Russian Language and Literature, with additional stress laid on foreign languages, the theory and methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language, and area studies. Division of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics aims at giving students profound knowledge in the field of linguistic theory. The core courses include mathematics (mathematical
THE U.K Different Parts The United Kingdom is a short way of saying the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The UK is the political name for those countries which share a parliament in London. All of them were at one time independent kingdoms with their own monarch. Now they are all part of the same kingdom and share the same monarch. The UK consists of Northern Ireland, Scotland, England and Wales. The peoples of these countries are British subjects; they hold British passports and therefore their nationality is British. The british Isles is the geographical name for all the islands off the west coast of Europe. These islands also include The Republic of Ireland, which is politically independent of the Britsh government
British Parliament Structure and Functioning of the British Parliament today Britain is a parliamentary monarchy . The British Parliament is a bicameral parliament , that is to say that it is made up of two chambers, or two "Houses"; above the two Houses, but in an essentially formal role , there is the Sovereign - king or queen - also known as "the crown." Role of the Sovereign The British monarch has all authority, but no power. The Sovereign appoints the Prime Minister, and every year opens the sessions of parliament, in a historical and ritual ceremony called the State Opening of Parliament . Historically, this ceremony used to take place in the Autumn; but since 2012, it has been brought forward to May. This is the only regular time when the members of both Houses come together. During the ceremony, the Sovereign reads out the government's intended programme. The "Queen 's Speech" is a summary of the
Conqueror” and the date is remembered as the last time that England was successfully invaded. There was no such thing as a Norman area of settlement. Instead, the Norman soldiers who had invaded were given the ownership of land and of the people living on it. A strict feudal system was imposed. 12. Magna Carta. In 1215 King John was forced to sign the document, drawn up by the noblemen of England. It limited his power and extended the rights of his subjects. The Magna Carta is a well-known charter of personal and political liberty. Later, especially in the 17th century, the document was seen as a statement of basic civil rights. Four copies have survived. 13. The Wars of the Roses. During the 15th century, the power of the greatest nobles, who had their own private armies, meant that constant challenges to the position of the monarch were possible.
barbarians. 406-7 barbarians begin invasion Legacy- new types of animals, plants; miles, feet, inches-roman measurements;christianity; Roman basilica in curches; reading, writing; buildings, roads Christianity in Roman Britain Until 4th C christians were persecuted 313 AD Emperor Constantine legalised christianity 380 AD Emperor Theodosius I made it the official religion of the empire Paganism had been eclipsed but continued to pose a political, religious challenge Boudicca Queen of Iceni people of Eastern England, led an uprising against Roman forces Prasutagus(ruler) was first allowed to rule when romans conquered England, after his death, romans decided to rule Iceni and flogged Boudicca and raped her daughters 60-62 AD Iceni rebelled, Boudicca´s warriors defeated Roman Ninth Legion, destroied capital-Colchester Finally Boudicca was defetated, she poisoned
3 Chapter 1 The Netherlands 1.1 Mainly about the Netherlands Netherlands is also known unofficially as Holland. Netherlands is bordered on the north and west by the North Sea, on the east by Germany and on the south by Belgium. With Belgium and Luxembourg, the Netherlands forms the Low, or Benelux, Countries. The Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, islands in the Caribbean, are part of the Netherlands. Country's capital and largest city is Amsterdam (see also Appendix 1). National holiday is Queen's Day on 30 th April. And the mother tongue is Dutch. (5) The Kingdom of the Netherlands has three parts and two countries in the Caribbean, the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. With an area of 41,528 kilometers and a population of 16 million, The Netherlands (the European part of the Kingdom) is one of the world's smaller countries. (6)
There are offices, committee rooms, restaurants, bars, libraries and even some places of residence. Two large rooms: The House of Lords meet in one and the House of Commons in the other. The British Parliament is divided into two houses, but the House of Commons is obviously more important and only they are considered to be the MPs. In the House of Commons there are just two rows of benches facing each other. On the left sit the members of the governing party and on the right sit the opposition. The Speaker sits between them and controls the action. The arrangement of the benches encourages confrontation between the government and the opposition. There is no place for somebody who isn't neither in the opposition nor in the government side. Usually peeps like this sit in the opposition furthest from the Speaker. || There are no tables for the MPs. They also have no obvious place to address each other from. They can walk in and out during the debates
International Journal of Children's Rights, 6 (1998) 433-444, p. 438. 5 Michael Freeman, 19898, p.438. 4 social actors has provoked a great controversy as it challenges the image of the incompetent child which is overwhelmingly prevalent in the Western society. It has generated a great confusion `about what role young people below the age of majority should play in community and political life`.6 On the one hand, there is a growing recognition with respect to children`s participation in society. On the other hand, children are seen as welfare dependants, needy for care and protection of adults. The goal of this dissertation is to critically explore this hotly debated tension between these two conflicting salient features that have often prevented the recognition of children as active citizens, entitled to respect and participation
to commit a crime (kuritegu läbi viima) - breaking a law, usually given out by the goverment fine (trahv) - certain sum of money person pays for breaking a law corruption (korruptsioon) - dishonest or unethincal conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority suspension (kõrvaldamine) - form of punisment that people recieve for violating rules and regulations Civil Action (tsiviilhagi) - lawsuit between two private parties prosecution (süüdistus) - the institution and carrying on of legal proceeding against a person injury (vigastus) - an act or event that causes someone/something no longer to be fully healthy claim (nõudeõigus) - to apply for compensation or to inherit something prison (vangla) - residence for incaretaking criminals majority (enamus) - greater amount of the group public opinion (avalik arvamus) - collective opinion of many people on same issue, problem etc.
(Hague & Harrop, p.9) Afrikaner Nationalism : Talking here about different types of nationalism: cultural&political NP: Founded 1912 Advocated policies designed to advance Afrikaner interests: Language parity (which would enable Afrikaners to get jobs in the state bureaucracy) Using state resources to to redress white poverty , Apartheid Cultural nationalism - promotion of language, culture (eg the Broederbond) Political nationalism - expressed by the National Party (NP) Right-wing nationalism - fascist influenced movements (AWB) Military purged of British trained soldiers, replaced with reliable Afrikaners Afrikaners in police increased by 77% between 1946-60 Between 1946 and 1960 number of Afrikaners in administration increased by 98.5% Religion- `chosen people' biblical basis for apartheid Economics Afrikaners had political control but English-speakers controlled the economy. Limited career options High levels of white poverty
TRADERUN MOODUL TRADERUN MODULE BUSINESS PECULIARITIES IN THE EU, RUSSIA AND EASTERN PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES ÄRI ERIPÄRAD EUROOPA LIIDUS, VENEMAAL JA IDAPARTNERLUSRIIKIDES Lecturers: Ryhor Nizhnikau (responsible) Giorgi Gaganidze, Sergei Proskura, Andres Assor P2EC.00.202 (UT code), RIE 7044 (TLU code) Reading materials: Business peculiarities in Ukraine and Belarus Lugemismatejal: Äri eripärad Ukrainas ja Valgenenes Created by Andres Assor
what are `territorial politics' The multi-level politics of federal, regionalised, devolved states Distribution of power between central and regional government Party competition across levels of government `Regions' as spheres for autonomous action South Africa Mexico Germany · 9 provinces · 31 states plus federal district · Developed democracy
constructed beyond that line). Three years after the battle the Roman armies had withdrawn to the Southern Uplands. They erected Hadrian's Wall to control tribes on both sides of the wall, and the Limes Britannicus became the northern border of the empire, although the army held the Antonine Wall in the Central Lowlands for two short periods--the last of these during the time of Emperor Septimius Severus from 208 until 210. The extent of Roman military occupation of any significant part of Scotland was limited to a total of about 40 years, although their influence on the southern section of the country occupied by Brythonic tribes such as the Votadini and Damnonii would still have been considerable. A replica of the Pictish Hilton of Cadboll Stone. Medieval period The Kingdom of the Picts (based in Fortriu by the 6th century) was the state which eventually became known as "Alba" or "Scotland"
the Blefuscudians. Their conflict over which end of the egg to break reflects the centuriesold conflict over how to practice religionas Protestants or Catholics. While the wars over religion certainly were very serious, Swift suggests that what was being fought over (at least on the religious rather than the political side) really was not very important. In Swift's eyes, fighting over religion is as pointless as fighting over which end of an egg to break. Swift also parodies the political parties within England. The Tory party is represented by the Low Heels while the Whigs are represented by the High Heels. Considering that Swift himself changed parties, he must have understood that political allegiance was important. Yet, political bickering is often about such unimportant matters as the height of one's heels. It is interesting to note that even though lying is seen as a terrible offense in Lilliput, Flimnap tells a
People came to search for religious freedom, or not? Many different religions Puritans imposed their own beliefs Not lettin religion interfere politics No joy allowed · Quakers Religious society of friends Founded by George Fox They were treated as witches Big role in creation of other colonies Were up for tolerance Against slavery III Colonial life · Settlements by 1773 Christopher Columbus 1493 Puerto Rico Colonies along the east coast in 1607 Spain, France, Russia, England, Germany, the Netherlands High birth rates, low death rates By the 1750 living standard as high as in England · New England Group · Rhode Island Dutch for ``Red Island´´ Religious freedom America's first Baptist church in Providence in 1639 Different people get along well- Quaker, Puritan, Baptist, Anglicans, Jewish, Catholic · Connecticut Native Americans and Dutch traders (1614) By the year 1633, they had purchased land from the Pequot Tribe and made a permanent
of the national money income, while 90 per cent recieve the remaining 55 per cent. The distribution of property is even more uniequal. 1 per cent of the population own 60 per cent of the saleable assets of the nations. Individual incomes range from £1 000 000 a year to £50 per year. This extreme degree of inequality is due to the right of inheritance at present vested in the legal institution of property. Large individual fortunes are, for the most part, made up of inherited property. The rich, as a class, are born with silver spoon in their mouths and the economic privileges that they enjoy were not acquired by the possession or exercise of great talents, but by the accident of birth. Social inequality. The apparatus of social hierarchy is amazingly complete. It is manifest in the Court with its great expense and elaborate display; the country house with its ancient
Quebec. 2. Geographical position Canada is a huge country in the continent of North America. It is bordered with the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the United States of America in the south and the Arctic Ocean in the north. Canada is a vast country, with a territory of 3.8 million square miles of land and fresh water it is the second biggest country in the world after Russia. Canada covers most of the northern part of North America. Canada has over 151,480 miles of coastline. Most of Canada's human population lives along its southern border. 3. Relief Canada's geography is very diverse. It has huge lakes, evergreen forests, prairies, meadows and beautiful mountains. There are thousands of miles of coastline with beaches, fjords and wild rivers flowing to the oceans. Canada is a country of wide open spaces and beautiful
communities, they are the present English-speaking countries (USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand) Trading Empire (dependencies) mainly ESL countries; British people were seen more as a small ruling class (India, Africa) 5. Australia, The USA, Canada, Sri Lanka, India & Pakistan, Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand, South Africa were the British colonies that became dominions. They were given "responsible government" and became part of the Commonwealth. The Head of State was the British monarch. Nowadays, the word "dominion" is not used. 6. The British Commonwealth of Nations freely unites Britain and its former colonies. Ireland 1. The first inhabitants were hunters and fishers from the European mainland in 6000 BC. In 200 BC, the Celts arrived. 2. Christianity was established during the 5th century by Saint Patrick, who is also Ireland's patron saint
and even though this opinion has not been expressly voiced, acceptance of an ... unequal possession of the earth... was established and now ...man may fairly possess more land than he himself can use the product of... Locke (1821, p.229). It can be argued this claim is indeed false as it could only be the case that the minority which first had gold and silver consented to this commodification, leaving many with little alternative but to acquiesce. It should be noted here that Locke was part of a cohort of privilege, belonging to the Royal Society, and throughout his career he held prominent Governmental positions. It could be said that Locke's work is an attempt at moral justification for an elite bourgeois class defending its own sectional interests. Locke argues that the precarious existence, inimical to a state of nature, is what leads to the emergence of civic and political society. The unspoken driver for
According to Canadian census 2011, 1.4 mln people of Aboriginal origin (4.3%): 852,000 First Nations persons, 452,000 Métis, 59,000 Inuit. Indian (First Nations) - No written history before the contact with Europeans. Chief historical sources European priests, travellers and traders not interested in the preservation of "pagan"myths. Different estimates about their number in Canada when Europeans reached North America from 300,000 to 1 mln. Saw themselves as part of nature, not as its masters. The First Nations were called "Indians" by Christopher Columbus when he landed in North America, because he thought he had reached India. Many now prefer to call themselves First Nations, though many still call themselves Indians in everyday conversation. They are still legally categorized by the Canadian Government under the Indian Act as Status Indians. Those who have lost their legal status are called Non-Status Indians
The Roman way of life all vanished after the invasions from Northern Europe by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes from the 5th century onwards. They ruined Londinium, but they were easily turned into Christianity and religion became more and more important. The Vikings, who came in the 9th century, first raided England to plunder it, but then they decided to stay. In the 10th century England fell under Danish Rule, with King Canute finally managing to unite the Anglo-Saxons and Danes at the beginning of 11th century. Medieval England After defeating the Anglo-Saxon King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William of Normandy (who became William I, also called William the Conqueror) introduced the Norman feudal system, rewarding his French-speaking followers with land in return for their continued support. French remained the language of the upper classes and administration until the 14th century.
11.02.09 INGLISE KEEL Palju aega läheb. 10 nädalat aint. One of the ESP courses. What we are going to do, what is needed: · What we do - 1 test, on words. · 2 Essays, that means that we have to look into academic writing · Homereading we read a case from European Court of Justice thingy. · Oral thing. · 90% you have to attend · Have to prepare for class and take part of it etc What we learn: Terms Expressions / collocations (nt obey/abide by the law) Explaining AWOL absence without a leave Legal English can be divided into 3 levels. We learn the first one, which is needed for the other two! You have to know the vocabulary etc. Second level has to do with legal contracts... The third level both 1 and 2 and explaining... We learn the vocabulary + explaining.
rules of social and moral behaviour); rules we accept if we belong to a particular institution (religion, organization); laws imposed on people by a government Penalties for breaking the rules are different. For not following the customs there may not be a punishment, or a person may be criticized by the society; rules of a social institution tend to carry precise penalties but they are not enforceable by any political authority; however governments use a system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce the laws they have made. The relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules. One of the ways to classify laws is to separate them into prescriprive and descriptive law. Descriptive laws simply describe how people usually behave. For example law of gravity- if a person throws an apple up in the air, then it’s very likely that it falls down again. Other laws are prescriptive- they prescribe how people should or should not behave. For
There are also the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico surrounding the big country. There are 50 states in America. Most of the people live in towns. The biggest state is Alaska; next by size are California, Alaska and Montana. Six states - Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts are called New England. They are all small states in the USA that lie in the north- east. The first colony of immigrants settled down in Virginia, in the eastern part of the USA. 3. Relief The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and in the south its coast is washed by the Gulf of Mexico. The coastline is even. There are no big islands belonging to the USA except the Hawaiian Islands which lie halfway the continents of America and Asia. The biggest peninsulas are the Florida Peninsula and Alaska. 4. Land Regions Mountains
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