Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "English Phonetics and Phonology. Mid-term2". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
syllable, stress, tone, phoneme, unit, vowel, consonant, intonation, words, here, sound, english, language, nucleus, coda, function, noun, there, rhythm, assimilation, other, weak, pitch, between, syllabic, place, position, tonic, term, part, close, vowels, final, verb, languages, rate, phrase, forms, speech, fall, structure, positions, first, timedAuditory phonetics the study of the way listeners perceive these sounds. Articulatory phonetics the study of how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language. Phonology maybe used by actors, teachers, computer engineers etc. Phonology the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It studies: the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds in a language the actual physical articulation of speech sounds The phoneme. Phoneme is a meaning distinguishing sound in a language; it functions contrastively/ the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. When there is a contrast in identical environment we must be dealing with separate phonemes - when we replace one sound with another, we get another word with another meaning, therefore that sound must be a phoneme. There are small shades of sounds that don't distinguish meaning phones. The
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g
Pyrrhic Alliteration Asyndeton Rhythmic invers. Assonance Apokoinu Run-on line Rhyme: Gap-sentence link Stanza: Full Framing Heroic couplet Incomplete Anadiplosis Ballad stanza Vowel Tautology Spenserian stanza Consonant Polysyndeton Ottava rima Compound Inversion Sonnet: Eye-rhyme Detachment Italian Internal Antithesis Shakespearean Head r
STYLISTICS 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies The term ,,style" is polysemantic. Latin ,,stilus"--a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Soon, the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift said: ,, Style is proper words in proper places" Present day--half a dozen meanings: · the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas (Style of Byron) · the manner of expressing ideas characteristic of a literary movement or period (symbolism, romanticism) · the use of lg. typical of a literary genre (comedy, drama, novel) · the selective use of lg that depends on spheres of human activity. These
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF OLD ENGLISH - 15 monophtongs, (7 long, 7 short, 1 central), 4 diphtongs, 17 consonants. Free variaton of R, and it was pronounced everywhere. Very much Germanic in character. Quite some special consonants that no longer exist. About morphology: synthetic with numerous aglutinating tendencies. System of tenses Germanic, but with a reduction of tenses. Paradigmatic leveling; Stress shift; Word order; Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common. Adposition and podposition were both possible (eesliide ja tagaliide). About syntax: clauses were joined much simpler than nowadays, using and, then etc. Because of case syncretion the word order in a sentence became much more important to be able to tell the difference between words.
Available at https://books.google.ee/books/about/Language_and_Linguistics.html?id=8Wg57a3DdYYC, accessed January 19, 2016 World Heritage Encyclopedia & Project Gutenberg. 2016. Lemma (Morphology). Available at http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/lemma_(morphology), accessed January 19, 2016. DIPHTHONGS Origin: Late Middle English: from French diphtongue, via late Latin from Greek diphthongos, from di- 'twice' + phthongos 'voice, sound'. A diphthong is a special kind of vowel sound. Most vowel sounds in English are made with the mouth in one position and with one pure sound. These vowel sounds are called monophthongs (mono meaning “one” and phthong meaning “sound”). A diphthong is one vowel sound formed by the combination of two vowel sounds. A diphthong begins as one vowel sound and moves toward another, such as the vowel sounds in coin or loud. Diphthongs can be contrasted with two monophthong vowel sounds together that form two syllables, such as in chaos, triage, or violin
suppletive forms has decreased.In the text: goon to go wenden - to turn Gan was suppletive in Old English, past form: eode.Eode was supplanted by went (past form of wenden) at the end of the Middle English period.To wend has survived in Modern English in phrases such as to wend one's way, we wended homewards (ironic usage). Thus: suppletivity- suppletion different parts of one and the same paradigm come from what were originally different paradigms (different words with close meanings or words in different but close dialects).Suppletion embraces verbs, adjectives, nouns. Be was/were been (Old English beon/wesan) (am, art, is, are); in Old English some suppletive forms were used parallel to one another) Good better best Bad worse worst Much more most Little less least Estonian: hea parem (cf "paras" fitting, in Finnish "the best" - metonymical link), palju - rohkem Finnish: mennä (to go), lähteä (to leave) Estonian: minema, mine, lähen, läksin
Rhyme is regular sound repetition occurring at the end of poetic lines (rhyming words have similar or identical sound combinations). Full rhyme identical sounds (last stressed vowel and following consonant) tide-side, cold-gold. Incomplete rhyme derived from full rhyme. Vowel rhyme identical vowels and different consonants pen-best. Consonant rhyme identical consonants and different vowels love-live. Compound rhyme made up of 2 or more words united by single stress women=two men. Eye-rhyme contains identical letters while vowels are pronounced differently farm-warm. Internal rhyme occurs within a poetic line. Head rhyme connects the end of a line with the beginning of the next one by similar sound combinations. Couplet rhyme 2 lines are rhythmically linked by the final rhyme: a a. Cross rhyme rhyming combination: a b a b. Frame rhyme - rhyming combination: a b b a. Triple rhyme - rhyming combination: a a a.
Style The term style is a polysemantic one. The latin word ,,stilus" meant a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Already, in classical latin the meaning of style was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style of symbolism, romanticism 3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4
in England) should be called English English. 2. RP - Accent which is normally taught to students who are studying EngEng. Used natively by only 3-5% of the population of England. RP has a large number of diphthongs and not a particularly close relationship to English orthography. RP is a social accent, rather than regional, and is associated particularly with the upper-middle and upper classes. Some features: · The /i:/ of bee, rather than the // of be, occurs in the final syllable of very, many, etc. · The vowel // in unstressed syllables (in RP) often corresponds to // (in near-RP accents). · The consonant /t/ may be realized as a glottal stop [?]. · Most EngEng accents have lost the original contrast. · Some English accents are ,,rhotic" or ,,r-ful" and others are ,,non-rhotic" or ,,r-less". 3. Estuary English - a dialect of English widely spoken in South East England. IT is commong among young Londoners. Something between RP and Cockney.
LEXICOLOGY 1. Size of English vocabulary 1) Old English – 50,000 to 60,000 words Vocabulary of Shakespeare OE – homogeneous; 1/3 of the vocabulary has survived • 884,647 words of running text About 450 Latin loans (Amosova) • 29,000 different words (incl. work, working, Viking invasions added 2,000 worked, which are counted here as separate 2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot,
English lexicology 1. Size of English vocabulary Vocabulary is a sum total of words used in a language by speakers or for dictionary-making. Active and passive vocabulary. The Old English vocabulary was homogenous. There were about 50 000 – 60 000 words, 1/3 of which have survived. o About 450 loans from Latin o About 2000 from the Viking invasions. The Middle-English vocabulary became a heterogeneous hybrid of Germanic and Romanic languages. 100 000 to 125 000 words. o About 10 000 loans from Norman French, 75% are still in use o Continuing Latin influence Early Modern English. 200 000 – 250 000 words
reasons for doing some activities.... 10. Offer feedback after oral or written assignments or pair-, group work. 1 References: Kahny, Jim. Classroom dynamics: An interview with Jill Hadfield. Available at http://ltprofessionals.com/journalpdfs/vol1no1/features/winter2000kahny.pdf accessed 27.12.2012 ESOL Teaching Skills TaskBook. Classroom dynamics: unit 1 a). Available at http://akoaotearoa.ac.nz/download/ng/file/group-4/n2431-esol-teaching-skills- taskbook-unit-1-a---classroom-dynamics.pdf accessed 27.12.2012 III Language teaching methods. · (Traditional: the grammar-translation method/ classical method.) · Traditional: the direct method Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiQvG-fvzLM Kids lesson (direct method) Language is primarily speech Reading skills are developed through practice with speaking
tegevusnime, oleviku kesksõna, mineviku kesksõna) derivational affix liide, tuletusliide, tuletusafiks (e.g. postwar, anti-American, wiser, greenish) parts of speech sõnaliigid English Estonian Definition Example noun (proper, common, nimisõna, Refers to words which denote classes and categories of book, water, sincerity, Mary, concrete, abstract) substantiiv things in the world, including people, animals, Estonia inanimate things, places, events, qualities, and states. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns
represent a throne room · The plays moved at a rapid speed · Elizabethan actors spoke their lines quicklier than modern performers · No woman appeared at the stage; women's and children's roled were played by boys who were skilful and highly trained · In a soliloquy the actor's alone on the stage, speaking to himself and revealing to the audience his inner thoughts and feelings · In an aside the actor speaks words that the other characters on stage are not supposed to hear Sonnet · A sonnet (from the Italian fot ,,little song") is a fourteen-line lyric poem with a fixed rhyme pattern and a regular rhythm, or predictable pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables called metre · The basic unit of metre is foot which usually contains one stressed syllable and one or two unstressed syllables · The usual metre of a sonnet is iambic pentameter
The spelling of endings in the Present Simple In the third person singular (he/she/it), a present simple verb ends in -s. I know he knows I work she works 1 After s, sh, ch and x we add -es. I pass it passes I wash she washes I catch he catches I mix he mixes 2 Some verbs ending in o have -es. I go he goes I do she does 3 When a verb ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to -ies. I hurry he hurries I copy she copies 2 Whe do not change y after a vowel. I stay he stays I enjoy he enjoys When to use the Present Simple The Present simple generally refers to: · Facts that are always true Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. · Habits and repeated actions British people drink a lot of tea.
As ridiculous as it might sound and casting aside all stereotypes, it actually seems possible. Unbelievable? Well, sociolinguistics, sociopathology, sociophonetics are all very fascinating subjects. Never thought a single word or a sound you make could tell random strangers who you are? Well, prepare to be convinced otherwise. (Well, not solely by these two articles or my short conclusions, of course, it is a very wide field and there is yet much research to be done.) Anyhow, here I have found two research articles, both dealing with whether it is possible to distinguish someone's sexual identity solely based upon a few words, or much less, a single phone. As it turns out, it is. How it is done, is also shown (although I must admit that my current education did not allow me to understand all the details of the methods used) and a lot of research poured into finding out what it is that random people find "sounding gay" or "sounding heterosexual".
Definitions: Phonology is the study that describes the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. Phonetics is the general study of the charecteristics of speech sounds – studies how different speech sounds are produced. Phoneme is a meaning-distinguishing sound in a language. E.g. artistic-al-ly To know if a sound is a phoneme use the minimal contrasting pair method where the difference is only one sound: pin vs pen. Allophones are different variations of how a phoneme is pronounced according to the context. E.g. dark and clear l – clear and dull. Segmentation is the act of dividing speech sounds into units. E.g. segment- ation Larnyx (kõri) is the voice box. Glottis is the opening between the vocal cords. Manner of articulation is the way the airstream is blocked when producing a sound – blocked vs partially blocked; vibrating vs no vibration. Different sound types: Velar sounds are produced by the tongue being in contact with the lower
1 SYNTACTIC STYLISTIC DEVICES SYNTACTIC STYLISTIC DEVICES are based on a peculiar place of the word or phrase in the utterance (text, sentence, etc).This special place creates emphasis irrespective of the lexical meaning of the words used. Categories: syntactic stylistic devises based on: SDD: based on ABSENCE OF LOGICALLY REQUIRED ELEMENTS OF SPEECH ELLIPSIS ELLIPSIS or ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES means leaving out one or both principle members of the sentence that is the subject or predicate. NT: Where is the man I'm going to marry? - Out in the garden. (no subject) What is he doing out there? - Annoying father. Here, in the dialogue, ellipsis creates the colloquial tone of the utterance
There are general L (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular lg); special L (studies specific features of a separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns may carry a new meaning (nt, arms-weapons, looks-appearance, works-plant) b)connected with phonetics. The meaning of a word is expressed by sounds and it depends on the order of sounds(spoonerism) c)history of the lg helps to understand ahanges in the meanings of words (nt, legend ment a book where a life of saints was described) d)stylistics is the sign of expressive means of the language. The same idea may be expressed in
Ballgames: · volleyball Of- forms: · The Republic of Estonia Meals: · Lunch; dinner Air, sky, earth, moon: · The moon Musical instruments: · The violin; the guitar Academic subjects: · Biology; history Go to------ school, university, sea, bed, work, hospital: · - Nationalities: · Dutch; Spanish 4. Comparison of adjectives: Adjectives with one syllable: clean cleaner cleanest new newer newest cheap cheaper cheapest Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings: Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y dirty dirtier dirtiest easy easier easiest happy happier happiest pretty prettier prettiest
Negative I/he/she/it was not /wasn’t you/we/they were not /weren’t Question Was I/he/she/it? Were you/we/they? 2 The spelling of endings in the Past Simple Regular verbs have -ed in the Past Simple tense. look looked call called 1. If the verb ends in -e, we just add -d. hope hoped save saved 2. When a verb ends in a consonant + -y, the -y changes into -ied. hurry hurried copy copied 3. If a one-syllable verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, we double the consonant. beg begged plan planned We also double the consonant in words of more than one syllable, if the last syllable is stressed. permit permitted prefer preferred In British English l is usually doubled, even if the syllable is unstressed.
The superlative degree is usually used with the definite article the. Formation of comparatives and superlatives from adjectives and adverbs: Adjectives 1) one-syllable Adjectives • for one-syllable adjectives, add –er to form the comparative and -est to form the superlative: sweet sweeter the sweetest If an adjective ends with a mute –e, it is omitted: late later the latest NOTE! For one-syllable adjectives ending in a vowel + consonant, we double the consonant: big bigger the biggest • with one-syllable adjectives ending in –ed we use more and most pleased more pleased most pleased 2 2) two-syllable Adjectives • with two-syllable adjectives ending in –ly, -y, -w, we also add –er/-est narrow narrower the narrowest NOTE
Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). Syntax (concerned with the rules [grammar] and how sentences and words are formed). Synchronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how language exists in one moment in time, not at how this language came to be the way it is now. Example Estonian in the 21st century. Diachronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how a language has changed over some period of time. In a way it is comparing language to what it was and how it is now. For example comparing 18th century and 19th century Estonian.
physical and cultural environment in which the language is spoken. A people unfamiliar with, say, horses is unlikely to have a word for `horse'; similarly with ploughs, printing presses, and internet porn sites. For the most part this is trivial it's hard to imagine how it could be otherwise, given the general nature of human language. People tend to make a great deal of the alleged fact (see Pullum 1989) that "the Eskimos have lots of words for snow", but it doesn't take much thought to realise that any language spoken in a given physical and cultural environment is likely to have efficient ways of referring to distinctions that are important in that environment. That doesn't mean that you can read very much into individual words and individual facts about the lexicon of a given language (this topic has already come up in connection with debates about the location of the Indo-European
publisher. ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Introduction Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of
Review questions English lexicology Size of English vocabulary. Average speaker 45,000-60,000 words, a total of about 200,000. Core and periphery. English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from Old English, 45% comes from French, 16,7% comes from Latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words and the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. Native and foreign element. Native words belong to very important semantic group (modal verbs-shall, will, can, may; pronouns- I, you, he, my, his; preps- in, out, under; numerals and conjunctions::but, till, as. Native words are head, arms, back; mother, brother, son, wife; snow, rain, wind, sun; cat, sheep, cow; old, young, cold, hot, dark; do, make, go, come, see
structures of a language, usually intended as an aid to the learning of that language. Prescriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as certain people think itshould be used. Phonology: the subfield of linguistics that studies the structure and systematic patterning of sounds in human language. Phonetics: of the acoustic detail of speech sounds and how they are articulated. Phone: [p] A phone is actual pronunciation of a phoneme. A phone is represented between brackets Allophone: e.g. pin spin Phoneme: /p/ - /iz/ `houses' /s/ voicless `cats' /z/ `boys' /t/ `learned' /id/ `wanted' A phoneme is the smallest unit of the sound system of a language. If two sounds have the same phoneme, they are treated equally. A phoneme is represented between slashes. Morphology: is the study of word formations and the internal structure of words Morphemes: the smallest units of language that have their own meaning or grammatical
exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content words. Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are usually grammatical words. Example ‘We flew over the mountains at dawn'. countable nouns Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen"
What is your name? (formal) What is your name? (informal) My name is... Mucho gusto. / Encantado. Señor / Señora / Señorita Igualmente. moo-choh goo-stoh / en-cahn- sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah / ee-guahl-mehn-tay tah-doh sayn-yor-ee-tah Same here. / Same to you. Nice to meet you. Mister / Mrs. / Miss ¿De dónde eres? ¿De dónde es usted? Yo soy de... day dohn-day eh-rehs day dohn-day ehs oo-sted yoh soy day Where are you from? Where are you from? (formal) I'm from..
Russian , Old Slavonic, the history of the Russian language and Russian dialectology, etc. The Department of Russian Literature of XX century in Russian literature explore (from 1890s to the present), including works of Russian emigrants abroad and nonRussian writers in Russia proper. Curriculum at the Division of Russian as a Foreign Language is similar to the one of the Division of the Russian Language and Literature, with additional stress laid on foreign languages, the theory and methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language, and area studies. Division of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics aims at giving students profound knowledge in the field of linguistic theory. The core courses include mathematics (mathematical language, probability models, mathematical statistics, information theory and coding, algebra, logic, mathematical theory of grammar) and linguistics (the theory of language structure,
Automated Essay Scoring 3 Automated essay scoring is a measurement technology in which computers evaluate written work (Shermis & Burstein, 2003). Most of the initial applications have been in English, but past work has been applied to Japanese (Kawate-Mierzejewska, 2003, March), Hebrew (Vantage Learning, 2001), and Bahasa Malay (Vantage Learning, 2002). Computers do not "understand" the written text being evaluated Unlike humans, a computer cannot interpret the play on words, and infer that the predicate in the answer (i.e., "ajar") is being cleverly used as a noun (i.e., "a jar"). What the computer does in an AES context is to analyze the written text into its observable components. Different AES systems evaluate different numbers of these components. Page and Peterson (1995) referred to these elements as "proxes" or approximations for underlying "trins" (i.e., intrinsic characteristics) of writing. It is the
· Tartu dialect 4 121 0,5 3. Northeastern coastal dialect 1 288 0,1 Cannot speak a dialect 757 091 85,3 Total 887 216 100 Central dialect Eastern dialect Estonian written language · O is replaced by Õ : is based on the central olema>olema dialect · D does not disappear in Is the most common laadivahetusega words : Pada- dialect and also most wide pajas>padas spread Western dialect The most important feature of the western dialect is the V changing into B : kõva kivi>kõba kibi It is usual that in the non-stressed end syllables I changes to E : nimi>nime, ei tohi>ei tohe In comparative the A-stem exists : kõvem>kõvam, parem>param A characteristic feature is the strong form of Inessive:jalas> jalgas, rannas>randas. insular dialect
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