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2008-11-30
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Revision questions for the test on Old English and Medieval Literature. 1.) How is literature analysed and studied? What is the difference between the diachronic and synchronic view? Literature is studied and analysed by reading the piece of work profoundly and work on all the aspects of the piece. Diachronic is development in history Synchronic is particular state at any given moment 2.) Give a general overview of Celtic Britain, Roman invasion in 55-54 BC, Anglo-Saxon invasion and the second Roman "invasion" of Great Britain, who were the leaders, what influence did they leave on the culture of Great Britain? Celtic Britain was during the Bronze Age, there were many small tribal kingdoms fighting one another. Many megalithic monuments were built around that time, e.g. Stonehenge, the Avebury ring. The Roman Invasion 55-54 BC, Julius Caesar ruled Rome, Rome built the Hadrian's wall (73 miles
Food was terrible for the most part cabbage everyday! There were some compensations such as religious festivals time for the people to have fun. Crusades the aim was to reconquer the Holy Land. Arab influence. The Arabs gave Europe medicine, mathematics etc. Commerce, travel became easier. After the Norman conquerings, three languages were prevalent: French, Latin, Anglosaxon. Romances were written in French, folklore in English, Anglosaxon. The medieval romance (literature): · Chivalric romance a narrative genre that first developed in France in the 12th century. Mostly stories of single knights who undertook an adventure in order to gain a lady's favour. They stress their chivalric ideas of courage, honour, mercy and elaborate manners. Courtly Love a code that regulates the relations of a knight and his lady. The erotic aspect of love is spiritualised. It is regarded as the noblest passion on Earth.
The knight's service of the object of his secret desire, the cult of the lady became very important. In the 12 th century there was a revolution in sensibility in Europe. Human emotions were no longer regarded as a disease. Human love- could be seen as an image of what it meant to love God. The Mother of God, a gracious lady and loving mother could be also worshipped. The cult of Mary emerges and runs parallel with the chivalric idealization of women. For the change of sexual passion into a cult of an idealized woman the warrior had to undergo a cultural transformation. This became possible when he was taken to the king or a great nobleman's court. The courts were run by well-educated clerics who spread the idea of courtier manners and morals. The virtues prized were: no boasting, gentleness, friendliness, moderation, temperate moods. In this times literature and culture of ancient Rome was paid much attention
Westminster Abbey is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London. 10.The Crusades - find some information about them. They were military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. The first of the Crusades began in 1095, when armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II's plea to go to war against Muslim forces in the Holy Land. 11.How would you describe Medieval or Chivalric Romances? Chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe. They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures, often of a knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities, who goes on a quest. 12.What is courtly love? It was a medieval European literary conception of love that emphasized nobility and chivalry. Medieval literature is filled with examples of knights setting out on adventures and performing
The Student rides an extremely lean horse, is poor, dresses threadbare his clothes are shabby because he spends all his money on books. He represents the spirit of learning. The Shipman represents many of his countrymen, other sailors, including pirates, who were making a name for England as a powerful maritime nation. o They each tell a story suitable for their class, different genres. The Knight a romance, the Miller a fabliau, the Prioress a religious legend. Each story has its own prologue and epilogue. There are numerous interruptions, characterised by the pilgrims' own actions. The whole tales are a broad panorama of human nature including everything that is noble and base (the opposite of noble). · GC was in a transitional stage into the Renaissance. There is humanity and humanism
British works in Latin Venerable Bede He lived between 673 and 735 AD The greatest of all the AngloSaxon scholars He's the earliest English historian, whose work has shed light on a period of English history that would have otherwise been unknown ,,The Father of English History" Wrote / translated about 40 books on almost every area of knowledge, i.e. nature, astronomy, and poetry His best known work is "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People" Starting with the Roman invasion in the 5th century, he recorded the history of the English up to his own day Old English Cædmon ,,The Father of English Hymn" Cædmon's Hymn is the oldest recorded Old English poem, and also one of the oldest surviving samples of Germanic alliterative verse The Hymn itself was composed between 658 and 680, recorded in the earlier part of the 8th century Middle English Geoffrey Chaucer 13431400 Known as the ,,Father of English literature",
period. Importance of religion; the stories of King Arthur (also Tristan and Isolde, based on Celtic legends). Importance of the church during the Middle Ages (5th c to 15th c). Three languages used in England: French, English and Latin. Main literary genres: (1) chivalric romance, (2) the fabliau (a comic, often anonymous tale that is characterised by an excess of sexual and other types of obscenity) and (3) literature on religious topics – either moralistic (teach right from wrong) or ecclesiastical (biblical subject).
masques covered the years of Charles’s personal rule without summoning the Parliament. The court was staking a claim to everlasting fame through its patronage of the arts. Culture and political ideology became more and more entangled with each other. The arts were supposed to create an image for the nobility to follow and to present ideals to which one should adhere. This also meant that the king and the queen were supposed to be seen as personifications of these ideals. Charles I adopted the Roman imperial style when it came visually presenting his own reign. The association between this kind of political philosophy and art was summed up in Thomas Carew’s masque Coelum Britannicum. Peace became the recurring theme of courtly celebrations. Masques were at the heart of the court’s cultural life, and thus they were used to portray the king and the queen as something more than mere human, for example, the queen acquired the role of a Platonic love goddess
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