Renata Lukk [email protected] Writing Course 27.04.2014 Biased news Neutral tone Last weekend, the first of this seasons MotoGP races finally took place in Argentina. The first day was unevenftful, but the second day brought some unexpected events. Rio Hondo, the overall leader of the MotoGP series was in a leading position after successfully completing 8 laps and he was taking the last of the dangerous jumps, when suddenly, while he was still in the air, both of the wheels of his bike detached
Figure 1. Circuit diagram Figure 2. Timing diagram VD + R = 96 k - Figure 3. Replacement circuit Forward biased: Reverse biased: Table 1. Volt-amphere characteristics US, V UAC, V Measured Calculated US, V UAC, V Measured IA, µA IA, µA IA, µA 0,2 0,1999 0,0027 0 0,2 -0,199 0,6 0,3657 1,252 0 0,6 -0,599
Even approaching the burnout current value without reaching it can shorten its life. Therefore manufacturer's data sheet specifies the maximum forward current, that diode can withstand. This average current IF is the rate a diode can handle up to the forward direction when used as a rectifier. Another entry of interest in the data sheet is the forward voltade drop UF(max) when the maximum forward current occurs. An usual diode has this value 0.7-2.0V. Diode conducts easily when forward biased. Reverse biasing. The reverse current is a leakage current at the source rated voltage. Typically, silicon diodes have 1-10 microA and germanium 200-700 microA of leakage current. This value includes thermally produced current and surface leakage current. Only these currents take place, when a diode is reverse biased. At breakdown, the diode goes into avalanche where a number of carriers appear suddenly in the depletion layer. With a rectifier diode, breakdown is usually destructive.
18.09.2012 Mari-Liis Eha 120876KAKB My interest in chemical engineering I studied for 3 years in an english-science biased class in secondary school. My favourite subjects were chemistry and biology. We had many field trips. For instance, we had field trip to Kohtla-Järve to see the oil shale industry and also tours to see the wind generators. This is where my attraction to environment and chemistry grew together and I wanted to know more about further job and education opportunities in this field. I had a chance to be a job shadower at a company called ,,Orto", which is a chemical industry.
- 70,9 1 0 - 0,84 - 80,6 1 0 - 0,85 - 90,1 1 0 - Estimation of the knee point and the forward voltage drop Uf The knee point voltage is obtained from fig.1.2. as 0,76V. The forward voltage drop is 0,82V. Conclusion The obtained volt-ampere characteristic looks like expected. The forward current of the diode depends exponentialy on the voltage across it. The characteristics for the reverse biased diode show no reaction because the voltage source was too weak to trigger any reverse current. The obtained forward voltage drop is in the expected region of 0,7-2V.
precise; exact Admiral - a naval officer of the highest rank Air force - the military unit of a nation charged with carrying out military operations in the air Air marshal - an air force officer of a rank comparable to an army lieutenant general Ally - a person, group, or nation that is associated with another or others for some common cause or purpose Assassinate - to kill suddenly or secretively, especially a politically prominent person; murder premeditatedly and treacherously Biased - having or showing prejudice Brutal - savage; cruel; inhuman Capture - to take by force or stratagem; take prisoner; seize: Claim - to demand by or as by virtue of a right; demand as a right or as due: Coast guard - a military service which in peacetime enforces maritime laws, saves lives and property at sea, and maintains aids to navigation Commerce - an interchange of goods or commodities, especially on a large scale between different countries
hard enough to deal with this by myself. In order to return a healthy appetite, I read a lot of literature but was not sure that I would find the correct way to restore health. That`s why, I want to study Nutrition and Food Science course. I desire to help people cope with eating diseases and find out more about healthy eating, explore the foundations of human nutrition, food science and safety. My favourite subjects at school are Chemistry and Biology. I study at science biased class, so I have supplementary courses like the Chemistry of Elements and Applied Biology. My Chemistry and Biology teachers motivated me to an in-depth study of their subjects. Also, I took part in town Olympiads in Mathematics, Chemistry and according to results I was in top 10. Theteacher`s helpfulness and my interest to unknown helped me to overcome difficulties and achieve high results. I do my best to have
· Naised on reeglina edukamad keele- ja sõnavaraülesannetes, mehed ruumilist kujutlust ja matemaatilisi oskusi nõudvates ülesannetes · Meeste tulemused kalduvad olema veidi paremad kui naistel, kuid erinevus on väike · Ameerikas on musta nahavärviga inimeste tulemused keskmiselt 1 standardhälbe võrra madalamad kui valgetel · Mongoliidse rassi esindajad saavad keskmiselt 4-5 punkti kõrgema tulemuse kui valged Miks tulemused erinevad? · Testid on vildakad (biased) Koostatud valgete poolt, nõuavad teadmisi sellest, kuidas jõukas keskklass sisustab oma vaba aega (golf, purjetamine jne) · Mustade ja valgete erinevus ei kao ka siis kui sotsiaalsed ja majanduslikud erinevused on arvesse võetud · Erinevused on suuremad just arvutamist ja ruumilist kujutlust nõudvates küsimustes, mitte sõnalistes küsimustes (mis sõltuvad kultuurist rohkem) · Need küsimused, mis on kõige raskemad mustadele, on
Procedual law (menetlusõigus) - the body of law that prescribes formal steps to be taken in enforcing legal rights. Substantive law (materjaalneõigus) - the part of the law that creates, defines, and regulates rights; the essential substance of rights under law. decree (seadlus) - a decision or order of government or judicial body eligible (valitav) - capable of being chosen fair trial (õiglane kohtupidamine) - parites are treated equally by independent and biased judges code (seadustik) - a collection of laws libel matters (kirjalik laim) - in written text saying terrible things another person slander matter (suuline laim) - to say terrible things about someone verbaly sole proprietor (füüsiliselt isikust ettevõtja) - person who owns business, distinguished from a partnership or corporation 1. Prescriptive and descriptive law
4. Continental law Continental law – legal system originating in Europe in which legal codes serve as main source of law Government – system by which a state or community is controlled Civil code – a collection of laws designed to deal with different areas of private law Penal code – a collection of a particular jurisdiction's criminal law Legislators – a group of people who have the power to make laws Corrupt – dishonestly using your position or power to get an advantage Biased – unfairly prejudiced for or against someone or something Judgement – an official legal decision Citizen – a member of a state Legislature – the group of people in a country who have the power to make and change laws Judiciary – the part of a country's government that is responsible for its legal system, including all the judges in the country's courts Continental systems, also known as codified systems have developed in most of Continental
silmaliigutusi reguleerivad keskused, kiirusagara moodulsüsteemid(nt tp reguleerimise/ümberjagamise ja tähelepanu koondamise jaoks), parema ajupoolkera dominatsus aktivatsioonis. 24. Too näiteid tähelepanu piirangutest ja kallutatusest. Too näiteid, kuidas tähelepanu piirangud ja kallutatus mõjutavad meid igapäevaelus. Tähelepanu ressursid on piiratud: selle seletuseks on R.Desimone ja J.Duncan väljapakkunud kallutatud võistluse teooria (biased competition), mille kohaselt toimub erinevaid objekte representeerivate retseptiivväljade vaheline võistlus piiratud töötlusressursi nimel. *Illusoorsed konjunktsioonid (illusoryconjunctions) ehk illusoorsed sidumised tähed erinevat värvi, mis värvi meelde jääb *Praimingnn tähelepanu ülessoojendus-mehhanism L_ _ L _ _ A _ *Tähelepanematusepimedus(inattentionalblindness) Kui tähelepanu on suunatud teatudobjektile/tegevusele, siis võivad samas stseenis
requires a complex, often slow, process of consensus-building that must take into account national sovereignty as well as global needs. The organization won the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UN's effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. 2. General knowledge on your delegation COUNTRY: Syrian Arab Republic POPULATION: Over 13 million LANGUAGE: Arabic (official); French; English RELIGION: Islam, Christianity, Druze, Judaism, Baha'i Syrian Arab Republic, more commonly known as Syria. The fertile land of Syria lies at the crossroads of great trade routes between the East and West. It is also the site of many holy places in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Because of these advantages, it has been
18 by Rässler, Rubin, and Schenker. Nonresponse error is a function of the response rate and the differences between respondents and nonrespondents. If nonresponse is the result of a pure chance process, in other words if nonresponse is completely at random, then there is no real problem. Of course, the realized sample is smaller, resulting in larger confidence intervals around estimators. But the conclusions will not be biased due to nonresponse. Only when respondents and nonrespondents do differ from each other on the variables of interest in the study, will there be a serious nonresponse problem. The nonresponse is then selective nonresponse and certain groups may be underrepresented. In the worst case, there is a substantial association between the nonresponse and an important variable of the study causing biased results. A classic example comes from mobility studies: people who travel a lot are more
439. reorganisation proceedings saneerimismenetlus 440. declaration of death of a person inimese surnuks kuulutamine 441. challenging the decisions of a bailiff vaidlustama kohtutäituri otsuseid 442. freedom to dispose vabadus käsutada 443. publicity of proceedings menetluse avalikkus 444. impartial leader of proceeding erapooletu menetluse läbiviija 445. implementer of law seaduse rakendaja 446. mediator lepitaja 447. biased judge erapoolik kohtunik 448. removal of a judge kohtuniku eemaldamine 449. petition of challenge taandamise taotlus 450. withdraw an action hagi tagasivõtmine 451. admit the claim tunnistama nõuet 452. substantive law materiaalõigus 453. judge sitting alone üksik kohtunik 454. preparatory decisions eelotsus 455. assistent judge kohtunikuabi 456. minutes protokoll 457. file kohtutoimik 458
kiirusagara moodulsüsteemid(nt tp reguleerimise/ümberjagamise ja tähelepanu koondamise jaoks), parema ajupoolkera dominatsus aktivatsioonis. 31. Too näiteid tähelepanu piirangutest ja kallutatusest. Too näiteid kuidas tähelepanu piirangud ja kallutatus mõjutavad meid igapäevaelus. Tähelepanu ressursid on piiratud: selle seletuseks on R.Desimone ja J.Duncan väljapakkunud kallutatud võistluse teooria (biased competition), mille kohaselt toimub erinevaid objekte representeerivate retseptiivväljade vaheline võistlus piiratud töötlusressursi nimel. Illusoorsed konjunktsioonid (illusoryconjunctions) ehk illusoorsed sidumised tähed erinevat värvi, mis värvi meelde jääb Praimingnn tähelepanu ülessoojendus-mehhanism L_ _ L _ _ A _ Tähelepanematusepimedus(inattentionalblindness)
isereguleeruvast süsteemist: kui CO2 hulk atmosfääris tõuseb, hakkavad taimed kiiremini kasvama, mis toob kaasa rohkem taimi, kes saavad seda sünteesida. Kriitika: Lovelock toob näiteks ainult seda, mis tema hüpoteesi toetab, aga vastupidine näide: merejää sulamine ja jää/merevee albeedo. 7.10.15 Ökosüsteemi läbikukkumine mahutavus langeb süsteemselt Inimestel on kombeks kaitsta neid liike, mis on talle sarnased, aga see on n-ö biased, ei haaku sellega, kuidas ökosüsteem ise toimib. 14.10.15 Elusorganismi eksistentsi organiseerivad: 1. vormivahetus, 2. ainevahetus ja 3. informatsioonivahetus (e semioos). Üksteisest sõltuvad, semioos eelduseks, et toimiks ainevahetus ning organism saaks oma vormi välja kujundada. Keskkonnasemioos Elusorganismide ja keskkonna semiootiliste suhete põhimõtted: 1. Semiootilised protsessid on vajalikud mis tahes muude organismi
information that activates schemas for severe accidents. Loftus's research indicates that it is possible to crate false memories and that memory is not reliable. These were both controlled laboratory experiments, so the ecological validity suffered. It is argued that performing laboratory experiments on memory do not reflect how and what people remember in real life. The samples were US college students, so the studies were culturally biased. Roediger and McDermott argue that the context of their research is what makes the finding more impressive, since the students knew it was a memory test and inaccurate answers would be spotted. But other research has attempted to take this method to real life, by interviewing people who had witnessed a real robbery. Findings have shown that misleading questions did not seem to distort people's memory. Instead, they have shown that the memory details in real life situations are quite amazing
Kui majandus- ja rahaintegratsiooni areng olnud üsna ühemõtteline, siis sotsiaalpoliitika küllaltki heterogeenne ja pigem inkrementaalne areng. Kuni 2000ndad nn permissive consensus. Tekkinud semi- suveräänsed rahvusriigid ja multi-level polity Küsimus, kas see on piisavalt tugev, et luua sotsialased lepingud, võtta ette sotsiaalreforme ja ravida ühisturust tulenevaid probleeme; hybrid hodgepodge. From austerity-biased negative integration to growth oriented caring Europe. OMC – as European third-way - learning by monitoring. 97 tööturg; 2000 sotsiaalpoliitikad. 25 7. LOENG HEAOLURIIGI VASTUPIDAMINE Heaoluriik üle elanud mitmeid kriise ning kirjanduses mitmeid teooriaid heaoluriigi hakkamasaamise ja nn taluvustesti osas. Kaks peamist argumentatsiooniliini, mis HORi hakkamasaamist käsitlevad:
joonis 4.6). Elektriväljade liitu- mise tõttu suureneb summaarne potentsiaalibarjäär veelgi. Samal ajal leiab aset ka enamuslaengukandjate liikumine (pingeallika elektrivälja mõjul) pingeallika klemmide poole ja ruumilaengu tihedus suureneb veelgi. Kuna elektriväli on nüüd siirdes eelnevaga võrreldes veelgi tugevam, siis ei saa enamuslaengukandjad siiret üldse läbida. Reverse-Biased Junction JOONIS 4.6. ELEKTROONIKAKOMPONEND1D lk.23 Seda olukorda võib kujutada ka nii, nagu muutuks tõkkekiht paksemaks. Selliselt pingestatud siirde olukorda nimetatakse vastupingereziimiks. p-n-siiret läbib vastupinge olukorras ainult väga nõrk vool, mida nimetatakse vastuvooluks. Vastuvoolu põhjustajaks on vähemuslaengukandjad
Kuna elektriväli on nüüd siirdes eelnevaga võrreldes veelgi tugevam, siis ei saa enamuslaengukandjad siiret läbida. . Selliselt pingestatud siirde olukorda nimetatakse vastupingereziimiks. P-N-siiret läbib vastupinge olukorras siiski ka väga nõrk vool, mida nimetatakse vastuvooluks Vastuvoolu põhjustajaks on vähemuslaengukandjad , mis saavad mõjuva elektrivälja kaasabil siiret läbida Võime kujutleda ka, et siirde tõkkekiht muutub nagu paksemaks. Reverse Biased Junction 7 JOONIS 1.6 Tingituna vähemuslaengukandjate piiratud kontsentratsioonist sõltub vastuvool siirdele rakendatud vastupingest väga vähe. Vastuvool sõltub samuti ka materjalist.. Ränil on ta märksa väiksem kui germaaniumil. Kui ühendada P-N-siire vastupidise polaarsusega pingeallikaga, siis on ka esinevad nähtused vastupidised (vt. joonis 1.7). Sel juhul on välise pingeallika poolt tekitatud
P-N-siiret läbib vastupinge olukorras siiski ka väga nõrk vool, mida nimetatakse vastuvooluks Vastuvoolu põhjustajaks on vähemuslaengukandjad , mis saavad mõjuva elektrivälja kaasabil siiret läbida Võime kujutleda ka, et siirde tõkkekiht muutub nagu paksemaks. 6 Reverse Biased Junction JOONIS 1.6 Tingituna vähemuslaengukandjate piiratud kontsentratsioonist sõltub vastuvool siirdele rakendatud vastupingest väga vähe. Vastuvool sõltub samuti ka materjalist.. Ränil on ta märksa väiksem kui germaaniumil. Kui ühendada P-N-siire vastupidise polaarsusega pingeallikaga, siis on ka esinevad nähtused vastupidised (vt. joonis 1.7). Sel juhul on välise pingeallika poolt tekitatud elektriväli suunatud vastu
heaven and advantageous on earth." Women had been made to feel that they were inferior by nature and, though men paid lip-service to equality, they would resist its implementation. Some men might be sympathetic to women's issues, but only women themselves knew what they felt and wanted. Nonetheless, by the early eighties, feminists had advanced to a much more confrontational attack on male hegemony, advocating a complete overthrow of the biased (male) canon of literature. French feminists argued that women should write with a greater consciousness of their bodies, which would create a more honest and appropriate style of openness, fragmentation and non- linearity. Parallel studies in the visual arts stressed a feminine sensibility of soft fluid colours, an emphasis on the personal and decorative, and on forms that evoked the female genitalia.
•Kvaliteetne valim on kvaliteetse uurimistulemuse üks põhieeldusi. •Valim peab olema: a) tasakaalustatud (unbiased) b) esinduslik, st. peegeldama adekvaatselt üldkogumi proportsioone Valimi viga ja valimi-väline viga VVV tuleneb ebatäielikust valikuraamist, kodeerimisvigadest, mitte-vastajate suurest osakaalust, viletsast küsimustikust, asjatundmatust intervjueerijast jne. VV väljendub statistiliselt standardveana (standard error,SE) ja viitab tasakaalustamata valimile (biased sample). Mida väiksem on SE väärtus, seda kvaliteetsem uuring. Otsesed meetodid kvaliteedi tagamiseks •vastamismäär (response rate). Mitte alla 50% •Kuidas tagada nõutav vastamismäär? o järelküsitlused o kvalifitseeritud küsitlejad o hea küsimustik •kaalumine (weighting) oNäit. kui respondentide hulgas on 16-24 aastasi 2x vähem kui peaks olema vastavalt üldkogumile, tuleks anda selle grupi vastustele koefitsent 2 (2-ga läbi korrutada).
mistor, to place it in a useable range for an ADC. Thermocouples are relatively linear over a limited range of temperatures, but if the range of mea- surement is wide, the software will need to compensate for nonlinearities. The formula for thermocouple voltage is a polynomial, just like thermistor resis- tance is. Solid State The simplest semiconductor temperature sensor is a PN junction, such as a signal diode or the base-emitter junction of a transistor. If the current through the forward-biased silicon PN junction is held constant, the forward drop decreases about 1.8 mV per °C. The Maxim MAX1617 is an IC that measures temperature using an external transistor, such as a 2N3904, as a temperature sensing element. The transistor can be a discrete part, or it can be embedded in the die of an IC to measure the IC temperature. The MAX1617 has a serial SMBus output. The LM335 (Figure 3.5) from National Semiconductor produces an output voltage proportional to temperature
collect He carefully gathered his thoughts just before the interview. A gathering of citizens developed outside the courthouse. motion n. the state of changing one's position v. motion* * to direct by moving Syn. movement The motion of the flame was hypnotic. They motioned her to leave the area. partisan adj. strongly supporting a group or point of view Syn. biased Partisan political infighting caused Congress's influence to decline. His views reflected his partisan bins. pattern n. a regular, repeated arrangement or action adj. patterned Syn. habit v. pattern The bright pattern of the monarch butterfly distracts its predators. The new stadium was patterned after the old traditional ballparks. Phenomena n. natural events or facts; strange or notable adv
.. (Seidman, 1998; in Piekkari & Welch, 2008) Intervjuu puudused/lahendused Intervjuu puudused · Erapoolikus soov jätta head muljet ja tagasiulatuv põhjuse otsimine. ,,interviews also often provoke a "knee-jerk" reaction · Kehv mälu. Poor recall that the data are biased in which impression management and retrospective sensemaking are deemed the prime · Halb või ebatäpne sõnastus. Poor or culprits" Kasutada mitmeid teemas pädevaid vastajaid. ,,A key approach inaccurate articulation is using numerous and highly knowledgeable informants who (Yin, 2003: 92)
107. (i) higher, number / proportion / percentage / ratio / fraction, of mounds have thyme ; (c.f. quadrats) ora A figs, e.g. ⅔ vs ½, 2:1 vs 1:1, 36 vs 24 1 (ii) look for a statement and a reason use smaller quadrat ; e.g. 50 cm × 50 cm for fair test ; AW use grid and random numbers ; throwing keys biased ; AW estimate, percentage cover / abundance ; A point (frame) quadrat may be single plants in some samples and many in others ; bigger study area / more data ; (keep equal numbers mounds and quadrats) improves reliability / AW ; record other plants ; could influence thyme ; measure / note, abiotic variables ; A example explanation of how named variable affects thyme ; AVP ;
on-the-street ads, in which a number of ordinary people speak glowingly of a prod- uct, often without knowing that their words are being recorded. As would be expected according to the principle of social proof, these testimonials from "aver- age people like you and me" make for quite effective advertising campaigns. They have always included a relatively subtle kind of distortion: We hear only from those who like the product; as a result, we get an understandably biased picture of the amount of social support for it. More recently, though, a cruder and more unethi- cal sort of falsification has been introduced. Commercial producers often don't bother to get genuine testimonials. They merely hire actors to play the roles of av- erage people testifying in an unrehearsed fashion to an interviewer. It is amazing how bald-faced these "unrehearsed interview" commercials can be. (See the exam- ple in Figure 4.4
His face was very serious. "Why?" "First of all, he made me break my promise." I stared at him in confusion. He half-smiled. "I promised I wouldn't let go of you tonight," he explained. "Oh. Well, I forgive you." "Thanks. But there's something else." Edward frowned. I waited patiently. "He called you pretty," he finally continued, his frown deepening. "That's practically an insult, the way you look right now. You're much more than beautiful." I laughed. "You might be a little biased." "I don't think that's it. Besides, I have excellent eyesight." We were twirling again, my feet on his as he held me close. "So are you going to explain the reason for all of this?" I wondered. He looked down at me, confused, and I glared meaningfully at the crepe paper. He considered for a moment, and then changed direction, spinning me through the crowd to the back door of the gym. I caught a glimpse of Jessica and Mike dancing, staring at me curiously. Jessica waved,
and the resulting (primal) meat cuts are not before critical limits are exceeded and the considered here. Moreover, the chapter will batch may have to be rejected. not review current legislation in different On the other hand, over-documentation countries. Rather, it gives general informa- and problems related to information flow tion, combined with details based on (and and distribution of documents are a major biased toward) products, regulations, and cause of staff frustration and of noncompli- standards important to meat processors in ance with the system. In particular, over- Germany. These documents include, among documentation prevents effective use of others, the regulations of the European Union documents (by increasing the time required on food safety (in particular, Regulation [EC] for searching), increases the workload neces- nos
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