Gildas, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, saints' lives, poetry, archaelogical findings and place- name studies. British landlords ruled small, unstable kingdoms and continued some Roman traditions of governance. In the mid-5th cent, Vertigern, a British leader, hired Germanic mercenaries to help defend against peoples of the north (Picts & Scots). In the end they revolted & the process of invasion and settlement began. The first Saxon ,,kings" were Hengist & Horsa in Kent, Aelle in Sussex, Cerdic / Cynric in Wessex. So the first ,,English" became mainly from Northern Germany & Denmark. The resistance of the Celts was long. They were free at the time, not like other Roman provinces on the Continent. Around 500, the Britons seem to have won several victories. One of their leaders was Ambrosius Aurelianus and one of their victories was at the place called Mount Badon. The
Revision questions for the test on Old English and Medieval Literature. 1.) How is literature analysed and studied? What is the difference between the diachronic and synchronic view? Literature is studied and analysed by reading the piece of work profoundly and work on all the aspects of the piece. Diachronic is development in history Synchronic is particular state at any given moment 2.) Give a general overview of Celtic Britain, Roman invasion in 55-54 BC, Anglo-Saxon invasion and the second Roman "invasion" of Great Britain, who were the leaders, what influence did they leave on the culture of Great Britain? Celtic Britain was during the Bronze Age, there were many small tribal kingdoms fighting one another
The Literary Analyses of "Beowulf" "Beowulf" is a heroic epic that was written down around 1000 AD in Old English. The poem's composition, however, is considered to date back to about 700 AD, meaning that it is from the Anglo-Saxon literary period. The epic was most probably created by scop(s) who composed it for entertainment and in praise of their master. Over the three centuries the epic was being changed and adapted by them, as it was inherited by word of mouth. The events occurring in the poem are set in Southern Scandinavia, Geatland and Denmark, in the fifth and sixth centuries. It should be observed that the narrative is written in the third person point of view and the narrator is omniscient.
1. Beowulf. The dating of Beowulf is still controversial. The poem is one of the earliest and greatest monuments of the Germanic literatures. The main stories of the poem (the fights of B.) are versions of common folk-tales, but the poet also introduces many incidental stories, some of which belong to the world of ancient Germanic legend. He writes his folk-tales and legends in a web of other events, mainly set in the Baltic Kingdoms. He shows a very rich and leisurely portrayal of this Baltic world, providing many customs like the close relationship between lord and man in the war-band and others. All this encouraged the supposition that the unknown author of the poem was himself a bard of the ancient type portrayed within the poem (a lord's scoop). However, many people propose that the author could be
Had their own religion, however their rituals did not demand sacrifices. Introduced new words (1800). Placenames withe suffixes -by and -dale. They had their own customs and laws, which we know due to sagas (oral history). They had no written language. Beowulf Beowulf is an epic or a long poem describing the adventures of an hero. It belongs to the Anglo-Saxon period, when they were still living on the mainland and then brought to Greta Britain . It was made up in the 3rd or 4th century. I was spread orally until it was written down in the 10th century. The author is unknown and the manuscript is kept in the British Museum (near Trafalgar Square). The story is very important as it allows us to lear about the way of life in the 4th century. The characters can be divided into two groups fictitious and historical. The epic deploys many metaphors - e
the Jutes and the Frisians invaded Britain. During this time English was called Anglo- Saxon or Old English. In the chronicles of Roman history (composed in Latin) is said that Britain makes its first appearance in written language when Romans invade the England. BEOWULF most important poem, surviving in a 10th-cent manuscript. The historical period of the poem's events can be dated in the 6th to 8th century. Much of the material of the poem is legendary and paralleled in other Germanic historical-mythological literature in Norse, Old English, and German. GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340-1400) Politician and writer, fought in France during the 100 years war. He visited Genoa and Florence where he became acquainted with Italian literature and in particular with the works of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. The French period (up to 1370). early works were based mostly on French models. The Italian period (up to c. 1387)
History of English literature Periods: 1. Anglo-saxon or early literature (499 - 1066) 2. Second or Norman or late Medieval period (1066 - 13/14 century) 3. Renaissance or Modern period (13-14 century present) Anglo-Saxon period · All of the literature had its roots in folklore · Texts were orally transmitted, the anglosaxons had no written language · Two types of singers: 1) scop (attached to the royal court, wrote poetry and songs, performed them); 2) gleeman (travelled, mostly sang other peoples' songs, not their own songs; performers of scop songs) · The oldest known song Widsith (The Far Traveller/Wonderer); tells of a gleeman
It seems that the Celts, who had been arriving from Europe from the 8th cent BC onward, intermingled with the peoples who were already there. The Celts were extremely talented people, creative and artistic. More than 1 Celtic tribe invaded Br. The descendants of ancient Celts live in Wales, Scotland, Cornwall and Ireland. They lived in primitive society. Druids priests, more powerful than chiefs. Acted like prophets. 2. Stonehenge From prehistoric period. Was built on Salisbury plain between 2500 and 1500 bc. One of the most famous and mysterious archaeological sites in the world. One of the mysteries is how it was built at all with the technology of the time. Another is its purpose. It appears to function as a kind on astronomical clock and we know it was used by the Druids for ceremonies marking the passing of the seasons. It appears in number of novels. These days it is not only the interest of tourists but is also a
Suppletion Present in languages of different families. Present in Old, Middle and Modern English, though the general tendency is towards more regularity/iconicity so the number of suppletive forms has decreased.In the text: goon to go wenden - to turn Gan was suppletive in Old English, past form: eode.Eode was supplanted by went (past form of wenden) at the end of the Middle English period.To wend has survived in Modern English in phrases such as to wend one's way, we wended homewards (ironic usage). Thus: suppletivity- suppletion different parts of one and the same paradigm come from what were originally different paradigms (different words with close meanings or words in different but close dialects).Suppletion embraces verbs, adjectives, nouns. Be was/were been (Old English beon/wesan) (am, art, is, are); in Old English some suppletive
Подготовлено на факультете лингвистики. The book contains an overview of the most important events in British history – from the first documented invasions of the island to the formation and fall of the British colonial empire. A series of exercises will help to remember the subject matter, practise the vocabulary and contribute to skills work. The book is intended for the Humanities students. Вавилов Н.А., 2008 3 4 Contents 5 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Настоящее пособие содержит краткий очерк истории Великобритании от первых документально засвидетельствованных событий, имевших место на
Northern Ireland * the population is about 60,000,000 people, the population density is 242 people/sq km * its coasts are washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, Saint George's Channel, and the Irish Sea. It is linked to France by the Channel Tunnel * the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who is also the Queen and Head of State of fifteen other Commonwealth Realms, such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Jamaica. England: * it has 50 cities, the capital city is London * despite of the density of population and the high degree of urbanisation, England has many unspoilt rural and coastal areas which have been placed under protection * the flag is called the Saint George's Cross Scotland: * the biggest cities are Glasgow and Edinburgh (the capital)
British history Roman Britain Roman Britain was those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and about 410. The Romans referred to their province as Britannia. Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today. Historical records beyond the initial invasion are sparse, although many Roman historians mention the province in passing. Most of the knowledge of the period stems from archaeological investigations and especially epigraphic evidence. The invasion force in AD 43 was led by Aulus Plautius.It is not known how many Roman legions were sent; only one legion, the II Augusta, commanded by the future emperor
3) The Germanic Invasions I. The Anglo-Saxons o 5th century- 1066 o From Southern Denmark(angles); Germany(saxons); Jutland(jutes) o By the 7th c kingdoms had emerged and later KING ALFRED united the kingdoms o They were pagans and very rural people, built in wood rather than stone o It was the saxon farmstead that laid the foundations of the English village II. The Vikings o 8th century- 11th century o From Denmark, Norway o They were ship builders and sailors o In 886 the Danelaw peace treaty was made 4) The Normans/ the final conquest o 1066-1154 o From present-day France o In the battle of Hastings on 14.10
Roman introduced theire measurements, Christianity, reading and writing. Also, many words in English and Welsh have been borrowed from the Latin language. An important legacy of the Romans was its roads, agriculture and cities. In the Roman times the land was dominated by rules and reguations. *Christianity in Roman Britain The Roman authorities were suspicious of Christianity because followers of Jesus Christ refused to take an oath of loyalty to the Roman emperor. For this reason the early Christians were regarded as dangerous enemies of the Empire. That ceased when the emperor Constantine converted to Christianity. Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire in the early fourth century A.D. As the century progressed Christianity spread very quickly. Despite official recognition there was no mass conversion to Christianity; worship of the pagan gods and goddesses was not even formally banned until late in the fourth century.
writings in Latin. Language and social class · French-speaking Normans · The lords and the barons · English-speaking Saxons · The peasants · Cow, pig, sheep the living animals · Anglo-Saxon origin · Beef, pork, mutton the animal you eat · French origin · Implication: only the Normans ate meat Feudalism · William's power consolidated by a combination of feudal practices from the continent and old Saxon customs · Wanted to keep his followers from getting too powerful · Gave the nobles land · Scattered them all over England (could not gather power in one area) · Exceptions: frontiers bordering Scotland and Wales · Took about 20% of England's land for himself · Showing that it was the primary source of power · Demanded a large feudal army from the barons · England came to resemble the feudal monarchy of France
of Mexico. The northern part of the island in average 5'C cooler and it's mountainous or hilly and that's why the south has been more populated.. Britain became an island only 5000 years BC after the Ice Age ended. Britain's prehistory The first evidence of human life on the island are dated back to 250 000 BC. 50 000 BC in a milder Ice Age period Britain became habitable again. People from that time were the ancestors of the modern British. 10 000 BC ige age ended and Britain became inhabited by small groups of hunters who probably followed herds of deer. 5000BC Britain became an island and deer died out. 3000BC the Neolithic people came (probably from Spanish peninsula or even North African coast). They may be the forefathers of the people from Cornwall and Wales. The building of Stonehenge started around that time
In folklore, myth (and films) a great English hero, an example of medieval nobility and chivalry In fact a Romanized Celt, lived before medieval times, fought the Anglo-Saxons (people who became "the English") Predominated by the end of the 6th c. Kingdoms established: Wessex, Essex, Sussex, Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia etc. Kingdoms constantly at war with each other Celtic culture and language survived in Scotland, Wales and Cornwall Anglo-Saxon lifestyle A great impact on the countryside Introduced new farming methods Established numerous villages (formed the basis of English society for centuries) First they were pagan Christianity spread during the 6th and 7th c. The south of England: straight from Rome (St Augustine settled in Canterbury in 597) Scotland and northern England: from Ireland
Under them were the peasants, tied by a strict system of mutual duties and obligations to the local lord, and forbidden to travel without his permission. The peasants were English speaking Saxons. The lords and the barons were French-speaking Normans. There were two basic principles to feudalism: every man had a lord, and every lord had land. The king was connected through this `chain' of people to the lowest man in the country. On the other hand, each lord had responsibilities to his vassals. He had to give them land and protection. William faced serious resistance in his early years as king. The people of northern England, helped by Danish force, revolted in 1069. William crushed this rising mercilessly. But stories were later written about Hereward the Wake, a heroic Saxon rebel, who resisted the Normans in the Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire. The Normans built many stone churches, including St. Bartholomew-the-Great in London
To her, the ideal marriage is based on rational love, mutual understanding and respect. The Bronte sisters, Ann, Emily and Charlotte, wrote a few decades later. Although often viewed collectively, their literary output differs greatly from each other. Wrote under male pen names – difficult to get published as a woman. At the time they wrote, their works were considered blasphemous (dealt with sexuality and death). Emily Bronte – Wuthering Heights, critics presumed was written by a woman. Not understood by her contemporaries
Snowdonia and include Snowdon, which at 1085 m (3,560 ft) is the highest peak in Wales. Welsh flag has a red dragon on a white and green background. It is not represented on the Union Jack. England is 130 000 square kilometres. Its capital is London. The population is about 50 million people and growing because of immigration. England is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of Britain, divided from France only by a 38 km sea gap. The Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, directly links England to the European mainland. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel. London is by far the largest English city and one of the largest and busiest cities in the world. Birmingham is the second largest. A number of other cities, mainly in central and northern England, are of substantial size and influence. These
Edward lived in exile until 1041. At the death of Canute in 1035, Edward led an abortive attempt to capture the crown for himself. He was recalled, for some reason, to the court of Hardicanute. Edward was crowned at the cathedral of Winchester, the royal seat of the West Saxons on 3 April 1043. According to those who compiled the Anglo- Saxon Chronicle, the first thing Edward did, despite his religious views, was to deprive his mother of all of her estates and reduce her to relative poverty. It is said that Edward blamed her for his miserable and lonely childhood. For the first eleven years of Edward's reign the real ruler of England was Godwin, Earl of Wessex. In 1045, he married Godwin's only daughter, Edith.
roads,bridges,houses,baths,temples,protected Britain for several hundred years,4thBC Romans left Britain,43AD Queen Boadicea of Iceni tribe lost their battle with Romans. Who were the next invaders and where did they come from? Anglo-Saxons came from northern Germany,Denmark and northern Holland. What was their lifestyle like?Anglo-Saxons liked fighting,drinking,gambling,life expectancy not very long(famine,epidemics,unhealthy living conditions,climate- cold,damp) How did Britain become Christian?Britain was Christian under Romans.Pope Gregory I sent Augustine to bring Christianity back to England.Augustine became 1st Archbishop of Conterbury.With Christianity came Latin learning. Venerable Bede wrote in Latin 1st history of England. Normans broke the power of the Anglo-Saxons. Medival period Social order:1)The King-the most powerful person-owned land,led the army,made laws,demanded money through taxes,had absolute power2)Aristocracy:Barons,Lords-got lands
George's cross; The red Rose and the Three Lions Crest; The oak is national tree; Northen Ireland- Shamrock; St.Patrick ;Scotland-thistle, St.Andrew 's cross . ; Wales-daffodil, leek, Prince of Wales's feathers; St.David, red dragon 8. How did the Romans influence Britain? The Romans built the first bridge(in London), the capital(London) is a Roman city, the street system(paved roads), benefits for the poor, public heated baths, art, architecture. They also influenced the language (pound, butter, cheese, wine, candle). 9. Which areas of life is English used in? technology, science, politics, tourism, aviation 10. Which languages influenced the Old English (until the 10th century) most?Anglo-Saxon, Celtic(the Celts), Scandinavian languages (Norse and Danish), Latin (the Romans) 11. Where do British people live? British Isles 12. Describe Ireland.- N I is famous for the Giant's causeway
western Scotland, until 10 c Mysteriously disappeared Constantly fought with Romans Teir country- Caledonia- Pictland The Scots, Hibernia Raiders, Celts living in Ireland/Hibernia Migrated to Scotland Raided Roman Britain After Kenneth McAlpin united Scotland all inhabitants became Scots The Venerable Bede A monk in the Northumbrian monastery of Jarrow In 731 ,,The Great Ecclesiastical History of the English People"- overshaows all other sources of 7th, early 8th C Well-founded scraps of tradition, first work of history, where AD system is used Angles, Saxons, Jutes. Frisians 430´s onwards, Germans settlers arrived in large numbers. Anglo-Saxon invasions in 499 The Saxons- Saxon country to South and West The Angles- Angulus to East Anglia, Jutes in Kent Same culture as southern Scandinavia, Germany, northern France 600 they had founded their 7 kingdoms The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
In 1176 the first stone London Bridge was built. This bridge was to remain the only one in London until 1739. Because the passage across this one bridge was narrow and clogged with traffic, it was much quicker for travellers to hire boatmen to row them across the river, or transport them up or down river. In 1191 Richard I acknowledged the right of London to self-government, and in 1192 the election of the first Mayor was held. In 1245 Henry III began his lifetime work of rebuilding Westminster Abbey, which was re- consecrated in 1269. An other building project of the medieval period was Old St. Paul's Cathedral which was finished in 1280. Tudor London 1485-1603 When Henry VII took the throne in 1485, the population of the city of London was about 75,000. By 1600 that number had risen to 200,000. London also grew in importance under the Tudor rule. As the Roman Catholic Church didn't give Henry VIII a divorce he wanted, he
STUDY QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER 3 · Battle of Stamford Bridge 1066- Battle, that took place on Stamford Bridge between Norwegians who were led by Harald and England (king Harold Godwinson). During the battle many Norwegian leaders were killed. Norwegians lost the battle, and it is very often taken to mark the end of the Viking Age. · Battle of Hastings 1066- Occurred on 14th October 1066 during the Norman conquest of England, between the Norman-French army of William the Conqueror and the English army under king Harold II. During the battle Harold was killed and the Normans won. It was the end of Anglo-Saxon era. · Bayeux Tapestry- Embroidered cloth nearly 70m long, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later king of England and culminating in the battle of Hastings. · Debate poem- Essentially, a debate poem depicts a dialogue
Tallinn English College Topic Great Britain 2007 1. Introduction The official name of Great Britain is `the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (or short United Kingdom)' The population is about 60.4 million. The capital is London. Other biggest cities include Birmingham, Bristol, Portsmouth, Glasgow and Swansea. English is the main language of Great Britain, but Welsh is officially recognized in Wales and Gaelic in Scotland. 2. Geographical position The British Isles is the geographical term for a group of about 5000 islands off the coast of mainland Europe. The largest island is Great Britain, which is also the largest island in Europe. It consists of England, Wales and Scotland. The next largest island is
evolved to Welsh. When Kingdom of Mercia invaded England it the was the most powerful from 650800. The Welsh people didn't want to surrender so they kept fighting back but they sadly lost their land to this powerful new kingdom. In an effort to defend their new territory in 784 King of Mercia built an earthwork barrier, known as Wat's Dyke. It reached from sea to sea. Wat's Dyke was the first permanent boundary between the Welsh and English people. In England the period from 800-1000 AD is often called the late Anglo-Saxon period. Anglo- Saxon kingdoms liked nationalism. Numerous attempts were made throughout this period to create, if not a nation of Wales, then at least larger and more powerful kingdoms within Wales. One of the early leaders of these tentative movements toward nationalism was Rhodri ap Merfyn, later to be known as Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great). In 877 the two "Greats", Rhodri and Alfred clashed, and the Welsh leader and his son were killed
The peoples of these countries are British subjects; they hold British passports and therefore their nationality is British. The british Isles is the geographical name for all the islands off the west coast of Europe. These islands also include The Republic of Ireland, which is politically independent of the Britsh government. Many people refer to the inhabitants of the British isles as 'the English', but England is only one of the countries. The other countries are Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Great britan is the name of the one island which is made up of Scotland, England and Wales. It is calles Great because in some languages the word for Britain is the same as the word for Brittany, which is in France. The word 'Great' helps to distinguish the two: 'Grande Bretange' = Great Britain, 'Bretagne' = Brittany. Climate Britain has a variable climate. The weather changes so frequently that it is difficult to frecast
They usually had a "coming out" during an evening at the Theatre d'Orleans, which marked the beginning of their search for a husband. The whole family attended the performance and sat in a box. Young men who were interested in the girl stopped by the box to pay their respects. They had intermediaries talk to the father and ask if they would be permitted to call on the girl at home. The first formal visit was brief, with the girl's mother and perhaps other relatives in attendance who would find out the young man's intentions. After four home visits the father asked the young man if he was serious about his daughter. If the young man wanted to marry the girl the two fathers negotiated the dowry. A notary came to write a list of the couple's possessions and drew up the marriage contract. Once the contract was signed, the families announced the engagement. The girl's family gave a big dinner at her house where the young man gave her an
1. The Queen’s official title. Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. 2. The Queen’s working day. Starts after breakfast. Reads the newspapers which are prepared by the Press Secretary, and a report on the previous day’s proceedings in the Parliament and the letters she receives. Also phone calls. Once a month she attends the Privy Council in order to give Royal Assent to various items of government legislation.
The UK & London The United Kingdom (or the UK) is a short way of saying the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Norther Ireland. The UK is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. The UK consists of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Its highest point is Ben Nevis in Scotland followed by Snowdon in Wales. The Severn is the longest river in the United Kingdom. Other important rivers are the Trent, the Mersey, the Tyne, etc. Lough Neagh which lies in the centre of Northern Ireland is thr UK's largest freshwater lake. The climate in the UK is variable. The weather changes so frequently that it is difficult to forecast. It is not unusual for people to complain that the weathermen were wrong. Fortunately there is no extreme weather conditions, it is never very cold or very hot.
Britain History Pre-Norman Britain The Iberians brought their metal-working skills and the first real civilization to Britain in the third millennium B.C and were overrun by various Celtic invasions that began in the 8th century. The Celts introduced their tribal organization and an early form of agriculture before they were forced westward by the Roman invasion. Forms of Celtic language are still spoken in Britain. Romans (with Julius Caesar in the head of them) first tried to occupy Britain in 55 B.C., but there was a rebellion in Gaul so they had to leave to fight against it. Next time they came in 43 A.D. and their leader was Emperor Claudius. Romans brought a lot with them.
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