descriptive law (kirjeldav õigus) - laws which simply describe how people or even natural phenomenas usually behave nation (riik) - country with its own goverment citizen (kodanik) - person native of a country; realationship between country and a person stranger (välismaalne) - person who is unfamiliar, from another country penalty (karistus) - punishment fixed by law, as for a crime or from any soical groups goverment (valitsus) - organization which controlls a stre or community System of Courts (kohtusüsteem) - organization applying law in the name of states to commit a crime (kuritegu läbi viima) - breaking a law, usually given out by the goverment fine (trahv) - certain sum of money person pays for breaking a law corruption (korruptsioon) - dishonest or unethincal conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority suspension (kõrvaldamine) - form of punisment that people recieve for violating rules and regulations
11.02.09 INGLISE KEEL Palju aega läheb. 10 nädalat aint. One of the ESP courses. What we are going to do, what is needed: · What we do - 1 test, on words. · 2 Essays, that means that we have to look into academic writing · Homereading we read a case from European Court of Justice thingy. · Oral thing. · 90% you have to attend · Have to prepare for class and take part of it etc What we learn: Terms Expressions / collocations (nt obey/abide by the law) Explaining AWOL absence without a leave Legal English can be divided into 3 levels. We learn the first one, which is needed for the other two! You have to know the vocabulary etc. Second level has to do with legal contracts..
non-contentious responsible for to decide whether preferred term for a matters usually assuring the law is or not to instigate practising lawyer in concerned with followed and carried (põhjustama, certain jurisdictions estates, deeds, powers- out in every case. kaasa tooma) legal of-attorney, and Judges also read proceedings foreign and through court to appear in court international business. documents and may A notary's main research legal issues. functions are to administer oaths and affirmations, take affidavits and statutory declarations, witness
9. seadust järgima obey law, observe law 10. seaduskuulekad inimesed law-abiding people 11. seadust jõustama enforce law 12. alaealised minors 13. õiguskaitseorganid law enforcement agencies 14. süütegusid uurima investigate offences 15. karistust määrama impose punishment on 16. kuritegu sooritama commit crime 17. seaduse mittetundmine ignorance of law 18. süüd välistav asjaolu defence, preclusion of guilt 19. üldriiklikud seadused national laws 20. kohalikud seadused local laws, by-laws 21. asutuse põhikiri statute 22. ajutine ametist/spordist kõrvaldamine (n,v) suspension, suspend 23. väljaheitmine (n,v) expulsion, expel 24
1.Common law A common law legal system is a system of law characterized by case law which is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals a common law system is based on legal precedents. The roots of the common law legal systems can be traced back to the first common law system created in England during the Middle Ages. Today, most countries that once had ties to England, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong, to name a few, operate under common law. Aside from Great Britain, the majority of the countries in Europe operate under a version of civil law modeled after the Roman legal system created centuries ago
letter gets delivered. Why is this so easy, because there are certain international conventions that regulate postal services. E.g. traffic signs are almost the same everywhere, why? Because of certain int conventions that require the states to have more or less unified traffic signs. States apply international regulations to national regulations and they have to be in accordance with each other, the states can always specify these regulations. Therefore, PIL regulates people indirectly. Another unique feature: domestic law sources have a clear pyramid (top to bottom: constitution, laws, individual contracts, they cannot contradict each other) and all sources are written. In PIL there is no such hierarchy, but there are primary sources (all are equally important) and secondary sources and all are not written. Primary sources: written documents
Essential Vocabulary - I The role of law in society 1. juriidilised kohustused – legal obligations 2. kannatanud pool, kahjukannataja – injured party 3. vaidlusi lahendama (kohtus) – to settle a dispute in a court of law 4. riskeerima tehingute tegemisega – to risk making transactions 5. õigusnõustamist otsima – to seek legal advice 6. tagama, et leping kehtiks – to ensure that the contract would be valid 7. õiguslikke vahendeid kasutama – to use legal means 8. harjuma õiguslikke vahendeid kasutama – to get accustomed to using legal means 9. omama teadmisi millestki – to have knowledge of smth 10. ette kirjutama, ettekirjutus, ettekirjutav – to prescribe, prescription, prescriptional 11. karistust kandma – to serve punishment (ka to suffer a penalty) 12
-All Member States must obey the Charter. -Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means. -Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force. -The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country. -Countries should try to assist the United Nations. The basic structure of the United Nations is outlined in an organizational chart. What the structure does not show is that decision- making within the UN system is not as easy as in many other organizations. The UN is not an independent, homogeneous organization; it is made up of sovereign states, so actions by the UN depend on the will of Member States, to accept, fund or carry them out. Especially in matters of peace-keeping and international politics, it requires a complex, often slow, process of consensus-building that must take into account national sovereignty as well as global needs. The organization won the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize, and a number of its
The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union.EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished.The monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002. It is currently composed of 18 member states that use the euro as their legal tender. At the moment there are 28 member states in the EU. To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria. These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law; a functioning marketeconomy; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership, including EU law. No member state has ever left the Union. After 1952, there have been 7 enlargements: 1973, 1981, 1986, 1995, 2004 (including Estonia), 2007, 2013.
EU Internal Market Law Mid-term online evaluation assignment for Distance Learning Students The Assignment: Hypothetical Case In the Member State A several NGOs, uniting parents concerned with safety of children and young adults, ordered a study of dog attacks on people (and especially children) resulting in deaths or maiming. The aim of the study was to identify, if possible, the dog breeds of potentially enhanced danger for people. The study’s results showed that pit bulls and their close mixes as well as Rottweilers and their close mixes were jointly responsible for over 70% of attacks
(Verplaetse, 2008). Since 9/11 and the following fight against terrorism it became clear that the Bush administration thought of torture as something justifiable while it goes against all possible agreed upon treaties and conventions. One could indeed possibly think of situations that could serve as an exception to the prohibition of torture but these hypothetical situations can hardly relate to real situations. The ticking bomb argument looks at the hypothetical case where a leader of a state is asked to give their permission to torture a captured rebel leader because he (probably) knows the locations of a few explosives that are spread around the city in different apartment buildings. In case they are not found within 24 hours, they will explode and many will be left dead (Walzer, 1973). Is it justified to torture this person to find out where the bomb is? This essay will look in to how it has according to the thinkers in the strand of
Social Problems Crime In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a punishment. The word crime originates from the Latin crimen. When society deems informal relationships and sanctions insufficient to create and maintain a desired social order, there may result more formalized systems of social control imposed by a government, or more broadly, by a State. With the institutional and legal machinery at their disposal, agents of the State can compel individuals to conform to behavioural codes and punish those that do not. Various mechanisms are employed to regulate behaviour, including rules codified into laws, policing people to ensure they comply with those laws, and other policies and practices designed to prevent crime. In addition are remedies
Estonian Court System Estonia has a three-level court system. Estonian court system consists of four country courts, two administrative courts, three circuit courts and supreme court. Country courts and administrative courts are the courts of first instance, circuit courts are courts of appeal and the supreme court, situated in Tartu, is the court of the highest instance The Supreme Court is also the constitutional review court. In the structure of four country courts(Harju, Pärnu, Tartu and Viru) operate courthouses in every country seat(in Ida- Virumaa and Harjumaa there are three courthouses)In the structure of two administrative courts(in Tallinn and Tartu) there are four courthouses: in Tallinn, Tartu, Jõhvi and Pärnu. Three circuit courts are situated in Tallinn, Tartu and Jõhvi. The supreme court The Supreme Court is the court of the highest instance, which shall review
1. Can the PB&R company successfully claim any violation of the EU law related rights? Examination 1. Can we say that an animal (a dog) is a good? – Yes. According to Article 13 TFEU dogs do belong to a “goods” category so as it is described in CJEU case law that a good is a product which can be valued in money and which is capable of forming the subject of commercial transactions. Therefore PB&R company and its business is selling dogs, or shall I say goods not just on a local fields, but the movement of goods is linked to abroad EU countries by making a profit of it I shall conclude that it involves a “movement of goods within the EU Member States” (Articles 26 and 37). 2
HOL_6012 EU Internal Market Group Work 2: EU Internal Market and Free Movement of Goods (Ch. 18 and 19 CdB) 1. What are the main Treaty applicable to free movement of goods? List and explain the main scope. Articles 26 and 28-37 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Prohibition of charges having an effect equivalent to that of customs duties: Articles 28(1) and 30 TFEU, or to describe it a bit more easier, The Court of Justice of the European Union had found that any type of extra charges or however it may be called or applied to a product produced and being sold in any Member State should not be charged with any fees or any extras that in the end will have the same effect on a product price as a custom duty. Examples: Cases 2/62 and 3/62 of 14 December 1962, and Case 232/78 of 25 September 19791
mentioned topics. Companies and individuals operating in Georgia or planning to operate, are strongly advised to obtain current and detailed information from experienced professionals. None of the organizations mentioned above, nor their members, employees or agents accept liability for the consequences of you and anyone else acting or refraining to act on the information contained in this brochure or for any decision based on it. The brochure is published with support of the German Development Cooperation Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ). Findings, conclusions and comments made in the publication do not necessarily reflect the opinion of GIZ. This publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the written permission of the copyright holder. © Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusmmenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), 2011. 2
Highlands and Lowlands, and a large number of royal minorities. Modern history In 1603, James VI King of Scots inherited the throne of the Kingdom of England, and became King James I of England, and left Edinburgh for London. With the exception of a short period under the Protectorate, Scotland remained a separate state, but there was considerable conflict between the crown and the Covenanters over the form of church government. After the Glorious Revolution, the abolition of episcopacy and the overthrow of the Roman Catholic James VII by William and Mary, Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from England. On 22 July 1706 the Treaty of Union was agreed between representatives of the Scots Parliament and the Parliament of England and the following year twin Acts of Union were passed by both parliaments to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain with effect from 1 May 1707.
........................................................................... 45 7. ACCOUNTING ............................................................................................................................ 49 7.1 Levels of the system of accounting regulation in the Russian Federation ................................ 49 7.2. The Federal Law "On Accounting" ............................................................................................ 51 7.3. Chart of accounts and other documents .............................................................................. 52 7.4. Russian tax system ................................................................................................................ 53 7.5. Banking system in Russia....................................................................................................... 53 ABOUT TRADERUN PROGRAMME........................................................................................................
The EU institutions Lecturer: Matti Kauppi Student: Viktoria Gratšjova Tallinn, 2014 The institutions of the European Union form a complex and unique polity and, in determining whether or not this structure and the law making powers granted to each respective institution are inherently undemocratic, it is vital to define what is meant by the term ‘democratic’. In his Gettysburg address Abraham Lincoln referred to a government which was ‘of the people, by the people, for the people’and it is by this criterion that democracy is often judged. These principles are reflected in having equal access to power and in being equal before the law. It must be considered not only whether law making powers are granted to elected persons, but also whether the balance of power between institutions within the European Union promotes the ideals of democracy.
· Hobbes leviathan · Locke second treatise of government · Rousseau - social contract · Montesquieu - The Spirit of the Laws · Kant idea for a universal history from a cosmopolitan point of view · Hegel - philosophy of right Key dates 1603 Shakespear's King Lear , Death of the Queen Elizabeth 1. 1618-48 The Thirty Year's War 1649 Execution of Charels 1 of England, Establishment of Oliver Cromwell's Prodecorate 1651 Hobbes' Leviathan(1588-1679) 1660 The Restoration of Charels 2. as king of England
eelkõige reguleeritud ... abil/kaudu/alusel 6. the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia EV PS 7. the Citizenship act kodakondusseadus 8. according to § 8 - § 8 alusel/järgi 9. right to õigus millelegi 10. shall be acquired by birth omandatakse sünniga 11. proceeds from the principle tuleneb ... printsiibist 12. any child found in Estonia iga Eestist leitud laps 13. at the request of the child's legal guardian lapse seadusliku esindaja/hooldaja nõudel/palvel 14. guardianship agency eestkosteasutus 15. to acquire (apply for?) Estonian citizenship taotlema Eesti kodakondsust 16. unless kui just 17. to receive saama/omandama 18. to receive Estonian cs. through naturalisation naturalisatsioon/(i) alusel kodakondsuse saamine 19. provides conditions näeb ette tingimused 20. an alien välismaalane
and practices. Anglican church(es) The Anglican Communion is an international association of independent churches consisting of the Church of England and national and regional Anglican churches in full communion with it. Full participation in the sacramental life of each church is available to all communicant Anglicans. The Kirk = the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian in its structure, governed by a system of local, regional and national 'courts' or councils. 'Presbyterian' government refers to the sharing of authority in the church by an equal number of 'elders' (elected from the membership of the church) and ministers. Evangelical = low church The Low Church movement can trace its roots back to the early 18th century but is primarily associated with the opposition to the Anglo-Catholic movement of the later 19th century. Low Church placed great emphasis on preaching, personal piety and the
1. system of pandects pandektiline süsteem 2. general provisions üldosa 3. law of property asjaõigus 4. family law perekonnaõigus 5. law of sucession pärimisõigus 6. law of obligations võlaõigus 7. General Part of the Civil Code Act TsÜS 8. Law of Property Act AÕS 9. Family Law Act perekonnaseadus 10. Law of Succession Act PäRS 11. Law of Obligations Act VÕS 12. persons and transactions isikud ja tehingud 13. natural persons 14. legal persons 15. passive legal capacity õigusvõime 16. active legal capacity (an ability to independently asume civil rights and incur civil obligations) teovõime 17. live birth elussünd 18. bequeath property pärandama 19. mental state vaimne seisund 20. restricted active legal capacity piiratud teovõime 21. mental illness vaimehaigus 22. mental disability nõdrameelsus 23. mental disorder psüühiline häire (sickness of the mind) 24
In 1998 compensation claims cost 6.8 billion pounds in Britain. That's a massive amount of money to pay. Let's put that number in context. If you are a sports fan, you could afford a 248-season contract for one of the most paid basketball players in the world, Lebron James. At that time it was eight times the budget, which was approved by the Estonian Government. So it was a heavy sum to pay. In Britain I think they can only blame themselves. You see, unlike many other nations, the UK has no single core constitutional document. In this sense, it is said not to have a written constitution, but much of the British constitution is embodied in written documents, within statues, court judgments and treaties. So in my opinion that's a stupid system. Because if you watch other countries how much do they pay for compensation claims then it's nothing. Though in other countries there are huge sums what civilians get from companies. A
Report Estate Planning Basics By Attorney Denis Clifford Complied by: Tartu 2010 This book explains, what most people need to know about estate planning. It will give the legal knowledge, what you need to know preparing your estate plan. ,,Estate Planning" essentially means two things. First, it means deciding who gets your property after you die and choosing the wisest legal transfer methods for leaving your property to those you want to receive it. Second, it means makeing some important personal decisions, such as who will provide care for your young children, if you have any, if anything happens to you and the children´s other parent, and who should make medical and financial decisions for you if you someday become incapacitiated and unable to handle things yourself. A First Look at Estate Planning Who needs to bother with estate planning
checks For personal usage everyone may buy goods without limits and extra taxes from a country where it is cheaper. Common money euro enables buyer to compare the prices in member countries where that currency is in use. Travelling to member countries has become simpler because the discomfort and expenses related to changing the currency is forgotten Over two million young people has been studying or practice in some other EU countries via European Union. Union does not decide the content of schooling programs, but guarantee that acquired education and qualification will be accepted in other EU member states. Because pollution doesn't recognize borderlines the member countries of EU have taken common measures in many areas. Therefore it's not surprising that the rivers and beaches of Europe have become cleaner, the mashines pollute less and there have been established strict rules on waste treatment
/ wicce f.) is a practitioner of witchcraft. Historically, it was widely believed that witchcraft involved the use of these powers to inflict harm upon members of a community or their property, and that all witches were in league with the devil. Since the mid 20th century, the term witchcraft has sometimes been used to distinguish between bad witchcraft and good witchcraft, with the latter often involving healing. Human misfortune was often blamed on a supernatural entity or a known person in the community. Reasons for accusations of witchcraft fall into four general categories: · A person was caught in the act of positive or negative sorcery · A well-meaning sorcerer or healer lost their clients' or the authorities' trust · A person did nothing more than gain the enmity of their neighbours · A person was reputed to be a witch and surrounded with an aura of witch-beliefs
It is ability to influence others to do something they otherwise would not. Also, others can be affected with threats and force. (Kilp, 2010) Political power includes also right to force the others and to punish them if they disobey. Who should have that kind of power? Actually the political power is quite mysterious by itself. If someone has legitimate political power over me then he or she has a right to force me to do things that they want.(Wolff, 1996) But how can other person have rights to tell me what I have to do? It feels insulting if someone says to me what I have to do especially if he or she thinks that he or she has a right to punish me if I disobey. But of course there is a different view. We need to think about, how will the others behave if they were not held back by laws. If we think about it then there might be a lot to say about the importance of political power. (Wolff, 1996) Nature condition
Loch In Scotland, the word "loch" is used to describe any large, enclosed expanse of water (such as Loch Katrine, illustrated above), including areas coming in from the sea (equivalent to the Norwegian "fjiords"). Tartan Tartan is a woven material,generally of wool,having stripes of different colours and varying in breadth.Tartan is a pattern consisting of criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in multiple colours. Tartans originated in woven cloth, but are now used in many other materials. Tartan is particularly associated with Celtic countries, especially Scotland. Culture Scottish music is a significant aspect of the nation's culture, with both traditional and modern influences. An example of a traditional Scottish instrument is the Great Highland Bagpipe, a wind instrument consisting of three drones and a melody pipe (called the chanter), which are fed continuously by a reservoir of air in a bag.Scottish literature includes text
9th of May 2014 Word Count: 8,800 `Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of B.A. International Relations` Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Chapter 1: Citizenship, Children`s Rights and Participation: from the UN to the UK 6 Chapter 2: Citizenship Education in Wales………………………………………………14 Active Citizenship in Cadle Primary School: A Case Study 20 Conclusion 29 Bibliography 32 Appendices Appendix 1: The United Convention of the Rights of the Child Appendix 2: Interview with Jamie Richards, the Head Teacher of Cadle Primary School 2 Abstract: Children inherently have had a rather tenuous relationship with citizenship. Similarly to how
United States of America Table of Contents 1. Facts 2. Geography 3. Nature 4. History 5. Population 6. Government 7. Industry, economy 8. America's pop culture Facts Official Name: United States of America Capital City: Washington, D.C. Largest city: New York City Official languages: None at federal level National language: English Government: Federal constitutional republic President: Barack Obama ( Barack Hussein Obama II) Vice President: Joe Biden (Joseph Robinette "Joe" Biden, Jr) Population: 2009 estimate 306,108,000 people
tekitab või mõtleb endale välja haigussümptomeid. Rangelt öelduna tähendab MSBP, et inimesel on Münchauseni sündroom ja see psühhopatoloogia avaldub lapse läbi. Munchaussen syndrome by proxy Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSP) is an uncommon disorder first described by Roy Meadow in 1977. It was so named because of its similarity to Mun- chausen syndrome, a factitious disorder in which a person intentionally produces or fabricates physical symptoms in him- or herself.' In MSP the symptoms are intentionally produced o r fabricated in a child by a parent, usually the mother MSBP is a syndrome in which perpetrators either harm a child in their care or achieve harm through their insistence on medical tests and treatments for non-existent, fabricated or ecacerbated conditions. Abuse may go on for some time, and sometimes this abuse results in the child's death.
Crime and the Law Task 1. Underline the most suitable word or phrase. a) Sally didn't realise that she had broken/countered/denied the law. b) The police have banned/cancelled/refused parking in this street. c) I must remember to get a/an agreement/licence/permission for my television. d) The president admitted that there had been a breakdown of law and crime/government/order. e) Jim's parents wouldn't agree/allow/let him go to the demonstration.
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