A – AN - THE Time Expressions • we don't use an article: at night, at noon, every We don't usually use an article week, every day, every night, last morning, last • to talk about things in general. • before the names of countries, cities, towns and villages. week, all night, all day, tomorrow, yesterday,... • with plural nouns and uncountable nouns when talking about them • use the with in the morning, in the afternoon, generally. during the night, the winter, the summer, the day Examples: She has got long hair
englisch-hilfen.de LEARNING ENGLISH ONLINE Examples Examples Examples Tense Signal words Use Form affirmative negative interrogative every day something happens repeatedly sometimes how often something happens always I work. I don't work. Do I work? one action follows another often Infinitive He works
· California is not in the United Kingdom. · You only speak English. · Windows are made of glass. · Do you only speak English? I am not reading any books right now. Present Continuous · · Are you working on any special projects at work? [am/is/are + present participle] · Aren't you teaching at the university now? Examples: USE 3 Near Future · You are watching TV. · Are you watching TV? · You are not watching TV. USE 1 Now Examples: · I am meeting some friends after work.
FUTURE SIMPLE BE GOING TO Will + infinitive (will go) Am/is/are going to + infinitive (is going to rain) 1.A decision at the moment of 1.Future plans made before the speaking: moment of speaking: A: 'I'm cold'. A: 'We've run out of milk.' B: 'I'll close the window'. B: 'I know, I'm going to buy some.' 2.Prediction based on opinion: 2.Prediction based on present I think the Conservatives will win the evidence: next election. Look at those boys playing football! 3
etc, at night/the weekend, on Fridays etc. Present Continuous · Actions taking place at or arount the moment of speaking (The kids are watching TV..) · Fixed arrangements in the near future (I'm going to the dentist tomorrow) · Currently changing ang developing situations (The number of burgularies is increasing) · With ,,Always" to express anger or irritation at a repeated action (You're always forgetting..) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT CONTINUOUS: now, at the moment, at present, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonight etc. Present Perfect · Action happened at an unstated time in the past. Emphasis on the action, time is unimportant or unknown. (I have washed the car) · Action started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with stative verbs (I have known her for six years)
Present Simple Am/is/are + Every day, year, often, I pv + do/does Have/ get + sth+ III pv Lihtolevik III pv usually, always Past Simple Yesterday, last year, II pv(-ed)+ did Was/ were + III pv Had/got + sth + III pv Lihtminevik last week Present Am/is/are + Am/ is/ are + being + Am/ is/are + have/get At the moment, this Continuous
(3rd person singular: infinitive + 's') I speak I am speaking you speak you are speaking he / she / it speaks he / she / it is speaking we speak we are speaking they speak they are speaking Signal words: always, every, often, normally, usually, Signal words: at the moment, at this moment, today, sometimes, seldom, never, first, then now, right now, Listen!, Look! Rules · in general (regularly, often, never) · right now ex. Colin plays football every Tuesday. ex. Look! Colin is playing football now. · present actions happening one after another · also for several actions happening at the same ex
Here's a breakdown of how you can express how you really are without complaining too much. · Fine, thanks. / On top of the world, thanks. · OK, thanks · Not so bad, thanks. / Can't complain, thanks. · So so, thanks. / So and so, thanks. · Not so good, actually 1 The English alphabet Spelling Work with your partner and spell out first your name and then some names of places. Write down each letter as you hear it, and then say the word. The English alphabet on the phone: You might find the following alphabet (used by international airlines) useful when trying to spell a word on the telephone. A Alpha O Oscar Ä Alpha-Echo Ö Oscar-Echo B Bravo P Papa
tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words always, every ..., action in the present Simple Present A: He speaks. never, normally, N: He does not speak. taking place once, never or often, seldom, Q: Does he speak? several times sometimes, usually if sentences type I
English Grammar - The most common tenses in English Signal Example Tense Use Form words s something happens repeatedly how often something happens every one action day follows sometim another es I work always infinitive Present things in he/she/it he works often Simple general + s I go usually he goes seldom
Present perfect you have walked. You have been walking. I have run. I have been running. Past Perfect You had walked. You had been walking. I had run. I had been running. Future Perfect You will have walked You will have been walking. I will have run. I will have been running. The Simple Present Tense Expresses a habit or often repeated action. Adverbs of frequency such as, often, seldom, sometimes, never, etc. are used with this tense. She goes to work everyday. They always eat lunch together. On your handout, write one sentence that reflects SIMPLE PRESENT: something you do often, sometimes, never, seldom The Simple Present Tense This tense also expresses general truths or facts that are timeless. Snow falls in the December in Minnesota.
Meaning: Act of thinking. Present Perfect Basic form The Present Perfect is used to express actions that happened at anindefinite time or that Subject + HAS/HAVE + Verb (past participle form) began in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used when an activity has an effect on the present moment. I have read this book. The man has gone away. John has worked as a teacher for over 25 years. Use the Present Perfect: Indefinite time before now: to talk about actions that happened at some point in the past. It does not matter when exactly they happened. Remember: !!
Affirmative tense Use Signal Words /Negative/Question · always · action in the present taking place Simple Present A: He speaks. · every ... once, never or several times N: He does not speak. tegevus, mis toimub ühe korra, mitte · never Lihtolevik Q: Does he speak? · normally
(NOT The books are expensive.) I love music. (NOT I love the music.) 10. Use had better, not have better. I think you'd better see the doctor. (NOT I think you have better see the doctor.) We'd better ask John to help us. 11. Use the present progressive am playing, is raining etc to talk about things that are continuing at the time of speaking. I'm playing very badly today. (NOT I play very badly today.) Look! It's raining! (NOT Look! It rains!) 12. Use for with a period of time. Use since with the beginning of the period. for the last two hours = since 9 o'clock for three days = since Monday for five years = since I left school I've been learning English for five years. (NOT I've been learning English since three years.) We've been waiting for ages, since eight o'clock. 13. Don't separate the verb from the object. VERB OBJECT She speaks English very well . (NOT She speaks very well English.) Andy likes skiing very much. (NOT Andy likes very much skiing.) 14
the past. No definite time is given. Jim has had three car accidents. (up to the present) • Indefinite events, which may have an obvious result in the present. I've twisted my ankle. (that’s why I'm limping) • With state verbs, a state which lasts up to the present. I've lived here for the past ten years. 2 • A habitual action in a period of time up to the present. I've been jogging every morning for the last month. Contrasts with Past Simple Past Simple is used with time expressions which refer to definite times. The time may be stated or understood. Compare: I've bought a new car. (indefinite) I bought a new car last week. (definite) I bought the car after all. (implied definite: the car we talked about)
Present Am/is/are+Iing 1. actions happening now, at the moment of speaking Now, at the moment, these I am writing a lettesat Continuous 2.actions happening around the time of speaking days, at present, tonight etc. the moment. 3. fixed arrangements in the near future Past Simple + II / -ed 1. actoins which happened or finished at a definite time in the past Yesterday, last I went to the gym -?did+I 2. actions which happened repeatedly in the past but don't happen night/week/year/month, wtc, a yesterday. anymore. In this case we can use adverbs of frequency month/two years/three years
English Grammar - The most common tenses in English Tense Signal words Use Estonian Form Examples · something happens repeatedly *korduv tegevus every day · how often something happens *püsiv olukord sometimes, *tulevikus · one action follows another I work Present twice a week toimuv, seotud · things in general infinitive he works Simple always, often sõiduplaanidega · after the following verbs (to love, he/she/it + s I go
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Introduction Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those
............................. 3 Comparison of the use of different past tenses ...................... 4 Past Perfect Simple The Past Perfect is had + a past participle. It is the same in all persons. I had worked he had gone Negative I had not slept/hadn’t slept Question Had he studied? When to use the Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect tenses in general refer to: An event in the past which happened before another event in the past, where there is no time expression to make this clear. By the time I got to the station, the train had left. Compare this with: The train left five minutes before I got to the station. In this example, the sequence of events is made clear by before. The Past Perfect is not used simply to describe an event in the distant past. There must be another past event, less far away in the past, with which it contrasts.
E.g. She stood up, went up to her and grabbed her wrists. Completed actions or events, which happened at a stated past time. E.g. I went to the cinema last night. Past habits or states. E.g. my grandfather always wore a hat. Complete actions not connected to the present with a stated or implied time reference. E.g. Beethoven created wonderful classical pieces. Time expressions used with Past Simple: yesterday, last week/month etc, ago, then, just, now, when, in 1991, etc Past continuous is used for: Actions in the middle of happening at a stated past time. E.g. She was flying to Paris this time last Monday. A past action in progress interrupted by another past action. The longer action is in the Past Continuous, the shorter action is in the past Simple. E.g. I was watching television when my mother came home.
Facts. happening with a dramatic speed 2. Past Simple Lihtminevik II ajavorm Did, didn't For an activity, which has Yesterday, (how long) ago, in finished entirely in the past. 1965, last week/month, then, from 1967 to 1993. 3
2. Present Simple [VERB] + s/es in third person. Tegevus on korduv või tavapärane. You speak English. I play tennis. Cats like milk. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. I am here now. Active= Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Passive= Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. 3. Present Continuous [am/is/are + present participle]. Tegevus toimub/ei toimu praegusel hetkel. You are watching TV. You are learning English now. I am studying to become a doctor. I am meeting some friends after work. Active= Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Passive= Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. 4. Past Simple [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs. Tegevus algas/lõppes minevikus täpsel ajal. . You called Debbie. I saw a movie yesterday. I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. I lived in Brazil for two years. I studied French when I was a child. Active = Tom repaired the car. Passive= The car was repaired by Tom. 5
in brackets. _ 1 She is in a band and she _________________________________ (record) a CD at the moment. _ 2 She is an actress and often _________________________________ (appear) on television. _ 3 At the moment she _________________________________ (have) a rest because she is tired. _ 4 Mike is a doctor and he _________________________________ (live) in Manchester. _ 5 I _________________________________ (start) work at 8.30 every morning. _ 6 He is a good cook but she _________________________________ (prefer) to eat out. _ 7 English tests _________________________________ (get) more and more interesting. _ 8 They _________________________________ (have) a party because it's her birthday. _ 9 I sometimes _________________________________ (ride) my bicycle to school. 10_ She usually _________________________________ (go) to the gym on Friday evenings.
täisminevik enneminevik I pv Am/is/are, I pv, Has/have, III Has/have, II pv, -ed Was/were, -ing Had, III pv Had, been, -ing -ing pv/-ed been, -ing *Recurring *Action *(Giving new *Actions that *Short action *Longer action *Action that *Showing the actions happening right about) recent are still in that that is happened in cause of now events progress interrupts a interrupted the past, before something in *Temporary *Action that *Saying how longer action by a shorter a specific time the past
Table of Contents Types of Sentences ..................................................................................2 Parts of the Sentence ..............................................................................2 Word Order in Affirmative Sentences ...................................................3 Position of Adverbs of Frequency .........................................................5 Word Order in Negative Sentences......................................................6 Word Order in General Questions.........................................................7 Word Order in Special Questions ..........................................................8 Word Order in Subject Questions ..........................................................9 Types of Sentences There are four basic types of sentences in English. AFFIRMATIVE and NEGATIVE sentences both end with a full stop ( ) : .
PAST TENSES Past Simple Used to talk about a completed past action which happened at a completed time in the past. We went to Tallinn yesterday. I saw him a long time ago. We met last week. Used to talk about a series of events that happened one after another. He walked to school, took off his coat, went to class and fell asleep. Used to report what people said. He said that he was tired. He asked to go home. Used after "It's time" (even though we're talking about now) It's time we talked about the past (now). After "I'd rather" (even though we're talking about now)
· washes (verb) · the dishes ( object receiving action). The tenses of the verb 1.Present (olevik) 2.Past (minevik) 3.Future (tulevik) 4.Future in the past (kaudne tulevik) Iga aeg võib esineda neljas eri rühmas 1.IndefiniteTenses (üldajad) 2.Continious Tenses (kestvad ajad) 3.Perfect Tenses (perfekti ajad) 4.Perfect Continious Tenses (perfekti kestvad ajad) Indefinite Tenses (üldajad) used to describe actions but do not state whether the action is completed or on- going märgivad tegevuse sooritamise fakti Peter visits us every day. Peter visited us yesterday. Peter will visit us tomorrow. Continuous Tenses (kestvad ajad) are used when talking about a particular point in time · We were sleeping when the storm began. What were you doing at five o'clock? When I came, the children were sleeping. Perfect Tenses are used when an action or situation in the present is linked to a moment in the
Phone: [p] A phone is actual pronunciation of a phoneme. A phone is represented between brackets Allophone: e.g. pin spin Phoneme: /p/ - /iz/ `houses' /s/ voicless `cats' /z/ `boys' /t/ `learned' /id/ `wanted' A phoneme is the smallest unit of the sound system of a language. If two sounds have the same phoneme, they are treated equally. A phoneme is represented between slashes. Morphology: is the study of word formations and the internal structure of words Morphemes: the smallest units of language that have their own meaning or grammatical function. cat, cat/s, laugh/ed, un/able, sheep Free morphemes: cat, laugh, eat, red Bound morphemes: prefixes: pre- prejudge dis- dislike suffixes: -ist typist infixes attached within another morpheme. Infixation is common in languages of Southeast Asia and the Philippines, and it is also found in some Native American languages.
TENSES. ACTIVE VOICE. 1. Present Simple (üldolevik) I (he, she, it s) he works Eitav,küsiv do (I, you, we, they) he does not work does (he, she, it) does he work? Verbidele, mis lõpevad infinitiivis ss, -sh, -ch, -x või o, lisatakse ainsuse 3. pöördes es he touches, she goes Verbidel, mis lõpevad y-ga, mille ees on konsonant, muutub y->ies carry - he carries Vrdl: play he plays 1. Harjumuspärane, korduv tegevus või seisund olevikus. Tom drinks tea every day. He lives in Brussels. 2. Üldtuntud tõed, loodusseadused The earth goes round the sun. 3. Tulevikus toimuv tegevus
....................................... 4 Future Continuous ............................................................... 4 Future Perfect....................................................................... 6 Other ways of referring to the future ..................................... 7 Other future references......................................................... 8 Future Simple In Future Simple we use the modal verb will + the verb. It is the same in all persons. I will work I’ll work you will study you’ll study he will come he’ll come Negative I/you/he/we/they will not write I/you/he/we/they won’t write Question Will you/he/she/we/they come? 1. We often use will as a neutral way of expressing the future. We use will to say what we know or think about the future. It is known as the predictive future, and describes known facts, or what we suppose is true.
Please speak quietly. Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. 2. Some adverbs tell us where. These are called Adverbs of Place: She put the book on the table. 3. Some adverbs tell us when. These are called Adverbs of Time. We met them at five o´clock. 4. Some adverbs tell us how often. These are called Adverbs of Frequency. E.g. always, sometimes, often, never, usually, seldom, hardly ever, and rarely: She never comes on time. They usually work on Saturday mornings. I have always loved plays written by Oscar Wilde. 5. Some adverbs tell us how much. These are called Adverbs of Degree. E.g. definitely, absolutely, obviously, possibly, just, certainly, very, quite, rather: He is definitely the right man for the job. He would certainly have been chosen for the team if he hadn’t injured his knee. 2 6. Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective
Subject verb `to be' past participle Simple present: The house is cleaned every day. Present continuous: The house is being cleaned at the moment. Simple past: The house was cleaned yesterday. Past continuous: The house was being cleaned last week. Present perfect: The house has been cleaned since you left. Past perfect: The house had been cleaned before their arrival. Future:
................................... 5 Unfulfilled past events.......................................................... 5 Past Simple Regular Past Simple forms end in -ed. I worked he danced we apologized Some verbs have an irregular past form. I left he wrote The Past Simple is the same in all persons except in the past tense of be. I/he/she/it was (in the singular) you/we/they were (in the plural) To form a negative or a question in the Past Simple, use did and the verb in the original form: Negative I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not stop/didn’t stop. Question Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they stop? Note! stopped stop. If a sentence contains was or were, use them, not did to form negatives and questions. Negative I/he/she/it was not /wasn’t you/we/they were not /weren’t Question Was I/he/she/it? Were you/we/they? 2
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