English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning).
● A bird is an animal that has wings. For instance, swans are birds. Explanations (already known; not an argument) that shed light on something that usually is already accepted. An argument attempts to prove that so-and-so, while an explanation attempts to show why so-and-so. ● American Indians were called Indians because early European explorers thought they reached India when they actually discovered America. Wason’s Test (1960s) - Here are four cards. They have a letter on one side and a number on the other. AD47 We are told that: If a card has an A on one side, it must have a 4 on the other side. Question: Which card(s) do you need to turn over in order to determine if this rule is true or false? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The Horizontal pattern
Equally crucial, although often overlooked or misapplied, is the dimension of the syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes of linguistic description. Saussure's 'theory of the sign' defined a sign as being made up of the matched pair of signifier and signified. Signifier The signifier is the pointing finger, the word, the sound-image. A word is simply a jumble of letters. The pointing finger is not the star. It is in the interpretation of the signifier that meaning is created. Signified The signified is the concept, the meaning, the thing indicated by the signifier. It need not be a 'real object' but is some referent to which the signifier refers. The thing signified is created in the perceiver and is internal to them. Whilst we share concepts, we do so via signifiers. Whilst the signifier is more stable, the signified varies between people and contexts. The signified does stabilize with habit, as the signifier cues thoughts and images.
Phonetic. expr. means Synonymic repetition Trochee Prosody Lexical repetition Anapaest Orchestration Syntactic SD Dactyl Euphony Ellipsis Amphibrach Phonetic SD Aposiopesis Spondee Onomatopoeia Nominative sent. Pyrrhic Alliteration Asyndeton Rhythmic invers. Assonance Apokoinu Run-on line Rhyme: Gap-sentence link Stanza: Full Framing Heroic couplet Incomplete Anadiplosis Ballad stanza
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g
words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and the rules to combine them to form new sentences constitute the grammar of a language" Prescriptive grammar vs. Descriptive garmmar: Descriptive grammar: the systematic study and description of a language. Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it is actually used by speakers and writers. Prescriptive grammar: a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word
STYLISTICS 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies The term ,,style" is polysemantic. Latin ,,stilus"--a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Soon, the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift said: ,, Style is proper words in proper places" Present day--half a dozen meanings: · the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas (Style of Byron) · the manner of expressing ideas characteristic of a literary movement or period (symbolism, romanticism) · the use of lg
Style The term style is a polysemantic one. The latin word ,,stilus" meant a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Already, in classical latin the meaning of style was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style
LEXICOLOGY 1. Size of English vocabulary 1) Old English – 50,000 to 60,000 words Vocabulary of Shakespeare OE – homogeneous; 1/3 of the vocabulary has survived • 884,647 words of running text About 450 Latin loans (Amosova) • 29,000 different words (incl. work, working, Viking invasions added 2,000 worked, which are counted here as separate 2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot,
1 SYNTACTIC STYLISTIC DEVICES SYNTACTIC STYLISTIC DEVICES are based on a peculiar place of the word or phrase in the utterance (text, sentence, etc).This special place creates emphasis irrespective of the lexical meaning of the words used. Categories: syntactic stylistic devises based on: SDD: based on ABSENCE OF LOGICALLY REQUIRED ELEMENTS OF SPEECH ELLIPSIS ELLIPSIS or ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES means leaving out one or both principle members of the sentence that is the subject or predicate. NT: Where is the man I'm going to marry? - Out in the garden. (no subject) What is he doing out there? - Annoying father. Here, in the dialogue, ellipsis creates the colloquial tone of the utterance
Department of English. In the middle: write your title without quotation marks, and below in the middle write Term Paper. Then a little below write: by Xzzz Xzzzz, and below of that write: Supervisor: Lect. Zxxx Zxxxx. Below in the end write: Tallinn 200X. · title should be not a sentence use only phrases · chapters should have titles (not a sentence but a phrase). After title page comes page 2 and Table of Contents (in the top middle) here you indicate the division of your paper (Introduction, Chapter 1 (with title), etc.). · NB! People who have literary topic should write a Preface (short, normally 1 page long ) and only then comes Table of Contents and there mention your Preface (e.g. Preface, Introduction, Chapter 1 (with title), etc.). · all the following divisions start with a new page (e.g. Preface (1.5 pages), Table of Contents starts with a new page, etc.).
poet Burns”) back-reference In grammatical analysis, the term reference is often used to state a relationship of identity which exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content words. Auxiliary
Where the systematize one's thoughts about the philosophy of science. analysts have been interested in investigating science as a splendid truth-finding /.../ enterprise, the synthesists have been interested in giving a critique of science as one Seven sets of approaches will be discussed here. cultural artifact among many others, with peculiar advantages and disadvantages for other cultural artifacts and for human development. Were the analysts have sought to 1. Activities vs. Results. In the first place, one may approach our subject understand the object of their admiration, the synthesists have sought to put that object
however, a critical threshold was reached, and suddenly there would have been an explosion of color and scent all over the planet – if a perceiving consciousness had been there to witness it. Much later, those delicate and fragrant beings we call flowers would come to play an essential part in the evolution of consciousness of another species. Humans would increasingly be drawn to and fascinated by them. As the consciousness of human beings developed, flowers were most likely the first thing they came to value that had no utilitarian purpose for them, that is to say, was not linked in some way to survival. They provided inspiration to countless artists, poets, and mystics. Jesus tells us to contemplate the flowers and learn from then how to live. The Buddha is said to have given a “silent sermon” once during which he held up a flower and gazed at it. After a while, one of those present, a monk called Mahakasyapa, began to smile. He
- One should thus be hedonistic (devote oneself entirely to pleasure) - hence he is called the "laughing philosopher". 15.02.2012 Sophists (Wise Men) Main opponents of Socrates in Plato's dialogues (Hippias, Gorgias, Protagoras, etc.) Teacher of rhetoric, to make the weaker side appear the stronger. Protagoras of Abdera the most prominent Sophist 490-420 BC - "Man is the measure of things" o Relativism? Does this mean that each person can judge the truth of a proposition and there is no basis besides opinion for determining the truth? o Idealism? Does it mean that we cannot talk about a reality which exists outside of human existence? Sophist: · Sophistication · Sophistry (false reasoning) Relativism- no truth only opinions. The problem is that, it does not work for me. Socrates 469-399 BC · Poor (taught for free)
anything more than the man who writes, just as I is no more than the man who says I: language knows a “subject,” not a “person,” end this subject, void outside of the very utterance which defines it, suffices to make language “work,” that is, to exhaust it. 3 The Death of the Author — The absence of the Author (with Brecht, we might speak here of a real “alienation:’ the Author diminishing like a tiny figure at the far end of the literary stage) is not only a historical fact or an act of writing: it utterly transforms the modern text (or — what is the same thing — the text is henceforth written and read so that in it, on every le- vel, the Author absents himself). Time, first of all, is no longer the same. The Author, when we believe in him, is always conceived as the past of his own book: the book
ELT Methodology (FLGR.01.041) 27.12.2012 Home Assignments. I Youtube clips: · A vision of K-12 students I personally think that Estonian learners are also digital learners. They spend more time at the computers or laptops or iPads etc. than read books or move outside. And another thing is that teachers are less capable in using technological appliances. But the latter mentioned fact is an advantage for us teachers as well. It gives us an opportunity to provide our students to experience success. They can help and assist us if we need some technological help. Another thing is that in schools, in classes generally students are not allowed to use their appliances, so it means they have to communicate verbally as well. I
- provides information about what really happens in the world - reasoning not based on demonstration but observation and experience - Experience can only give un information about what an object is like now or what it was like in the past but not what it is going to be like in the future - eg. the bread which a ate in the past nourished me ie. a body of such sensible qualities had at that time such secret powers. But that doesn't mean that another body with the same sensible qualities as bread has to have the same secret powers at another time. - it is not true that things which look similar will produce the same effects. - This is because the course of nature may always change and therefore, also the effects of things may change. - "It is impossible that any arguments from experience can prove the resemblance of the past to the future, since all these arguments are founded on the supposition of that
Thus, with automation, for example, the new patterns of human association tend to eliminate jobs, it is true. That is the negative result. Positively, automation creates roles for people, which is to say depth of involvement in their work and human association that our preceding mechanical technology had destroyed. Many people would be disposed to say that it was not the machine, but what one did with the machine, that was its meaning or message. In terms of the ways in which the machine altered our relations to one another and to ourselves, it mattered not in the least whether it turned out cornflakes or Cadillacs. The restructuring of human work and association was shaped by the technique of fragmentation that is the essence of machine technology. The essence of automation technology is the opposite. It is integral and decentralist in depth, just as the machine was fragmentary, centralist, and superficial in its
document. If this stage of the production process is done properly all you really need are the language control techniques to connect your ideas logically and effectively. If you have a well documented list of techniques to connect your ideas effectively the writing process is less formidable. You will want to know how to join similarities, compare and contrast certain facts, introduce the next topic, offer a supporting idea, or refer to previously presented facts. You will also need to know how to present different shades of argument to produce logically a recommendation you wish to make. This requires an ability to emphasise certain facts and 'bury' others. However, all facts need to be linked to give a logical flow. This unit will give you language practice in this important aspect of producing written documents. Evaluation Exercise 1 Connectives Study the following two versions of the same text and decide
again to keep the noise down. between Paul and Joe. 1D Sporting origins page 67 2 She recognised him at once. 2 Phobias can be genetically 3 He's working at his father's shop inherited. 1 1 staunchly / resolutely for the time being. 3 When it comes to politics, 2 By and large 4 They'll be here any moment now. Edward and his dad have a lot in 3 swiftly 5 Everybody makes mistakes once common. 4 loosely in a while. 4 Luke is the spitting image of Matt 5 categorically 6 My brother was still a baby at the Damon. 6 widely time
1 What is Grammar? Here's an old children's rhyme about the eight parts of speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what grammar is about. Read and remember it. Every name is called a noun, Pronoun As field and fountain, street and town. Noun In place of noun the pronoun stands, As he and she can clap their hands. The adjective describes a thing, As magic wand or bridal ring. Adjective Most verbs mean action, something done, Verb To read and write, to jump and run. How things are done the adverbs tell, As quickly, slowly, badly, well. ition Adverb Prepos
between biological factors and behavior. Though psychologists can learn a lot from brain imaging techniques, the technique is not without limitations. The MRI scanner is not a natural environment for cognition. There is a question in ecological validity. The use of colors in PET scans may exaggerate the different activities of the brain. Brain areas activate for various reasons (just because the amygdala lights up, doesn't mean that fear is necessarily part of the response being observed). fMRI scans the oxygen concentration of blood in the brain (active brain tissue uses more oxygen) thus providing a vivid picture of brain activity without the need to inject patients with radioactive substance. Although researcher can now, quite literally, watch real-time presentations as brain regions light up when participants perform various tasks the temporal resolution is still poor (45sec fMRI /
of my perceptions, my intent is to address each educational ingredient that comes to my mind. After I've said what I think about each topic, readers may have a fair comprehension of my philosophy. First comes sensitivity. If a person be insensitive, be it from numbing cold, exhaustion, drugs, genetic makeup, or upbringing, then the process of education is bogged down, and results come only after great efforts. Sensitivity in my integrated meaning is broad, covering literally the senses, so that deaf and blind people are less sensitive, as well as people whose senses work perfectly, but whose receptivity or thought processes are blunted for whatever reason. A person can be insensitive in one way, such as blind, and extraordinarily sensitive in another way, such as in hearing. It is also possible to be so ultra-sensitive that the result is disadvantageous. I expect no argument in asserting that a normal sensitivity is a healthy,
must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. "My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?" Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. "But it is," returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it." Mr. Bennet made no answer. "Do you not want to know who has taken it?" cried his wife impatiently. "You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it." This was invitation enough. "Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris
When the MCC Transport Manager heard of the problem, he immediately telephoned the Transport Supervisor and asked him to write a short report detailing the background and extent of the problem. Text 1 is the report that the Transport Supervisor drafted out. However, knowing that his report writing ability was not particularly good, he asked his secretary to revise it before she typed it up. Text 2 is the report that was finally sent to the Transport Manager. Read both of the reports and see if you can identify: the changes that the secretary made the reasons for making these changes the effect of these changes TO: Transport Manager FROM: Transport Supervisor (Field Services) SUBJECT: Services Provided by Autocheck Maintenance Company DATE: 6.4.01 Ref your phone call about the maintanance of field vehicles. As I said on the phone, in the past couple of months I've noticed that the standard of service which this
structure, whose maximum examples would be “Here” and “High Windows”, Brownjohn says that: Larkin has never written easily (...) But any sense of effort or contrivance is utterly absent: the diction of the poems, the beautifully judged selection of imagery, fit into frameworks which support and enhance them with immense metrical skill. (1975, 25) Here there is another one of the great challenges that consider Larkin in their writing: idiolect that creates and that it is put under that fiction of fluid phrase, of poetic voice (and never rather) that drags us in to his steps, although never without drawing up an clear structure, that can reach the exquisite subtlety of “As Bad as to Mile” or “Wires” or sustain architectures cathedrals as in “The Old Fools” or “Dockery and Son”.
11. Exclusive occupancy of a private room is a basic human right. 12. Fair compensation for genius is wealth. 13. God's not perfect, so it's a pretty good bet that you're not, either. 14. Good institutions help to overcome human moral inertia. 15. I am not one of your little friends. 16. If a dimension is anywhere it's everywhere. 17. If God's not crazy, why are you? 18. If one makes a promise one shouldn't have made it cannot stand against the obligation to do the right thing. 19. If you odn't give a certain amount of attention to filtering distractions, every distraction is a catastrophe. 20. If you don't know what your duty is, your duty is to find out. 21. If you're not an animal, then you must be a vegetable. 22. If you want to get along you have to get along with those who don't want to get along. 23. If you whine whenever anybody messes with your crutches you can't claim not to be crippled. 24. I hate an unfair fight, so I need to be ganged up on. 25
9 Did he reading when he heard the scream? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 10 Which book did you enjoying most? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Marks: /10 Words, words, words 4 Write the words which mean the following. The first letter of each word has been provided. 1 Children wear this to school to make them look the same. u______________________ 2 A jacket and trousers made from the same material. s ______________________ 3 A man wears this round his neck and over his shirt to make him look smart. t _______________________ 4 We wear these to protect our clothing
Paul Nail, Alan J. Resnik, Daryl Retzlaff, Geofrey Rosenberger, Dan Swift, and Karla Vasks. Special thanks are due to those who provided new Reader's Reports for this edition: Hartnut Bock, Michael Conroy, Jonathan Harries, Karen Klawer (2), Katie Mueller, Paul Nail, Dan Norris, Sam Omar, Joanna Spychala, and Robert Stauth. I would also like to invite new readers to contribute similar "Reports" for pos- sible publication in a future edition. They can be sent to me at the Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, 1l 85287-1104 or robert.cialdini@ asu.edu. Finally, more influence-relevant information can be obtained at www.lnfluenceatwork.com. R.B.C. Introduction I can admit it freely now. All my life I've been a patsy. For as long as I can recall, I've
1. What does the word “philosophy” mean? The study of proper behaviour and the search for wisdom, in greek means love for wisdom 2. Is philosophy a science? Why? What kind of science it is? Yes it is. It tries to understand the meaning of reality. It’s the science of truth. Science, as it exists today, happens within the framework of philosophy. Philosophy, however, is bigger than science. It is also a form of art and discipline…... 3. Name three characteristics of Classical philosophy? deeply rooted in religious traditions ; believes that inferior was created by superior ; more positive ; seeks the real truth ; about intelligence ; reaalsuse üle mõtisklus ; believes that god is truth 4
I have a confession to make. I am one of Brian’s raving fans. I have studied him, his brilliant work, and the extraordinary results he has achieved. I am also one of his close colleagues and friends. We have worked together on many platforms, and met and talked with each other on numerous occasions. Brian is one of the finest thinkers and writers on inner develop- ment and personal success in the world. I know; I have sold over 82 million books aimed at helping people get the most out of themselves. Change Your Thinking, Change Your Life shows you how to dis- cover your extraordinary inner resources and tap your incredible powers.You will learn how to attract into your life all the people and resources you need to achieve any goal you can set for yourself.
A woman who would please her husband's eyes Alone, wants no such wealth of fineries. CLEANTE But, madam, after all . . . MADAME PERNELLE Sir, as for you, The lady's brother, I esteem you highly, Love and respect you. But, sir, all the same, If I were in my son's, her husband's, place, I'd urgently entreat you not to come Within our doors. You preach a way of living That decent people cannot tolerate. I'm rather frank with you; but that's my way-- I don't mince matters, when I mean a thing. DAMIS Mr. Tartuffe, your friend, is mighty lucky . . . MADAME PERNELLE He is a holy man, and must be heeded; I can't endure, with any show of patience, To hear a scatterbrains like you attack him. DAMIS What! Shall I let a bigot criticaster Come and usurp a tyrant's power here? And shall we never dare amuse ourselves Till this fine gentleman deigns to consent? DORINE If we must hark to him, and heed his maxims, There's not a thing we do but what's a crime;
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