Usually the task contains points you have to discuss. Make sure they are all covered! Keep in mind! Formal language – no slang, so contracted forms, colloquialisms, try to avoid repetition of words. Indented lines! Clear paragraphs with one central idea. Avoid strong feelings 8everybody hates... it is absurd to believe...) and strong personal expressions Use generalization (children assume…), but do not use overgeneralizations (all children assume…) At least 2 linking words per paragraph (separate them from the rest of the sentence by commas!) that show the connection between paragraphs. Make references to other sources (Police officials believe that…) Give examples, not personal thoughts (expressive intake of alcohol can damage liver) if you use statistics, be sure of the source! Avoid clichéd introductions, make it more original (hook) Consistent personal pronoun use (if you use “we” or “you”, do it throughout the essay) Punctuation (NB
The Essay Writing Manual Brain Storming The process of writing the application essay can be broken into five very basic parts: Brainstorming Selecting the essay topic Writing the essay Revising the essay Coming up with the final draft 1. BRAINSTORMING: Brainstorming is the process of coming up with ideas spontaneously from free flowing writing or talking. To brainstorm, you can simply sit down with a pen and jot down every idea that comes into your head. Another approach is to simply start writing and see where you end up. Record as much information as you can recall, such as schools attended, courses taken, jobs held, research projects undertaken. Work on
OPINION ESSAY Opinion essays are formal in style. They require your opinion on a topic which must be clearly Introduction stated and supported by reasons. It is necessary Paragraph 1 to include the opposing viewpoint in another State the topic and your opinion paragraph. clearly A successful opinion essay should have: Main Body a) an introductory paragraph in which you Paragraph 2 state the topic and your opinion; Viewpoint 1 and reason b) a main body which consists of two or more Paragraph 3 * paragraphs. Each paragraph should present a Viewpoint 2 and reason separate viewpoint supported by your reasons. Another paragraph giving the Paragraph 4
ELT Methodology (FLGR.01.041) 27.12.2012 Home Assignments. I Youtube clips: · A vision of K-12 students I personally think that Estonian learners are also digital learners. They spend more time at the computers or laptops or iPads etc. than read books or move outside. And another thing is that teachers are less capable in using technological appliances. But the latter mentioned fact is an advantage for us teachers as well. It gives us an opportunity to provide our students to experience success. They can help and assist us if we need some technological help. Another thing is that in schools, in classes generally students are not allowed to use their appliances, so it means they have to communicate verbally as well. I
To make contrasting points although, yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, but, while, despite, even if, even though, at the same time, it can be argued that, one can argue that To conclude finally, lastly, all in all, taking everything into account, on the whole, all things considered, in conclusion, as I have said, as was previously stated, to sum up · Expressing arguments for and against a topic Introduction Introduce the subject of the essay. State why it is an important issue at the present time Main body Para.2. Give the arguments in favour of the statement, examples and justifications Para.3. Give the arguments against the statement, examples and justifications Conclusion Conclude by giving a well-balanced consideration · Providing solutions to problems Introduction State the problem, the main reasons for the problem and that there are several solutions to it Main body Para.2
Letters Letters FORMAL, INFORMAL, TRANSACTIONAL TASK 1 Read the extracts and answer the questions. · Where are the extracts from? · What is the purpose of each letter? · How do they differ? · Which extracts are examples of formal letters? · How is the reader addressed in a formal letter? · What are the closing remarks for formal letters? · What is the salutation in a friendly letter? · How would you end extracts 1,2,3 ? · How would you begin the extracts 4 and 5? 1. Dear Mr Miller, I received your kind invitation to the reception. Unfortunately, owing to other commitments. I will be unable to attend ... 2. Dear Ralph, l just got your invitation to the company's event. l `m afraid I can't make it because I've a/ready made plans which l can "t change ... 3.
Pay particular attention to the following: · Appropriate Subject Heading Take care to prepare your reader by introducing the subject appropriately in your subject heading. · Carefully Organized Information If a reader needs to be persuaded or convinced, your information will need careful planning and organizing. · Correct Grammar and Spelling Train yourself to check for major grammatical errors, words which are commonly misspelt and sentences which are incomplete. · Suitable Style and Tone The style and tone must match the message and its reader. You cannot, for example, write a memo to a colleague in the same style and tone as you might use when speaking on the telephone to a friend. · Logically Connected Ideas Finally, your ideas must be suitably connected so that the reader can identify related ideas while reading through and gradually understanding the
Department of English. In the middle: write your title without quotation marks, and below in the middle write Term Paper. Then a little below write: by Xzzz Xzzzz, and below of that write: Supervisor: Lect. Zxxx Zxxxx. Below in the end write: Tallinn 200X. · title should be not a sentence use only phrases · chapters should have titles (not a sentence but a phrase). After title page comes page 2 and Table of Contents (in the top middle) here you indicate the division of your paper (Introduction, Chapter 1 (with title), etc.). · NB! People who have literary topic should write a Preface (short, normally 1 page long ) and only then comes Table of Contents and there mention your Preface (e.g. Preface, Introduction, Chapter 1 (with title), etc.). · all the following divisions start with a new page (e.g. Preface (1.5 pages), Table of Contents starts with a new page, etc.).
Introduction Paragraph What is an introduction paragraph? The introduction paragraph is the first paragraph of your essay. What does it do? It introduces the main idea of your essay. A good opening paragraph captures the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is important. How do I write one? 1. Write the thesis statement. The main idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. You must limit your entire essay to the topic you have introduced in your thesis statement. 2. Provide some background information about your topic. You can use interesting facts, quotations, or definitions of important terms you will use later in the essay. Example: Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolved into an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of Canadians. The game has gone through several changes since hockey was first played in Canada. Supporting Paragraphs
The person who reads it should find the information quickly. THINK: why you are writing the report, why the reader needs your report and what she might be interested in. Think about the best way to present the facts. If it’s a report of events (e.g. a traffic accident), describe them in chronological order. It should NOT be written like a letter! NO salutation/sign-off. Impersonal style (PASSIVE!), unless you make suggestions or give personal opinion – then you can use “I”. Formal language –no contractions, slang, etc. You can use the following format at the beginning of the report: To: From: (DO NOT write your own name. A member of the student committee etc. is fine) Subject: Basic structure 200 (+/- 10%) Introduction: Aim of the report Status of the writer (who you are – not your name – to write the report given in the task) Source of the information that the report is based on a survey, state when and by whom the survey was carried out.
FGI 1081 Stilistika (Irina Ladusseva) Kab. 420 2 AP Ends with an exam; lasts only for 1 semester. At the exam you get 2 questions and an exercise (50 sentences: establish the device used, recognize it, and name it). Care about the pronunciation of the terms. Books: - I. Galperin "Stylistics" - I. Ladusseva "Rhythm and Text" - I. Ladusseva "Vocabulary and Style" - I. Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose, newspapers, business correspondence, etc.). STYLISTICS Stylistics is the study of style
Discussion 1 Although Text 25 is not impossible to read, Text 26 is far easier. This is because in Text 26 the writer uses linking words moreover, however, consequently, although, therefore, alternatively to indicate the relationship between the ideas in the text. This makes it far easier for the reader to follow the writer's line of thought, or argument. Did you, for example, immediately realise that the last two sentences were alternative proposals when you read Text 25? If the writer's line of thought is not made clear to the reader in this way, there is a much greater chance that the reader will misunderstand the meaning that the writer intends. These linking words are therefore extremely important. Note that connectives may be grouped in two different ways. Firstly, they can be grouped according to meaning
Informal- are sent to people you know well. Semi-formal- to your friend parents Formal-are normally sent to people an (friends, relatives) ect.. official position or to people u dont know well An informal greeting (Dear Formal greetings (Dear Mr and Formal greetings: Dear Sir/Madam-when u dont know the Lucy, Uncle Bill,Mum) Mrs Jones, ) name. Friendly, relaxed style (How Informal endings (Best wishes, Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms- when u know name.
STYLISTICS 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies The term ,,style" is polysemantic. Latin ,,stilus"--a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Soon, the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift said: ,, Style is proper words in proper places" Present day--half a dozen meanings: · the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas (Style of Byron) · the manner of expressing ideas characteristic of a literary movement or period (symbolism, romanticism) · the use of lg. typical of a literary genre (comedy, drama, novel) · the selective use of lg that depends on spheres of human activity. These are called functional styles or registers (fiction, newspaper) Stylistics is the study of style
Cinema is the most restricitve medium The topic of this essay is cinema as the most restrictive medium. I would like to discuss the restrictions of cinema as such – what these are, how do they affect the medium. For example time limit of the films, budget, how it affects writer and director, what kind of choices they have to make, and how the audience come into play. Personally, i don’t consider cinema as a restrictive medium. Cinema’s most restrictive feature is time. Filmmakers must fit very good shots edited into very good storyline into one and a half to three hour movie, usually. The reason being, we get uncomfortable sitting long period of time. If the movies would be longer, we would lose interest and start doing something else
,,Dear Sir" In case you know who you are writing to (for example John Doe or Jane Doe) you have to use: ,,Dear Mr Doe" or ,,Dear Mrs Doe"/,,Dear Ms Doe". NB! There is no punctuation after abbreviations ,,Mr", ,,Mrs" or ,,Ms". In case you are writing to a female person and you do not know wheter she has been married or not, it is not important whether you use ,,Ms" or ,,Mrs". You have to use one of them. 1. The first paragraph is meant for saying why you write, where did you get the information from and what the advertisement was about. In case newspaper's name is not mentioned in the task, it would be good if you could make one up. P1: General information For example: ,,I am writing to you in response to your advertisement in The Times about a flat to let at Finsbury Park, London." This would be the whole first paragraph and totally acceptable.
Larkin’s recorded readings phonetically, and David Punter has applied Melanie Klein’s psychoanalysis to his poems. My aim with this paper is to make an academic review about the principles of his poetics manifest in his short essays, interviews, reviews, letters, and the poems themselves. My main interest will be to analyse the themes, form, style, imagery and symbolism, from the point of view of the numerous studies his being protagonist. Larkin was not one of the major essay writers in the history of British literature. He never wrote a text comparable with Wordsworth’s “Preface” to Lyrical Ballads, Shelley’s “A Defence of Poetry” or Eliot’s “Tradition and the Individual Talent”. This lack of a conceptualized theory, however, does not indicate a lack of principles. In the first part of this study I will offer an outline of Larkin’s poetics, based on the form and
SYNTACTIC STYLISTIC DEVICES SYNTACTIC STYLISTIC DEVICES are based on a peculiar place of the word or phrase in the utterance (text, sentence, etc).This special place creates emphasis irrespective of the lexical meaning of the words used. Categories: syntactic stylistic devises based on: SDD: based on ABSENCE OF LOGICALLY REQUIRED ELEMENTS OF SPEECH ELLIPSIS ELLIPSIS or ELLIPTICAL SENTENCES means leaving out one or both principle members of the sentence that is the subject or predicate. NT: Where is the man I'm going to marry? - Out in the garden. (no subject) What is he doing out there? - Annoying father. Here, in the dialogue, ellipsis creates the colloquial tone of the utterance. It also renders realistically the way the characters speak. The elliptical sentences convoy/render carelessness, familiarity, harshness. It makes the
WRITING YOUR SCHOLARSHIP APPLICATION ESSAYS 1. Keep it simple · Don't use unnecessary words (i.e. don't use three words when one will do) · Don't include unnecessary information just to "fill the page" 2. Keep it neat · Type ALL your application materials (refer to the scholarship application form for specifics i.e.: double spacing, margins, font, etc. · SPELL CHECK your essay make sure words are used correctly (i.e.: two, to too, there their, they're, its it's, etc.) · Have someone else read your essay for clarity 3. Talk about your accomplishments · Be clear and to the point · Don't brag or over market yourself 4. State your need · What is your financial situation? Do you work? Do you receive support from your family? Do you receive financial aid? 5. Plan ahead · Don't procrastinate!
Index 217 Preface As its title slyly suggests, this book is an introduction to the main issues in contemporary philosophy of language. Philosophy of language has been much in vogue since early in the twentieth century, but only since the 1960s have the issues begun to appear in high resolution. One crucial development in the past forty years is the attention of philoso- phers of language to formal grammar or syntax as articulated by theoretical linguists. I personally believe that such attention is vital to success in phi- losophizing about language, and in my own work I pay as much of it as I am able. With regret, however, I have not made that a theme of this book. Under severe space limitations, I could not expend as many pages as would be needed to explain the basics of formal syntax, without having to omit presentation of some philosophical issues I consider essential to competence
........................................................................................................................................ 3 Formal letter ..................................................................................................................................
Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). Syntax (concerned with the rules [grammar] and how sentences and words are formed). Synchronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how language exists in one moment in time, not at how this language came to be the way it is now. Example Estonian in the 21st century. Diachronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how a language has changed over some period of time. In a way it is comparing language to what it was and how it is now. For example comparing 18th century and 19th century Estonian.
syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes of linguistic description. Saussure's 'theory of the sign' defined a sign as being made up of the matched pair of signifier and signified. Signifier The signifier is the pointing finger, the word, the sound-image. A word is simply a jumble of letters. The pointing finger is not the star. It is in the interpretation of the signifier that meaning is created. Signified The signified is the concept, the meaning, the thing indicated by the signifier. It need not be a 'real object' but is some referent to which the signifier refers. The thing signified is created in the perceiver and is internal to them. Whilst we share concepts, we do so via signifiers. Whilst the signifier is more stable, the signified varies between people and contexts. The signified does stabilize with habit, as the signifier cues thoughts and images. Signifier + signified = sign • Onomatopoeic words (examples)
e t o t h e n e w e r a o f b i g d a t a . P ii s Big a v data a l in t C o clou o l d I T opportu I 0 Academic essay (ITI0103) 2019 spring Introduction “Data is Everything and Everyone is Data. “[1] The ability to collect, organize, structure and analyse data on a large scale is probably the most significant trait that sets us, humans, apart from our primate friends. [1] To comprehend the opportunities and threats regarding big data located within the cloud, one must first realize the essence of them. Big data is not only what its name says, but it is also so much more. What is Big data?
Instructor: Marina Zotikova Tallinn 2010 Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................3-4 Person Knowledge Technologies supports......................................................................4-6 Online Essay Evaluation Service.....................................................................................6-7 WordNet lexical database................................................................................................7-8 Practice Online (TPO)......................................................................................................8-9 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................10
Maturita Solutions Upper-Intermediate Workbook Key 1G Magazine article page 10 1 1 Introduction: C 2 Background information: A 3 Main events: D 4 Conclusion: B 2 1 One afternoon, at the time, when I finally reached safety, after that day 2 and fast! The rock was now more than a kilometre out to sea! After that day, I always checked the times of the tides before I went swimming! I'd never been so exhausted in my life! 3 exhausted, fantastic 4 Only when I woke up ... 3 1 Had the distance been twenty metres further, I wouldn't have made it. 2 Never in my life had I been so exhausted. 3 So tired was I that I fell asleep. 45 Students' own answers Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2 Maturita Solutions Upper-Intermediate Workbook Key Unit 2 4
again to keep the noise down. between Paul and Joe. 1D Sporting origins page 67 2 She recognised him at once. 2 Phobias can be genetically 3 He's working at his father's shop inherited. 1 1 staunchly / resolutely for the time being. 3 When it comes to politics, 2 By and large 4 They'll be here any moment now. Edward and his dad have a lot in 3 swiftly 5 Everybody makes mistakes once common. 4 loosely in a while. 4 Luke is the spitting image of Matt 5 categorically 6 My brother was still a baby at the Damon. 6 widely time
g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content words. Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are usually grammatical words. Example ‘We flew over the mountains at dawn'. countable nouns Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens
What is expected of a graduate of the 21st century and how does the university play a role in contributing to a succesful outcome? Kaisa Kamenik In Mike Nichols 1967 cult film „The Graduate“, Dustin Hoffman character Benjamin Braddock, who has just graduated from college, is facing basically same questions as posed in the title of this essay. Everyone is asking what is he going to do with his life now, but he is very uncomfortable aswering them and at that point he doesn’t care as well. Being a third year history student in University of Tartu, I am wondering over the same questions and find myself often thinking what is expected of me after graduating and how has university played a role in my development for almost three years now. When asked what is the main purpose of university, most people would say that it is
provide support for one of the others (called the conclusion). When the course starts, you should listen But the course has started Therefore, you should listen. What is a Statement? Statements are declared sentence. A statement (or a Proposition) is a sentence that is either true or false. Truth and falsity are called Truth values. - Tallinn is the capital of Estonia - Statement (true/false) - Sydney is the capital of Australia Example of sentences that are not statements: Let us go to have lunch (invitation) What time is it? (question) Go away! (command) What is an Inference? An argument has one or more premises and one conclusion. The premises provide evidence, support or reasons to believe the conclusion. The conclusion is said to follow from the premises. The premises are said to imply the conclusions. The reasoning process expressed by an argument is called an Inference.
Lecture 2 Sources of PIL Divided to primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are equal and secondary sources as well. Primary sources 1. International conventions (expressly recognized by the contesting states) all written documents, agreements (can be diplomatic notes, letters, treaties. 2. International customary law (as evidence of a general practice accepted as law) 3. General principles of the law recognized by civilized nations (why civilized nations before the creation of UN and the collapse of the colonial system, only metropolitan nations were considered subject of international law, this was created before the collapse of the colonialized system, UN charter is a very old and stupid document, that's why there's still such a definition) Strong point of int. Conventions - it's easier to apply, no proof is needed, the rules exist in the text. However, int
Paragraph 1 Reason for writing, name of the available position (+add the source, if available) I am writing to apply for the post advertised in... I am writing in response to your advertisement in... Paragraph 2, 3 What are you doing now, previous experience Qualifications (also personality traits, if necessary) NB! Relevant information I have graduated from... (with honors) My degree is in... I attended a.... course Final paragraph + closing sentence Closing remarks: thank the person for considering your application, ask the person to consider you for the job, mention the possibility of further communication. I have enclosed my CV... I am enclosing my curriculum vitae together with two references, I would be happy to provide any further information, if you wish me to attend an interview, I am available at any time, Thank you for considering my application. NB! I look forward to hearing from you. Sign-of
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