Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Finland judicial system". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
court, courts, judge, district, cases, president, judicial, finnish, supreme, land, chamber, finland, member, special, service, appeal, criminal, chief, building, welfare, management, labour, members, prison, association, käräjäoikeus, civil, matters, senior, helsinki, function, rule, important, points, gives, advice, acts, task, environmental11.02.09 INGLISE KEEL Palju aega läheb. 10 nädalat aint. One of the ESP courses. What we are going to do, what is needed: · What we do - 1 test, on words. · 2 Essays, that means that we have to look into academic writing · Homereading we read a case from European Court of Justice thingy. · Oral thing. · 90% you have to attend · Have to prepare for class and take part of it etc What we learn: Terms Expressions / collocations (nt obey/abide by the law) Explaining AWOL absence without a leave Legal English can be divided into 3 levels. We learn the first one, which is needed for the other two! You have to know the vocabulary etc. Second level has to do with legal contracts..
TOPICS For the PRELIM Year 1 Put down 10-12 relevant terms and retell about: 1. Prescriptive and descriptive law Prescriptive law – prescribe how people ought to behave Descriptive law – describes the way people or natural phenomena behave Break the law – do something illegal Penalty – punishment Government – system by which a state or community is controlled Law – the system of rules System of courts – all judicial institutions Enforce – to make people obey the law Authority – a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity /the moral or legal right or ability to control Prescribe – to tell someone what they must have or do, or to make a rule of something Impose The word law can have several meanings, it can be divided into prescriptive and descriptive law. Descriptive law – describes the way people or natural phenomena behave, e. g. law of gravity
https://quizlet.com/388172484/inka-test-flash-cards/? i=25w06u&x=1jqY&fbclid=IwAR1qQksMLyeDlPJwkOTW_Fq18r1xJUkZrlbt6nX49ZocC _ojSaZoykYBJXk Prosecutor, judge, sworn advocate, notary NOTARY JUDGE PROSECUTOR SWORN ADVOCATE/ ATTORNEY-AT- LAW WHAT DO THEY A notary public of the A judge presides over The prosecutor has Attorney at law or DO
descriptive law (kirjeldav õigus) - laws which simply describe how people or even natural phenomenas usually behave nation (riik) - country with its own goverment citizen (kodanik) - person native of a country; realationship between country and a person stranger (välismaalne) - person who is unfamiliar, from another country penalty (karistus) - punishment fixed by law, as for a crime or from any soical groups goverment (valitsus) - organization which controlls a stre or community System of Courts (kohtusüsteem) - organization applying law in the name of states to commit a crime (kuritegu läbi viima) - breaking a law, usually given out by the goverment fine (trahv) - certain sum of money person pays for breaking a law corruption (korruptsioon) - dishonest or unethincal conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority suspension (kõrvaldamine) - form of punisment that people recieve for violating rules and regulations
institutsioon/asutus 83. initially established esmakordselt sisseseatud 84. to supervise teostada järelvalvet 85. law-abiding seaduskuulekus 86. state officials riigiametnikud 87. parliamentary ombudsman parlamentaarne "õigusvahemees" 88. right to impose specific administrative penalties on... õigus kehtestada spetsiaalseid halduskaristusi 89. employees of state agencies riigiasutuste personal 90. the conducted proceedings juhitud menetlused 91. the administrative court proceedings halduskohtumenetlus 92. an infringement of law seadusrikkumine 93. right to make proposals and give recommendations, fulfilment of which is not compulsory õigus teha ettepanekuid ja anda soovitusi mittekohustuslikuks täitmiseks ??? 94. to improve the situation olukorra parandamiseks 95. the function of reconciliation or negotiation leptamise ja läbirääkimiste funktsioon 96. questions arising between... küsimused, mis tekivad ... vahel 97
evaluations of the UN's effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. 2. General knowledge on your delegation COUNTRY: Syrian Arab Republic POPULATION: Over 13 million LANGUAGE: Arabic (official); French; English RELIGION: Islam, Christianity, Druze, Judaism, Baha'i Syrian Arab Republic, more commonly known as Syria. The fertile land of Syria lies at the crossroads of great trade routes between the East and West. It is also the site of many holy places in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Because of these advantages, it has been invaded, conquered, and occupied by many different peoples over its long history. These groups include the Egyptians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, European Crusaders, Mongols from Central Asia, Turks, British, and French. In 1946, the French gave up
1.Common law A common law legal system is a system of law characterized by case law which is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals a common law system is based on legal precedents. The roots of the common law legal systems can be traced back to the first common law system created in England during the Middle Ages. Today, most countries that once had ties to England, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong, to name a few, operate under common law. Aside from Great Britain, the majority of the countries in Europe operate under a version of civil
behaviour 30. oht ühiskonna heaolule ja korrale danger to the well-being and order of society 31. leidma süüdi olevat (milleski) find guilty of (a crime) 32. riigivastane süütegu offence against the state 33. rahatrahv fine 34. vangistus imprisonment 35. juriidilised kohustused legal obligations 36. vaidlusi lahendama (kohtus) settle disputes in a court of law 37. kinnisvara võõrandama transfer real estate 38. testamenti tegema make a will 39. äriühingut asutama set up/ establish/ found/ form/ start a company 40. riskeerima tehingute tegemisega risk making transactions 41. õigusnõustamist taotlema seek legal advice 42. tavalised inimesed ordinary people 43. juriidilisi vahendeid kasutama use legal means 44
1. Facts 2. Geography 3. Nature 4. History 5. Population 6. Government 7. Industry, economy 8. America's pop culture Facts Official Name: United States of America Capital City: Washington, D.C. Largest city: New York City Official languages: None at federal level National language: English Government: Federal constitutional republic President: Barack Obama ( Barack Hussein Obama II) Vice President: Joe Biden (Joseph Robinette "Joe" Biden, Jr) Population: 2009 estimate 306,108,000 people Area: Total 9,826,630 km2 (by CIA World Factbook) Currency: United States dollar ($) Motto: In God We Trust Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner" Flag Names: The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, The Starry Banner Seal: Great Seal of the United States Flag Seal Geography America consists of 50 states
To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria. These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law; a functioning marketeconomy; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership, including EU law. No member state has ever left the Union. After 1952, there have been 7 enlargements: 1973, 1981, 1986, 1995, 2004 (including Estonia), 2007, 2013. Most important 5 treaties (lepingud) till today are Paris, Rome, Brussels, Maastrict and Lisbon. Leaders: President of the Commission José Manuel Barroso and President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy. EU law The European Union is based on the rule of law. This means that every action taken by the EU is founded on treaties that have been approved voluntarily and democratically by all EU member countries. A treaty is a binding agreement between EU member countries. It sets out EU objectives, rules for EU institutions, how decisions are made and the relationship between
by the tenth century, the Pictish kingdom was dominated by what we can recognise as Gaelic culture, and had developed an Irish conquest myth around the ancestor of the contemporary royal dynasty, Cined mac Ailpn (Kenneth MacAlpin). From a base of territory in eastern Scotland north of the River Forth and south of the River Oykel, the kingdom acquired control of the lands lying to the north and south. By the 12th century, the kings of Alba had added to their territories the Anglic-speaking land in the south-east and attained overlordship of Gaelic-speaking Galloway and Norse-speaking Caithness; by the end of the 13th century, the kingdom had assumed approximately its modern borders. However, processes of cultural and economic change beginning in the 12th century ensured Scotland looked very different in the later Middle Ages. The stimulus for this was the reign of King David I and the Davidian Revolution. Feudalism,
Accordingly, infringements of Article 34 TFEU seem to presuppose activity on the part of a state. In this sense, the measures falling within the scope of Articles 34-35 TFEU consist primarily of binding provisions of Member States’ legislation. Can this measure be attributed to a public authority? Yes. The law was adopted by the Parliament and has the binding power. Is the measure restrictive in the sense of Dassonville formula? Yes. In Dassonville judgment, the Court of Justice took the view that „all trading rules enacted by Member States which are capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually, or potentially, intra- Community trade is to be considered as measures having an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions” (Cases 8/74 of 11 July 1974 and points 63 to 67 of Case C-320/03 of 15 November 2005). Cassis de Dijon case (Case 120/78 of 20 February 1979) laid down the principle that any
6 Art 5(1)(f) - Bozano v France (1987) CASE OF BOZANO v. FRANCE (18 December 1986) The applicant, an Italian national, was tried in absentia by an Italian court for abduction and murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Three years later, he was arrested in France by the police, but a formal request for extradition was refused by the Limoges Court of Appeal as the conviction in absentia was incompatible with French public policy. The applicant remained in residence in the Limoges area awaiting trial by the French courts for other offences. On the day that an order was made committing him for trial, the applicant was abducted by French policemen, served with a deportation order (which was over one month old) and forcibly taken to the Swiss border where he was handed to the Swiss authorities. Following proceedings in
They are free to establish their rights and obligations on the basis of the contract and in determining any terms of the contract that are not contrary to the law. Civil rights may be restricted based on the federal law and only to the extent necessary to protect the foundations of the constitutional order, morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of others, ensure the country's defense and state security as mentioned in TFEU Article 36. As an opposite example, when Court of Justice find restrictions acceptable: (Case C- 157/96 National Farmers’ Union and Others [1998] ECR I-2211.). The Court stated: “where there is uncertainty as to the existence or extent of rights to human health, the institution may take protective measures without having to wait until the reality and seriousness of those risks become fully apparent’. Basically, there are situations when government have to act ASAP, s as shown in this case. f
fundamental principles (legally binding). PIL= system of (legally binding) norms and principles, written or customary, regulates the conduct of states and intergovernmental international organizations. Also known as International Law, but called PIL to distinguish from private international law, i.e. solution for conflict of laws. Only intergovernmental organizations are also subject of PIL, non-governmental organizations are not. There can be specific cases of PIL, e.g. nations fighting for their independence. These can be considered to be subjects of PIL. Also, some exceptions: International Committee of Red Cross, formerly it wasn't covered by PIL, but due to its unique status (covered by Geneva conventions etc), then it is a subject of PIL. PIL directly regulates private persons, e.g. punishment of international crimes (crimes against peace=crime of aggression, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes). This is if
.. 1 The Decentralized P Where host and home factors pf production are similarly 1 2 3 , , , 4 , 5 , 9, 10- http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_3.1.2.html, by Mariusz Maciejewsk, 12/2016 6 R. Barents "Charges have an Equivalent effect on Customs Duties" (1978) 15CNL rev 415 7 - Paul Craig, Gráinne de Búrca, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, p.613, 617, 618, 2015 8 - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61968CJ0024 6 Model of Integration situated, they shall enjoy the same treatment. 1 Theory of Comparative Q Within this area there is all factors of production can move 7 Advantage freely. Answers
Essential Vocabulary - I The role of law in society 1. juriidilised kohustused – legal obligations 2. kannatanud pool, kahjukannataja – injured party 3. vaidlusi lahendama (kohtus) – to settle a dispute in a court of law 4. riskeerima tehingute tegemisega – to risk making transactions 5. õigusnõustamist otsima – to seek legal advice 6. tagama, et leping kehtiks – to ensure that the contract would be valid 7. õiguslikke vahendeid kasutama – to use legal means 8. harjuma õiguslikke vahendeid kasutama – to get accustomed to using legal means 9. omama teadmisi millestki – to have knowledge of smth 10. ette kirjutama, ettekirjutus, ettekirjutav – to prescribe,
Established church The Church of England is the established church, which means that: 1.)the Monarch is the Supreme Governor of the church, 2.)the Church performs a number of official functions, 3.)Church and State are linked. To disestablish Disestablishmentarianism refers to campaigns to sever links between church and state, particularly in relation to the Church of England as an established church. It was initially a movement in the United Kingdom in the 18th century. The established churches in Wales and Ireland could not count on even nominal adherence by a majority of the population
The partners of the company enjoy different rights. The limited partners may not participate in the management of the company. They can only review annual reports and require corresponding financial documentation to double-check the data given in the report. The limited partners do not have the right to approve or amend the statute of the company. Management Only general partners are entitled to manage the company. The limited partners can exercise their voting rights only in cases prescribed by the statute of the company. Cooperative Liability A Cooperative (CO) is a company incorporated with the objective of developing common busi- ness and increasing the profits of its members. The objective of the CO is to accomplish the in- terests of its members. The CO is not primarily aimed at earning profit. Both physical and legal persons can be members of the CO. The CO is liable to the creditors to the extent of its own property. Charter capital
bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are Portuguese territory as well. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale. SETTLEMENT The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, who were later expelled by the Knights Templar. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation-state. In the 15th and 16th centuries, as the
of the best warriors in England were dead, including their leader, King Harold. On Christmas Day that year, the Norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, was crowned king of England. He is known in popular history as “William the Conqueror” and the date is remembered as the last time that England was successfully invaded. There was no such thing as a Norman area of settlement. Instead, the Norman soldiers who had invaded were given the ownership of land and of the people living on it. A strict feudal system was imposed. 12. Magna Carta. In 1215 King John was forced to sign the document, drawn up by the noblemen of England. It limited his power and extended the rights of his subjects. The Magna Carta is a well-known charter of personal and political liberty. Later, especially in the 17th century, the document was seen as a statement of basic civil rights. Four copies have survived. 13
*Abolition of serfdom 1816 *Song festival 1869 in Tartu, an organiser was J.V.Jannsen, 822 singers, men only *Declaration of independence 24th February 1918 *War of independence 1918-1920 during the Russian Civil War, resulted in a victory for Estonia *Deportation 1949 *Estonia becomes independent 20th August 1991 *Joining EU 1st May 2004 Language: Estonian language, belongs to the Balti-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric languages, closely realted to Finnish and rather remotely to Hungarian; Latin alphabet with 32 letters , 5 of which occur only in foreign words, the phenomes include 9 vowels and 18 consonants; words are borrowed from Latin, Greek, English etc.; since 1995 the 14th of March is celebrated as the Mother Tongue Day, in 2000 UNESCO declared 21 February World Mother Tongue Day; the first estonian calendar was published in 1731, radio broadcasts started in 1924, book was published in 1535 Population: In the 13th cen
also whether the balance of power between institutions within the European Union promotes the ideals of democracy. Firstly,the democratic nature of the European Union must be measured by the extent to which its institutions (particularly those with executive and legislative power) are elected bodies of persons. The European Union is governed by seven institutions; the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union (the Council), the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank and the Court of Auditors.The first four of these hold the executive and legislative power of the European Union. Of these four institutions, the only one directly elected is the European Parliament whose 736 members are elected every 5 years; each citizen in each member state having the right to vote. Seats are subsequently assigned to member-states in accordance with
certain type of expenditure. Special taxes are earmarked. The legislation established that the objects of taxation are: profit, revenue, cost of certain goods, value-added products, assets of businesses and individuals, the transfer of property, separate transactions, certain types of activities, the monthly minimum wage, etc. Taxes depending on the sources of their coverage are grouped as follows: 1. taxes, the costs of which are included in cost of goods (works, services) - land tax, insurance premiums; 2. taxes, the costs of which are included in net sales of products (works, services) - VAT, excise duties, export tariffs; 3. taxes, the costs of which are included in the financial result, income tax, property tax, advertising, some targeted taxes; 4. taxes, the costs of which are covered by the profit left at the disposal of enterprises - the license fee for the right to trade, the collection of transactions executed on the
95. transfer a right õigust üle andma 96. modify a right õigust muutma 97. extinguish a right õigust lõpetama 98. protection against infringements by third parties kaitse rikkumiste vastu kolmanda isiku poolt 99. parties to an obligation kohustuse osapooled 100. delimited piiritletud 101. encumbering koormatud 102. real agreement kinnisasja leping 103. entitled person õigustatud isik 104. entries in the land register sissekanded kinnistusraamatus 105. servitudes servituudid (a right by which sth (as a piece of land) owned by one person is subject to a specified use or enjoyment by another) 106. real encumbrances reaalkoormis 107. pledge pant (object given by someone as security for a loan) 108. right to possess õigus vallata 109. right to use õigus kasutada 110. right to dispose õigus käsutada 111
- Obsolete voting majorities - Complex division between „community“ and „inter-governmental“ policy areas - New challenges – Foreign Afairs (YU) - Institution membership too big (EP, Commission) Enhanced cooperation: A procedure of flexibility allowing those member states that wish to proceed more rapidly in a specific policy area to do so 1. within the EU legal framework, but 2. without extending the powers of the treaties; Lisbon treaty 2009 - A new president of the EU Council (2 and half years) - HR for CFSP both Council & Commission - Abolition of pillar structure - Ordinary legislative procedure (EP & Council) - Inclusion of Charter of Rights - More powers to EU (policy areas) - Expansion of QMV (no, FSP & Taxation) - Legal personality - MS can leave IV loeng • Public persecutor • European referendum • Minister of Foreign Afairs • Withdrawal clause • Popular initiative • Border guard
etc. 3. Relief Lying in the north-western part of the East-European Plain, Estonia is mostly flat with an average elevation of about 50 metres above sea level. South-eastern and eastern parts of Estonia are higher than the western parts. The relief of the present-day landscape was shaped during the Ice Age. Ice sheet has carried large boulders and limestone blocks here, not to mention that the hilly terrain in Estonia was also shaped by the continental ice and the melting water. The land is rising 25 cm every one hundred years. In folklore, many features of the relief are explained by the activities of giants such as the legendary national hero Kalevipoeg. The Haanja and Otepää Uplands are particularly rich in Hills. It is here that You find Big Egg Hill, the highest point in the Baltic states with 318 metres above sea level. 4. Land regions The northern coast features a steep limestone bank, the Baltic glint, which is one
coastline is approximately 3 800 km. The longest distance from east to west is 350 km, while north to south Estonia stretches 240 km. THE NAME The name EESTI was apparently derived from the word AISTI, the name given by ancient Germans to the peoples living northeast of the Vistula River. Tacitius, the Roman historian, was the first one to mention it (AESTI), while the Arab scholar alIdrisi was the first one to mark it on a map (as ASTLANDA). To the ancient Scandinavians the land was known as EISTLAND; to modern Scandinavians it is known as ESTLAND. Most contemporary languages use the Latin name ESTONIA. FLAG The Estonian blueblackandwhite national flag was originally the flag of the Estonian Student's Society, consecrated in Otepää Church in 1884. today there is a memorial plaque on the church wall commemorating the event. The Flag Museum attracts tourists who take an interest in the history of the flag.
Emperor Claudius, the Roman rule in England lasted up to 410. The Romans left behind a huge legacy: many types of animals and plants were brought to Britain in Roman times. Roman introduced theire measurements, Christianity, reading and writing. Also, many words in English and Welsh have been borrowed from the Latin language. An important legacy of the Romans was its roads, agriculture and cities. In the Roman times the land was dominated by rules and reguations. *Christianity in Roman Britain The Roman authorities were suspicious of Christianity because followers of Jesus Christ refused to take an oath of loyalty to the Roman emperor. For this reason the early Christians were regarded as dangerous enemies of the Empire. That ceased when the emperor Constantine converted to Christianity. Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire in the early fourth century A.D. As the century
7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km²) and population more than 300 million people. The capital city is Washington D.C. Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, English is the de facto national language. English is the most common language for daily interaction among both native and non-native speakers. Spanish is the second language. The largest city is the New York City. The Government is Federal constitutional republic and the president is George W. Bush. 2. Geographical position The United States of America is located on the continent of North America. It has borders with two countries Mexico and Canada. There are also the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico surrounding the big country. There are 50 states in America. Most of the people live in towns. The biggest state is Alaska; next by size are California, Alaska and Montana. Six states - Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island and
I Native Americans · Origin of Native Americans Origin is debatable Siberia->Alaska Crossed the land bridge around 14,000 years ago "ice-free corridor" Hunters, searching for fresh grounds · Different tribes and their way of life In tents, dark skin, hair is long, black and straight, women-agriculture, men- hunting. bands(chief. Travelled together) and tribes land was owned by the tribe that occupied it. 200 different tribes Apache- "enemy"- hunted buffalos, oil and natural gas from their land Cherokee- largest tribe Cheyenne- from Minnesota and S & N Dakota. High system of laws
women. Rather, it followed well-ordered, legalistic procedures. The witch-hunts were well-organized campaigns, initiated, financed and executed by Church and State. To Catholic and Protestant witch- hunters alike, the unquestioned authority on how to conduct a witch huntes the Malleus Maleficarum, or Hammer of Witches, written in 1848 by the Reverends Kramer and Spregner (the ,,beloved sons" of Pope Innocent VIII.) For three centuries this sadistic book lay on the bench of every judge, every witch hunte. In a long section on judicial proceedings, the instructions make it clear how the ,,hysteria" was set off: The job of initiating a witch trial was to be performed by either the Vicar (priest) or Judge of the County, who was to post a notice to direct, command, require and admonish that within the space of twelve days...that they should reveal it into us if anyone us if anyone know, see or have heard that
Serfdom and the intensifying manorial economy The impact of the Swedish social order in Estonia continued under the Russian Empire. Although the Northern War meant a severe setback to the development of schools, the Swedish church and school systems remained practically unchanged. Most peasants learned to read at home, though the level of literacy in North Estonia was 40%, in South Estonia 55% and in Saaremaa Island 62%. The 1739 declaration of Otto Fabian von Rosen, a Livonian district magistrate, postulated the landlords' limitless right of ownership over the entire property and person of a peasant. It can be regarded as the ideal legislative model expressing the supremacy of the nobility. But everyday life during the serfdom period, which in Estonia has been researched even less than the agrarian legislation, was still largely shaped by the patriarchal relations between landlords and peasants, founded on customs and traditions. The rapid growth of the Estonian population
annaabi.ee 
