The Chernobyl accident in 1986 was the result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel. The resulting steam explosion and fires released at least 5% of the radioactive reactor core into the atmosphere and downwind. Two Chernobyl plant workers died on the night of the accident, and a further 28 people died within a few weeks as a result of acute radiation poisoning. The April 1986 disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine was the product of a flawed Soviet reactor design coupled with serious mistakes made by the plant operators. It was a direct consequence of Cold War isolation and the resulting lack of any safety culture. The accident destroyed the Chernobyl 4 reactor, killing 30 operators and firemen within three months and several further deaths later. Acute radiation syndrome was originally diagnosed in 237 people on-site and involved with the clean-up. Of these, 28 people died
Tartus secondary school of business Nuclear Power Helena Nulk form 11b Tartu 2009 Table of contents Introduction..........................................................................................................................................3 What is nuclear power?....................................................................................................................3 Nuclear life cycle.............................................................................................................................3 What is nuclear energy?...................................................................................................................3 What is nuclear fusion?.................................................................
............................................................................................27 SOLAR ENERGY..............................................................................................................27 8.1 Photovoltaic energy...................................................................................................... 28 8.2 Solar thermal heat.......................................................................................................29 8.3 Solar thermal power plants......................................................................................... 30 8.4 Solar energy and the environment..............................................................................30 WIND ENERGY.................................................................................................................31 9.1 The History of Wind ..................................................................................................31 9
Rocks, parchments, and leaves were initially used, but they were not satisfactory. With the passage of time, paper was first invented in China and later mushroomed in the rest of the world. The above inventions were worth mentioning to interpret the fact that how man moulded himself in accordance with his needs. As the need arose, man came up with new ideas, new thoughts, and forcefully pushed his mind to run on that particular line of action. Even in the modern era, man has been found to observe the same behavioral patterns. Some years ago, TB and cancer were regarded as incurable diseases, man conducted massive research on them and finally came up with effective solutions. Whether it is the old age or modern era, man has been found too efficient to satisfy his needs and has set numerous examples of it. No matter whether it was a political issue, scientific concern, or even day-to-day chores of life man has reacted in a flexible
geothermal heat--which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generation),followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. While there are many large-scale renewable energy projects and production, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development.Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20100 watt) solar power systems sold per year.
Problems 1 Underline the most suitable word or phrase. a) Many people were injured when the building demolished/collapsed. b) The ship radioed to say that it was in difficulties/dangers. c) The government has announced plans to help the poor/poverty. d) There was a large demonstration/manifestation against nuclear power in Manchester yesterday. e) Everyone agrees that the environment/nature must be protected. f) There has been another increase/rising in the level of crime. g) There are few jobs here and many people are away from work/unemployed. h) The train was in a/an accident/collision with a bus on a level crossing. i) The driver of the bus admitted that he had done/made an error. j) No ships are sailing today because of the high/storm winds. 2 Complete each sentence with a word from the box
What is regulated? Relations between states Relations regulated by domestic law branches. Why it's international then? Because our world is a globalized world and even though its regulated by domestic branches, it's international because one has to decide which national law is applicable. (Also called
Not all the business and capital concentrated in the capital): Kyiv (Kiev) 2.8 million, Kharkiv (Kharkov) 1.5 million, Lviv (Lvov) - 1.5 million, Donetsk 1 million, Dnipropetrovsk (Dnepropetrovsk) - 1 million, Odesa (Odessa) 1 million. Zaporizhzhya (Zaporozhye) 0.8 million. 5 GDP growth, %: 1.0 (2013 forecast EBRD downward revision from previously projected 2.5%). Official language: Ukrainian (although Russian is widely used in business communication). Currency: Hryvnya (UAH). Government type: republic. Membership: the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), etc. Ukraine is bordered by Russia in the east, the Black Sea in the south, Moldova, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland in the west, and Belarus in the north
Our environment is constantly changing. However, as our environment changes, so does the need to become increasingly aware of the problems that surround it. With a massive influx of natural disasters people need to be aware of what types of environmental problems our planet is facing. Current environmental problems make us vulnerable to disasters and tragedies, now and in the future. Unless we address the various issues seriously we are surely doomed for disaster. Current environmental problems require urgent attention. 1. Pollution: Pollution of air, water and soil require millions of years to recoup. Industry and motor vehicle exhaust are the number one pollutants. Heavy metals, nitrates and plastic are toxins responsible for pollution. While water pollution is caused by oil spill, acid rain, urban runoff; air pollution is caused by various gases and toxins released by industries and factories and burning of fossil fuels; soil pollution is
In 1966 Salam Arif, the leader of the new Ba'athist government, died and his brother, Abdul Rahman Arif, not a Ba'athist, assumed the presidency. Some believe that Robert Anderson, former secretary of the treasury under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, secretly met with the Ba'ath Party and came to a negotiated agreement according to which both the oil field concessions and sulphur mined in the northern part of the country would go to United States companies if the Ba'ath again took over power. In 1968, General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr of the Ba'ath Party was installed as the new president. The US broke relations with Iraq in 1967. After al- Bakr seized power, relations remained severed for 16 years and the US made arms sales to Iraq illegal. In June 1972 all foreign businesses including the Iraq Petroleum Company were seized and Iraq declared that oil would be used as "a political weapon in the struggle against imperialism". Saddam Hussein assumed power in a counter-coup in 1979.
of supreme importance was my love of reading. I don't recall why, but by an early age, say age 9, I was a phenomenal reader of books, a habit that persisted all the way until college. Reading expands one's mind immensely. It fires the imagination, demonstrates grammar, teaches vocabulary, informs, challenges, helps one relax. In some cases it forces the mind to concentrate, as to understand. It can help build a moral or ethical framework, and help oneself form an individual worldview. Even an untraveled child, sitting at home, can be transported by a book into any place or time. Fantasy and facts weave together, but the result is almost an unmitigated improvement. If a bookworm grows up to be antisocial or worse, it is not because of too much reading, but because something else was lacking in the education or caregiving. Hands-on learning is another factor difficult to overrate. Imagine trying to learn to draw from listening to a lecture
form of public entertainment. In the late 18th century the British army suffered two serious defeats at battles in Seringapatam, in India. The main reason for these defeats was that the Indian prince, Haidar Ali's army included a corps of rocket throwers. They used very large bamboo rockets which had a range of hundreds of metres. The British were determined to learn from their mistakes and a British officer, William Congrieve, began work on developing even bigger and better rockets. Within a few years Congrieve had developed 14 kg iron rockets that could be fired over 3200 m. These rockets were successfully used against Napoleon in the battle of Waterloo and during the US War of Independence. By the 1889s other applications for rockets were being developed. They were used for signalling, for whaling, and even for rescuing people from sinking ships. If a boat got into trouble near to the shore, a
The star burns all of its helium and shrivels. It turns into a white dwarf about the size of Earth, aging and cooling indefinitely--unless it lies close enough to another star to steal its neighbor's outer layers of hydrogen. If enough material falls onto the white dwarf, the siphoned fuel ignites a thermonuclear explosion. As the detonation spreads, the entire star blows up in what is known as a type 1a supernova--a giant nuclear bomb. The supernova blossoming over Palomar was a different kind: not a thermonuclear blast but a star's catastrophic collapse. This is the only kind of supernova that can unleash a gamma-ray burst, and it is the inevitable fate of a star more than eight times as massive as the sun. Such heavyweight stars always lose their battle with gravity. With the crushing weight of the star's outer layers bearing down on its core, the fusion reactions don't stop at carbon. The star
natural resources by our colonial masters accorded us would be things of history. That is more than forty years ago. Unfortunately, the promise of independence has not been fulfilled. Today, Africa has become more desolate; there is more starvation, diseases and non-provision of essential services than when we got our independence. There are all kinds of wars in Africa than the rest of world put together. The majority of so-called Africans leaders want to stay in power until the day their bodies are put in the grave. Through buffoonery, utter mismanagement and downright stealing of the wealth of the masses, these leaders have so impoverished Africa that we are now nothing but a beggar continent. We beg for everything; we are more dependent on our colonial masters than when we received our independence from them. Africa owes the West more money than we and our generations to come can pay.
Water pollution Attention for water pollution exploded in the 1980s. The oil spill of the Exxon Valdez showed many around the world just how horrible the effects of water pollution could be. However, even the Exxon Valdez spill barely touched the surface of the problem of water pollution. The ship spilt only 5% of the oil spilt that year, and oil is just one of many pollutants that people dump into the water every year. Every year, 14 billions pounds of sewage, sludge, and garbage are dumped into the world's oceans. 19 trillion gallons of waste also enter the water annually. The problem of ocean pollution affects every nation around the world. This is especially true
northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer, and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.(www.wikipedia.org) 3 Flora and fauna All terrestrial life in Finland was completely wiped out during the last ice age that ended some 10,000 years ago, following the retreat of the glaciers and the appearance of vegetation. Today, there are over 1,200 species of vascular plant, 800 bryophytes and 1,000 lichen species in Finland, with flora being richest in the southern parts of the country. Plant life, like most of the Finnish ecology, is well adapted to tolerate the contrasting seasons and extreme weather. Many plant species, such as the Scots Pine, spruce, birch spread throughout Finland from Norway and only reached the western coast less than three millennia ago. Oak and maple grows in nature only in the southern part of Finland.
Tallinn English College Topic The United States of America Tallinn 2007 1. Introduction The United States of America's territory is over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km²) and population more than 300 million people. The capital city is Washington D.C. Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, English is the de facto national language. English is the most common language for daily interaction among both native and non-native speakers. Spanish is the second language. The largest city is the New York City. The Government is Federal constitutional republic and the president is George W. Bush. 2. Geographical position The United States of America is located on the continent of North America. It has borders with two countries Mexico and Canada
· Westward expansion 1803 President Thomas Jefferson sent a secret message to Congress calling for a expedition in the west. (Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean) France owned the territory Bought for 15,000,000 Dollars ´´Free Land´´ to attract people there Gangs robbed travellers. Mexiacan origin California Gold Rush of 1849 (80,000) · Manifest Destiny is a term that was used in the 19th century to designate the belief that the United States was destined, even divinely ordained, to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. · The influence of frontier on the development of American character Thanksgiving Religious freedom Obsession with business and wealth Green cards ´´No´´ discrimination Men hunt and fight for new land, women raise children IV Independence · The origin and essence of the conflict between England and the colony
What makes matters worse is the fact that smoking doesn't harm only the smokers but also people around them. Those people are called passive smokers. Children who live in a home where there's a smoker or come in contact with cigarette smoke very often are more likely than average to become smokers themselves when older. They are at increased risk of developing cancer as adults. And they also do worse at reading and reasoning skills compared with children in smoke-free homes, even at low levels of smoke exposure. Smoking also has short term consequences like your breath, clothes, hair, skin, and home smell of tobacco. You do not notice the smell if you smoke, but to non-smokers the smell is obvious and unpleasant. Your sense of taste and smell are dulled. Enjoyment of food may be reduced. Smoking is a serious problem, about 100,000 people in the UK die each year due to smoking. It is very hard to quit smoking but luckily there are things like nicotine
century when they appeared on the large coat of arms of Tallinn. A similar motif was later used on the coat of arms of the Province of Estonia under Swedish rule Estonia changed hands but the three lions remained. In 1925 they were adopted officially. The present large coat of arms is a golden shield charged with three blue lions with a golden oak branch on each side. The small coat of arms is identical but without oak branches. Use of the historic coat of arms as the official insignia of the Republic of Estonia was readopted in August 1990. In addition to the three main state emblems, Estonia has its national flower (the cornflower), its national bird (the barn swallow) and its national stone (limestone). There are a number of other things in Estonia which have symbolic value without any official status: the oak tree, the weather-vane and the Tower of Pikk Hermann in Tallinn, Hermann Castle in Narva, Big Egg Hill in South Estonia, and others. 6. Climate
The sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is an annual(iga aastane) plant in the family Asteraceae, with a large flower head (inflorescence(õiekobar, õisik, õitseaeg, õidumine)). The stem(tüvi) of the flower can grow up to 3 metres tall, with the flower head reaching 30 cm in diameter. The term "sunflower" is also used to refer(nimetama, viitama, üle andma) to all plants of the genus(perekond, sugu) Helianthus, many of which are perennial(alaline, aastaringne) plants. What is usually called the flower is actually a head (formally(ametlikult) composite(liit-,
Estonia has land borders with Latvia (339 km) to the south and Russia (229 km) to the east. It is separated from Finland in the north by the narrow Gulf of Finland and from Sweden in the west by the Baltic Sea. Estonia has been a member of the European Union since May 1, 2004 and of the NATO since March 29, 2004. The area of Estonia is about 45000 square kilometres and the population is about 1.4 million people. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn and the official language is Estonian. The currency is Eesti kroon. The main religion is Lutheran. Anniversary of the republic is celebrated on February 20. The national flower is cornflower, national bird is barn swallow and national stone is limestone. It is a land of great natural beauty with a long and varied history and rich culture. It has served as a junction of international trade routes for centuries. History. The oldest marks of habitation on the territory of Estonia date from
functions, as well as on the development of linguistics as a global discipline. Six such agendas can be pinpointed: (1) the Orthodox emancipation agenda (1600-1700), (2) the Russian nation building agenda (1700-present), (3) the scientific agenda (1860-present), (4) the Marxist agenda (1917-1989), (5) the Eurasian agenda (1920-1935), (6) the cybernetic agenda (1953-1975). Russian language Russian language is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine and Latvia, and to a lesser extent, the other post-Soviet states and former members of the Eastern Bloc. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond.
Its landscape features pine and mixed forests, swampy thickets and juniper shrubs, coastal meadows and dunes, peat moors and bogs. Kärdla is a green town full of gardens, parks, springs and artesian wells. GOVERNMENT The Estonian Parliament is a unicameral legislative body consisting of 101 members. The Parliament sits in Toompea Castle. Members of the Parliament, presided over by the Speaker, are elected for 4year term. The Governemt wields executive power. It issues orders and regulations, submits bills to the Parliament for passage into law and foreign treaties for ratification, drafts the state budget for submission to the Parliament and effects it after adoption. There are 12 ministries but there may be up to 15 ministers. The President nominates a candidate for the post of Prime Minister. The present Prime Minister Andrus Ansip. Judicial power is vested in a 3tier court system,
Sick people came there to pray and be treated. Later in the Middle Ages hospitals attached to monasteries were run by monks and nuns. The oldest hospital still in existence is in Paris. It was founded in 800's A.D. In the 1700's European cities began to build hospitals. They were charity hospitals for the poor and sick, as the rich people were treated at home. The early hospitals were dark, crowded and very dirty, so it was very likely to be infected even more, when you went to be cured. The first hospital in Estonia was the hospital of Saint John, first mentioned in 1237. It was for the people who had leprosy. 2.2 Recent developments Many scientific advances have helped to improve patient care. Surgical and intensive care units now use electronic equipment. Modern hospitals are full of advanced equipment such as X-ray machines, ultrasound scanners and life-support machines. Computers help hospitals keep laboratory and medical records
The Public Eye 71" The Effort Extra 73 The Inner Choice 79 Growing Legs to Stand On 83 Standing Up for the Public Good 86 Defense 89 Stomach Signs 89 Heart-of-Hearts Signs 91 Special Vulnerabilities 93 Summary 95 Study Questions 96 CHAPTER 4 Social Proof: Truths Are Us 97 The Principle of Social Proof 99 People Power 99 After the Deluge 102 Cause of Death: Uncertain(ty) 109 A Scientific Approach 113 Devictimizing Yourself 115 Monkey Me, Monkey Do 117 Monkey Die 120 Monkey Island 128 Defense 131 Sabotage 132 Looking Up 135 Summary 138 Study Questions 139 CHAPTER 5 Liking: The Friendly Thief 141
notion of objective reality, how we come to know that the tree in the garden unlikea dream will still be there after we blink our eyes) Young children tend to think of them as physical objects. Dreams and Individual Differences: Dreams are reflection of a fact that people are different. Comparison between the dreams of normal people and of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenics reported dreams that were higly bizarre and morbid. Dreamer is eaten alive by an alligator, nuclear wars and world cataclysms. Themes of bodily mutilation were common, ( woman killed her husband and then stuffed parts of his body into a camel's head) In contrast, normal's dreams were comparatively mild and ordinary. Result fits. Schizophrenics ofthe jump from one idea to another without maintaining firm line of thought. As a result their behavior often appears bizarre. It seems their extremely bizarre and morbid dreams are simply an exaggeration of a condition
pressure fluctuations. If the oscillations are ‘in phase’ with already existing waves a furthermore in wave development occurs. If waves have reached a certain high, wind can attack them directly and causes an additional wave growth. Wave energy is a very dense form of indirect solar energy. To compare energy W densities: mean solar power density on earth (over a year) is about 250 . m2 kW Regarding waves this solar energy can be transferred up to 100 inside a wave mcrl per meter of crest length.
study specific biological correlates of behavior using invasive techniques (removing or scarring brain tissue). Prior to the development of modern technology, one of the most common ways to study the brain was case study. Often case studies provide researchers with a situation that they could never ethically reproduce in a laboratory. One of the most famous case studies of how brain damage can affect behavior is the study of Phineas Gage by Dr John Harlow. Gage was in a serious accident, where a metal pole pierced his skull and brain. Luckily he survived, losing vision in his left eye. He had no difficulty with speech or language, but the balance between his intellectual abilities and emotional control had been destroyed. He became highly agitated and irrelevant, often impatient and rude. Study to his frontal lobe provided evidence that the brain affects personality and social behaviors. Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the biological level of
(a) the activities and/or industrial processes carried out, including the reasons for which carcinogens are used; (b) the quantities of substances or preparations manufactured or used which contain carcinogens; (c) the number of workers exposed; (d)the preventive measures taken; (e)the type of protective equipment used; (f) the nature and degree of exposure; (g) the cases of replacement. Article 7 Unforeseen exposure 1. In the event of an unforeseeable event or an accident which is likely to result in an abnormal exposure of workers, the employer shall inform the workers thereof. 2. Until the situation has been restored to normal and the causes of the abnormal exposure have been eliminated: (a) only those workers who are essential to the carrying out of repairs and other necessary work shall be permitted to work in the affected area; (b) the workers concerned shall be provided with protective clothing and
16.5%). Agriculture amounts to slightly less than 3% of the overall production, construction approximately 7% and government, education and health care to more than 13%. Agriculture:Nowadays only about 4% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture and the sector yields just slightly less than 3% of the overall production. Milk cattle, also pigs and poultry are the main farm animals raised in Estonia. Field crops include cereal crops, potatoes and vegetables. Plant products are mostly for internal use, a considerable amount of meat is imported. Some dairy products and some specific products e.g. cultivated and wild berries, mushrooms, ecologically pure produce etc -are for export. The figures of productivity of the Estonian agriculture are surpassed by those of many climatically better situated countries, but the local produce contain considerably less chemicals and organic farming is gaining popularity.
1 The Medium Is the Message In a culture like ours, long accustomed to splitting and dividing all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that, in operational and practical fact,, the medium is the message. This is merely to say that the personal and social consequences of any medium-that is, of any extension of ourselves-result from the new scale that is introduced into our affairs by each extension of ourselves, or by any new technology. Thus, with automation, for example, the new patterns of human association tend to eliminate jobs, it is true. That is the negative result. Positively, automation creates roles for people, which is to say depth of involvement in their work and human association that our preceding mechanical technology had destroyed
(industrial) 6. You would be quite astounded by the number of satellites orbiting the Earth. (space) 7. Not only would a solar powered vehicle be safe, it would also make use of one of the planet's greatest natural resources. (energy) COMPUTERS 1. I'm terribly sorry I'm late but traffic congestion in and around the city just keeps getting worse. 2. The recent increase in unemployment in the area can be explained by the new automated car plant that has just opened. 3. After little more than forty years, we have seriously polluted the final frontier with space junk and other debris. 4. We live in a consumer society where we find it easier to throw away something that is broken rather than get it fixed. 5. Many teenagers would prefer to go out with their friends for fast food. 6. Looking out the aeroplane window I could see that the unsightly urban sprawl of the city had spread far into the desert. 7
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