William the Bastard Early life about the bastard William I usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, he was the first Norman King of England. William was the son of the unmarried Robert I, Duke of Normandy, by Robert's mistress Herleva. During his childhood and adolescence, members of the Norman aristocracy battled each other, both for control of the child duke and for their own ends. About william the first In 1047 William was able to quash a rebellion and begin to establish his authority over the duchy, a process that was not complete until about 1060. His marriage in the 1050s to Matilda of Flanders provided him with a powerful ally in the neighbouring county of Flanders. By 1062 William was able to secure control
The Kingdom was more or less unified and was conquered by William who came from Normandy. Originally he was the Duke of Normandy. The Normands were Vikings who had settled in the north of France. William became William the Conqueror, William I. The Normands brought with them a centralised political system which was much more stable than the A-S tribes. Gradually the old A-S elements fused with the new Normand elements. Under the Normands the feudal system flourished. The new aristocracy was mostly Normand, many of them of French origin. Catholicism was the highest law (?). The church unified Europe. Abbeys and monasteries became centres of learning. 1168 the founding of Oxford University, 1209 Cambridge University. Alongside the church there was a very complex feudal system based on the idea of land ownership. Landed gentry noble people who owned land, right below aristocracy, quite above peasants etc. Towns grew, London became the true capital
girl. A white girl Antoinette is the daughter of the ex-slave owners, but it is the time when the passage of the Emancipation Act takes places. This means that black slaves are freed and led to the demise of many white slave owners. Because of this act, black men and women start to feel more powerful and superior towards the ex-slave owners. Throughtout Antoinette´s childhood, hostility is present between the weakened white aristocracy and the black servants they employ. On account of this situation, black women feel themselves more independent and strong. First of all, when the slaves are free and there is no need to work for others anymore, many servants leave their employers and turn their back on them. For example, there is a young black girl named Tia who is the daughter of an attendant and she is Antoinette´s only companion. One day Tia unexpectedly turns against Antoinette
to social status and wealth snobbish like a snob snobbishness - behaviour and opinions that are typical of a snob the Conqueror William the Conqueror a handle aristocratic title double barrelled name family name having two parts to count to be important hiccup a temporary small problem or delay a bore an unimportant person humble common no great shakes not special, ordinary a refined lady a woman who behaves well a real lady - a woman who behaves well aristocracy the highest social class ancestor - any of the people from whom sb is descended tails - formal type of man's jacket best circles in highest social class uncertainly not being assured fashion popular style it goes with blue to match smart society a group of popular people, best circles muddle state of misunderstanding check - a pattern of squares formed by lines of different colours crossing each other such a loud check very contrasted colours
(Wolff, 1996) The word of (citicens) means that democracy is internal. The word by means that in is collective (selfgovernment). The word for means that there should be public interest about political power. Three theories Firstly, Plato Statesman: He divides forms of government into good-ones (rule of law) and bad-ones (lawless rule). So, when one person rules de jure it is called Monarchy, but if he or she rules illegally, it is called Tyranny. When a few people rules de jure it is called Aristocracy and when they do not have the legal right to rule, it is called Oligarchy. If many people rule de jure it is called Good- or The Real - Democracy, but if they rule illegally, it is called "Bad" Democracy. (McLaughlin, 2010) Secondly, Aristotle Politics: His dividing is the same as Plato's, but there are one little difference. If Plato divided good- and bad-ones considering law, then Aristotle considers goodness (good the tule of common good, bad for good of rules). Aristotle says that
When it came to her personality, Jordan was portrayed to be quite arrogant and restless, and she somehow thought herself to be better than others, especially, when it concerned the people who lived in West Egg. For example, the first time she spoke to Nick "she remarked contemptuously, that he lived in West Egg" (Fitzgerald 1993: 27). West Egg represented people, who had become rich on their own hard work, also known as "new money", whereas East Egg symbolized ageing and established aristocracy, "old money". Nick himself pointed out that "the less fashionable of the two /.../" (Fitzgerald 1993: 22) was West Egg. Jordan constantly had an attitude about her, which showed like she did not care for much or for anyone, for that matter. She was depicted as being unhappy and moody, without a clear purpose in life, despite the fact that she had a successful golf career and an active social life. As mentioned before, Jordan Baker had qualities that were often unlikeable and
well and truly stuck. Most traditional lunch restaurants serve pea soup and pancakes with lingonberry sauce or any kind of jam (sylt) on Thursdays. Crazy for crawfish Crawfish parties (kräftskivor) are popular in August, when warm summer evenings are spent feasting on these red bite-sized fresh-water crustaceans in gardens and on balconies all over Sweden. Eaten only by Sweden’s upper-class citizens and aristocracy in the 16th century, crawfish have become a national delicacy enjoyed by all, with mass importation having significantly brought down the price over the centuries. Surströmming — foul-smelling fish Every culture has at least one culinary specialty that makes both locals and visitors cringe. From late August to early September, a stinky tradition is upheld in Sweden, particularly in the northern part of the country
These Californios, as they were called, were the sons and daughters of retired Spanish soldiers who had received land grants from the government. These land grants (the successor institution to the encomiendia) were operated as large ranches throughout central and southern California. Cattle and horses thrived on these ranches and cattle hides became the defacto for a cash starved economy. The ranch owners and their families became the social aristocracy of the state. As time went on more and more resentment emerged between various social groups throughout New Spain including California. In the second half of the eighteenth century revolutions in the United States (1776), France (1789), and Haiti (1804), had a profound impact on political thought within all of Spain's American colonies. The criollos resented the political power of the peninsulares, but the power of the Catholic Church and their shared
For example, the theme of mistaken identity, where one person substitutes for another (such as at the masquerade ball), is introduced at the airport and continues throughout. Together with the direct interpretation, every member of this upper-middle class social group is required (as a matter of course) to hide their true feelings, their identity. It is this complexity, presented in simple terms. Renoir subtly builds his case against the aristocracy, collapsing his house of cards only at the very end. Ivan The terrible by Sergei Eisenstein is a biographical/historical film. Sergei Eisenstein was the one who created a feeling of illusion,projected trilogy documenting the life and times of the notorious 16th century czar, appeared to great acclaim within the Soviet Union. The actors perform in an exaggerated, often halting style that often brings to mind a combination of silent film, combination of theater and ballet
3) French influences to the English language. French as the language of the ruling classes for nearly 300 years. 4) Adoption of the European feudalism. King the most powerful man in the country; Barons and lords king's closest advisors and friends, members of aristrocracy, had absolute power in their territories; Knights, merchants and yeoman the middle classes, could own small pieces of land; Villens and serfs did not own land and worked for the aristocracy slaves no land, owned by the lords and used as they wished. 5) 1086 Domesday Book to improve taxation 6) Reforms the legal system : The Common Law 7) 1215 a first government is assigned 8.) Types of literature most prominent in the middle ages ( didactic poems, Chivalric romance, Fables, Ballads). What is Chivalric romance, where does it originate from? What are the three categories describe each of them? Geoffrey of Monmouth and Historia Regum Britanniae
The Battle of the Boyne, in which William III and the Ulster Protestants defeat James II and the Irish Catholics. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ✿ Politically, this century was stable. Monarch and Parliament got on quite well together. ✿ The Whigs, were the political 'descendants' of the parliamentarians - supported the Protestant values of hard work and thrift, were sympathetic to Dissenters, and believed in government by monarch and aristocracy together. ✿ The Tories, had a greater respect for the idea of the monarchy and the importance of the Anglican Church ✿ The two terms, Whig and Tory, had in fact first been used in the late 1670s ✿ At the beginning of the century, by agreement, the Scottish Parliament joined with the English and Welsh Parliament at Westminster in London. ✿ Scotland retained its own system of law
2 Towns (Upper & Lower Town) Tallinn used to be divided into 2 parts - Upper Town where lived the aristocracy, gentry and the clergy; and Lower Town with traders, craftsmen and merchants. Legend says the Toompea Hill is actually the tumulus mound of the great Kalev. Linda carried rocks to his grave. It is a naturally- formed limestone hill. Lower Town was a merchantile centre, Tallinn also belonged to the Hansaetic League (1285). It is often referred to as the town of citizens. Any grown-up, married and economically independent
Rousseau - people in the state of nature were neither good or bad. Man was like an animal not posessing any needs besides the primary ones. The bad habits of men are byproducts of ingaging in a civil society. All men are equal Sovereign Hobbes: can not be overthrown and can do whatever the fuck it wants. The best one is monarch. Locke: can be overthrown, if fails to do the job. Criticises monarch for haveing hereditary power. Prefers election for a term. Democracy? Rousseau: aristocracy, if not hereditary. (monarchy represents particular will) Authority in the social contract Hobbes: the sovereign Locke: The law over the sovereign Rousseau: The general will over the Law and over the sovereign Human life Hobbes: sovereign can take life Locke: life can only be taken to prevent from being killed and after that who takes the life is subjected to the judge. property Hobbes: A person may protect his property by law but not if the soveregin demands it
the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories,[1] the most common being theupper, middle, and lower classes. 56. Upper classes- The Upper Classes: people with inherited wealth, defined by their title, their education, and their pastimes (hunting, shooting, fishing, horse riding) 57. Nobility/ aristocracy- a privileged class holding hereditary titles; the hereditary aristocracy recognised formally as a social class 58. Peer/ nobleman- a nobleman; a member of one of the five degrees of the British nobility (duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron) 59. Gentry- in a restricted sense, those between the nobility and the yeomanry, the landed people – lack hereditary titles – used to exercise extensive political influence at the local level 60. Middle classes- about 50-60% of the population, include industrialists, professionals,
William the Conqueror. Barons were responsible directly to the king; lesser lords were directly responsible to a baron. Under them were the peasants, tied by a strict system of mutual duties and obligations to the local lord. They were forbidden to travel without their lords permission. Evolution of Parliament, the Model Parliament The Model Parliament is the English parliament set up in 1295 by Edward I. It was the first Parliament to include representatives from outside the clergy and aristocracy, and was established because Edward needed the support of the whole country against his opponents: Wales, France, and Scotland. Independence of Scotland The first time Scotland got to be independent was after the First Scottish War of Independence. The First War of Scottish Independence started in 1296 by the English invasion of Scotland. The First Independence war ended with de jure restoration of Scottish independence with the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.
new markets and endless supply of raw materials; 1845- potato famine in Ireland, 1846- Corn Laws (import of cheap corn to feed hungry people); Social life: religious doubts (Darwin's The Origin of Species 1859)- question raised: is there a God at all?; sexual liberation- changed people thoughts about sex (before men & women had different bedrooms); problems: alcoholism, prostitution, child workforce, primitive technology. · How did the class structure change? Highest class was aristocracy (the Church and the nobility); the middle class/the bourgeoisie (shopkeepers, merchants, lawyers, businessmen etc.) was the biggest class; and the lowest class "the working class" and "the poor"; new change was the upward mobility people could become richer and move upward in social classes (to higher class); huge boost of the middle and working class; after industrial revolution there was
[1] It is most often defined as "the dominant style of art in Europe between the Mannerist and Rococo eras, a style characterized by dynamic movement, overt emotion and self-confident rhetoric". The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church, which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent, in response to the Protestant Reformation, that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement. The aristocracy also saw the dramatic style of Baroque architecture and art as a means of impressing visitors and expressing triumphant power and control. Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. Baroque architecture The Baroque style is noted as first being developed by Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics like John Hoag. In Baroque architecture, new emphasis was placed on bold massing,
Causes of the Great Vowel Shift largely a mystery; possible causes: · the mass immigration to the South-East of England after the Black Death. The different dialects and the rise of a standardised middle class in London led to changes in pronunciation, which continued to spread out from that city. · The sudden social mobility after the Black Death may have caused the shift, with people from lower levels in society moving to higher levels. · The medieval aristocracy had spoken French, but by the early fifteenth century, they were using English. This may have caused a change to the "prestige accent" of English, either by making pronunciation more French in style, or by changing it in some other way, perhaps by hypercorrection to something thought to be "more English" · The great political and social upheavals of the fifteenth century, which were largely contemporaneous with the Great Vowel Shift.
Guthrum, Danish king of East Anglia. England was divided. Later, the Anglo-Saxon dynasty was restored and lasted until 1066. The last famous Saxon king of England was Edward the Confessor. In 1066 at the battle of Hastings the Norman Duke William defeated the Saxon King Harold and was crowned the king of England. In Norman times three languages were spoken: Latin (by the clergy and the university scholars), Norman-French (by the aristocracy and the king), Anglo- Saxon German (by common people). By the 14th century Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon German formed one language called Middle English. Medieval Britain (1066-1485): 1066 the Battle of Hastings between the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans. The Anglo-Saxons were defeated, Harold II was killed, William of Normandy became William I of England (William the Conqueror). 1215 the Magna Carta: king John was forced to sign a document which limited his power.
city. After the Stuarts the House of Hannover came to throne. The most important ruler of this time was Queen Victoria. During Queen Victoria's sixty-four year reign (1837-1901) the British Empire, led by an array of great statesmen and supported by great industrial expansion, grew to a size so vast that `the sun never sets upon it'. Victoria's long reign saw many changes in British constitutions and the British `way of life'. Her rejection of the amusements and life of the aristocracy enabled the common people to identify themselves with this simple wife and window, which led to a revival of popular support for the monarchy. She stressed the value of family and she had middle-class views and life-style. The House of Saxe-Coburg Gotha (the Windsors) are the rulers of Birtain from 1901 until now. The current queen is Elizabeth II. The United Kingdom is one of the most influential countries in the world. Its
*The Celts in Britain and their legacy The Cets lived in Britain in The Iron Age. They were warring tribes who were battleful amongst themselves as well as inter-tribal war. They were not centrally governed. The Celts brought iron working, iron ploughs and metal swords, horses, wheels and chariots - all these things gave them an instant superiority over the native tribes. The Celts built a number of hill forts throughout the region. The society was divided into warrior aristocracy, agricultural commons and the priests, the druids. *Caesar in Britain - Britain was very rich in minerals but that wasn't the main reason Caesar wanted to defeat it. He could clearly see that Britain was a threat to his latest and greatest conquest - France. He invaded Britain twice, in 55 and 54 BC. The first invasion was unsuccessful - it gained a beachhead on the coast of Kent but achieved little else. The second was more successful, the Celts asked for truce
The fall of the Oxford marked the end of the war. King escaped and surrended to the Scots at Newcastle. He was later handed over for a huge money. He was executed. The creation of Commonwealth, and the a protectorate under Oliver Cromwell The Cavaliers In Italian knights, were the long-haired member sof the loyalist counrty gentry who fought for King Charles I in 1642-52 Later they supported Tory party. Came fro among old aristocracy in the North and West, counrty squires, cathedral and small towns. All were Roman Catholics. Their headquarters was at Oxford. They had regular cavalry under Prince Rupert- kings nephew of some military experience. The Roundheads Puritan supporters of Parliament during the Civil War. Name comes fro the closely cropped hair of the supporters of parliamentary party. Came from among newly rich in the East and London. The merchant class, new
Strategically good location, James River Quite poor conditions. Starvation, diseases, lack of water, attacks of natives , fierce weather Tobacco plantations African slaves, working in tobacco harvest 1620 by Dutch boat. Also Englishmen (convicts and poor people) Mayflower and Pilgrim Fathers Mayflower- cargo ship In 1620 one hundred Puritans boarded the Mayflower From Plymouth, England, to today's Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States Claim they are the forefathers of USA aristocracy- FALSE They saw little chance of England becoming a proper country Wished to live free of English laws and oppressing church religious freedom In may (had time before winter!!!) · Mayflower Compact First governing document of Plymouth Colony Agreement composed by a consensus among new Settlers Composed for the sake of their own survival Fair and equal laws, for the general good Signed by 41 adult male members on the Mayflower Free of English law foundation of the USA constitution
be. De Tocqueville's contrast between England and America is clearly based on the fact of typography and of print culture creating uniformity and continuity. England, he says, has rejected this principle and clung to the dynamic or oral common-law tradition. Hence the discontinuity and unpredictable quality of English culture. The grammar of print cannot help to construe the message of oral and nonwritten culture and institutions. The English aristocracy was properly classified as barbarian by Matthew Arnold because its power and status had nothing to do with literacy or with the cultural forms of typography. Said the Duke of Gloucester to Edward Gibbon upon the publication of his Decline and Fall: "Another damned fat book, eh, Mr. Gibbon? Scribble, scribble, scribble, eh, Mr. Gibbon?" De Tocqueville was a highly literate aristocrat who was quite able to be detached from the values and assumptions of typography
19. The Whigs and Tories. Within Parliament, the tensions and disagreements of the Civil War and its aftermath were echoed in the formation of two vaguely opposed, loose collections of allies. One group, the Whigs, were the political “descendants” of the parliamentarians. They supported the Protestant values of hard work and economic efficiency, were sympathetic to dissenters and believed in government by monarchy and aristocracy together. The other group, the Tories, had a greater respect for the idea of the monarchy and the importance of the Anglican Church. This was the beginning of the party system in Britain. Today, the Liberals are the “descendants” of the Whigs and the Conservatives of the Tories. 20. The state opening of Parliament. It is a traditional ceremony which reminds MPs of their special status and of their togetherness
Sõpruse olemus on kõikehaaravus, täielik suuremeelsus ja usaldus. See ei tohi aimata ega alust anda nõrkusele. See kohtleb oma objekti kui jumalat et jumalustada mõlemad.16 15 "Astronoomid tahavad väga innukalt teada, kas Kuul on atmosfäär; mind huvitab ainult, et see oleks olemas igal inimesel. Olen siiski tähele pannud, et atmosfääri tekitamiseks on vaja kaht inimest. Ma tunnen inimesi, keda see ümbritsev pilv pidevalt saadab." "Aristocracy", rmt-s Lectures and Biographical Sketches. 16 Seda pitserit kannavad kõik Emersoni kirjad tema sõpradele, eriti Carlyle'ile, milles ta ei tee märkamagi oma sõbra pahurust ega puudusi.
8. French borrowings administration, crown, court, power, authority, parliament, government, peace, battle, arms, enemy, armour, law, culture, service, saint, miracle, clergy, sacrifice, chase, scent, falcon, quarry, forest, retrieve, colour, image, fashion, design, beauty, music, romance, costume, garment, apparel, dress, train, arch, tower, vault, religion column, transept. grades of baron, count, countess, duke, duchess, page, marquise, prinke aristocracy Normans ‘adopted’ king, queen, lord, lady leisure and cards, chess, the chase, conversation, dice, dance, leisure, recreation, tournament, sport pastimes culinary words veal, beef, mutton, venison,pork, ham, methods of roast, boil, fry preparing food Norman French (ei – veil, leisure) vs Central French (oi) 9. Spanish borrowings Armada, comrade, renegade, flotilla, cockroach, embargo, mosquito, vanilla, cargo, sombrero, siesta, tango, canyon,
Religious bigotry and division of previous century should be put aside, replaced by mutual tolerance and understanding. New balance in society <- new way of life <- understanding oneself and world. Spectator – was to shape the opinions of men and women of the era and also for the next generation. Articles gace short cut to „polite” opinions and the world of taste. Tone was comic, Whiggish and sceptical. Subjects cut across educated society, aristocracy, gentry, trade and the professions, producing a shifting accord between them. Politeness – art exercised in company. Art – persuasive power setting a person on the path to virtue. Taste in the arts – important sign of refinement and cultivation, needed for the new „sociable man” described by Addison and Steele. Society should be humane and more cultured. Programme of the Spectator and the Tatler: bring this union of art and morality.
as expand Muslim territory into Sindh and the fringes of Central Asia. While the MuslimArab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as Hasan alBasri would inspire a movement that would evolve into Sufism. For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of nonMuslims (Dhimmis) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A nonArab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new 10 | P a g e
modern Britain. Six of these roads met in London, a capital city of about 20,000 people. Outside the towns, the biggest change was the growth of large farms called ‘villas’. Many of these belonged to the richer Britons, or ‘New Britons’, who were, like the townspeople, more Roman than Celt in manners. The villas had many workers and were usually close to towns so that the crops could be sold easily. The Romans made use of the Celtic aristocracy to govern the province and encouraged the ruling class to adopt Roman dress and the Roman language. They brought the skills of reading and writing to Britain. They trained the sons of tribal chiefs in the liberal arts. Eventually many townspeople and the richer landowners in the country began to use Latin in their speech and writing, and the toga came into fashion. But most of the population, the peasantry, remained illiterate and Celtic-speaking.
As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759. In 1762 Spain invaded Portuguese territory as part of the Seven Years' War, but by 1763 the status quo between Spain and Portugal before the war had been restored. Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal's "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a
DH Lawrence: man and writer. Lawrence: no stylistic experiments, beautiful and carefully planned prose, a self-free from historical, social and moral ties. Reflects the mood of his generation, but in a different way. Lawrence's aesthetic: · Rejection of civilization-dirty industry, spreading towns · Rejection of middle-class education, ,,polite society" · Rejection of ,,emptiness" of the mind · A trust in feeling above intellect · A dream of reviving ,,the aristocracy of the spirit" · Not ,,art for art's sake" · But ,,art for MY sake" Why the Novel Matters. The novel-Definition: a prose narrative of considerable length, the novel deals with a human character in a social situation, man as a social being. Plot, character development and an illusion of reality. Lawrence: the scope and the degree of truth. Prose or verse, society or no society. The truth about man, man as a whole. Criticism of modern civilization
But Stiva says it's too late to change the terms of the deal. Internally, Levin scoffs at city people, who come to the country with little knowledge of the land and therefore contribute to its destruction. Stiva also comes to the country bearing news of Kitty, about whom Levin has been trying not to think. Stiva informs the countryman that the love of his life never ended up with the count. Levin and Stiva continue on to argue over Vronsky's place in society, and what, in general, is the aristocracy. The two male characters have extremely dissenting opinions--Stiva speaks positively about the aristocrats while Levin criticizes. The differences between the two widen. Chapters 17-25 Anna realizes she is pregnant with Vronsky's baby, and she informs Vronsky of this. In another climactic event, Vronsky loses a horserace he is slated to win. Vronsky loses the race because he is distracted by his
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