TEST 4, TELEFON UND HANDY 1.Argumente * In meiner Klasse hat jeder Zweite ein Handy. * Das ist doch gar nicht so teuer. Eine Telefonkarte für 100 Kronen reicht mir bestimmt im Monat. * Natürlich schalte ich das Handy in der Schule ab. * Der Anruf kostet viel Geld. * Teuerer als ein Festnetztelefon. * Das Handy stört dich, wenn du im Unterricht bist. * Das Handy ist ein Spielzeug. * Die Telefonrechnungen sind hoch. * Ein Handy verdirbt deine Gesundheit. * Das Handy-Battery strahlt schlechte Strahlungen. * Das Handy ist notwendig und sinnvoll. 2. Wortschatz DER DIE DAS Verben Telefonanschluss Telefongesellschaft Telefon telefonieren (ühendus) (firma) Anruf (kõne) Telefonrechnung Mobiltelefon per Telefon/ telefonisch ...
PREFIX- MEANING- EXAMPLE Ize- make into- sterilize, satirize A, in, on, of, up, to- ablaze, atop Ly- in a specific way- softly, kindly Circum- around- circumference Ity- state, condition, civility, acidity In- in, into, within- inhabit Post- after, following, later- postscript Sub- under, below- submerge Ab- from, off, away- absent Con- with, together- congregate In- not, opposing- insincere Pre- before- prefix Super- over, above, extra- superabundant Ad- to, toward- advance Contra- against, opposing- contradict Inter- among, between- international Pro- foward- proceed Trans- across, over- transfusion Ante- before, previous- antecedent De- down, from- descend Intra, intro- to the inside, within- intramural Re- back, again- rebound Un- not- unhappy Anti- against, opposing- antifreeze Dis- apart, away- disappear Mis- badly, wrong- mistake Semi- half, partly- semicircle Uni- one- u...
Prefixes – A morpheme that is attached in front of the stem of the word. For example: rearrange /re/ is a prefix. Suffixes – A morpheme that goes in the end of the word stem. For example: cleverly /ly/ is a suffix. Infixes – A morpheme that is inside of the root word. English doesn’t have these types of affixes. Circumfixes – Morphemes that surround the word stem. English doesn’t have these morphemes either.
Tallinn: Situated in the north of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, Tallinn is the capital of Estonia and also the largest city in the country. It occupies an area of 159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi) with a population of 411,196. During different periods, the city has been known under several different names. In 1154 a town called Qlwn or Qalaven (possible derivations of Kalevan or Kolyvan) was put on the world map of the Almoravid by cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi who described it as a small town like a large castle among the towns of Astlanda. It has been suggested that the Quwri in Astlanda may have denoted the predecessor town of today's Tallinn. The earliest name Kolyvan may be derived from the mythical Estonian hero Kalev. Up to the 13th century the Scandinavians and Henry of Livonia in his chronicle called the town Lindanisa: Lyndanisse in Danish, Lindanäs in Swedish, also mentioned as Ledenets in Old East Slavic. Accordin...
There are archaic verbal endings that are used to create the historical background or to make the narrative more elevated. E.g you lives, knowest, he, she, entereth, knoweth. Past tense: hadst, didst. 10 Expressiveness of word-building Words may become expressive due to their more morphological structure. Together with the adjectives, this suffix may produce words e.g brown-brownish, that denote a small degree of some quality. Also the suffix may form tactful words that are not found in dictionaries, if the speaker doesn't wish sound too categorical. E.g the lecture was dullish, she came lateish. With nouns +-ish, we get adjectives with a negative contemptuous colouring e.g childish, sheepish. This negative is even stronger with compounds e.g honeymoonish (exception: boyish, girlish do not have any negative connotation).
something in the present with adverbs such as: always, continually or contantly. Ex. She is continually complaining about everything! John is always asking stupid questions! Form To form a sentence in the Present Continuous, you have to: *know the proper conjugation of the auxiliary verb. Person Singular Plural First I am We are Second You are You are Third He/she/it is They are *add the "ing" suffix to the verb. Ex. Try + ing = trying go + ing = going NB! Take + ing = taking have + ing = having die + ing = dying Exercises John ......................... (read) a book right now. What ....................... (you do) tonight? Silvia ........................... (not listen) to music. Maria ........................ (sit) next to Paul. How many other students ............................. (you study) with? Jack and Peter ............................
A suffix- is an element placed in the end of the word to form a derviative such as ing and fy. Prefixes: be- become, for-forget, with-within, ad-admit, ac-accurse, af-affrax, co-co-operate, de-destroy, dis-dismiss, sub-submarine Suffixes: er- maker, or- actor, eer- mountineer, ier/yer- lawyer, ant- assistant, ent-student, ee- detainee, ist-artist, en-vixen, ess-actress, ine-heroine 9) Coversion A type of dervation where no suffix is used to change the word class. Catch as a verb and catch as a noun, brake-down as a verb and break-down as an adjective. 10) compounds Are formed by joining two or more root morphemes. Compounds are often idiomatic in meaning or at least not entirely transparent. Coffe plus pot equals coffeepot 11) Clipping Clipping ise the wordformation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts- shortening. Three types of clipping:
4. Compare the result toward tolerance limit in accordance with following or when - is not less than the limit, the result is acceptable. rule, Max value - the max rule (when "max" suffix is added) The value is acceptable when none of value in entire surface is over the limit. 230
can be inferred: 1.infinitive: rdan 2.past tense singular: rd 3.past tense plural: ridon 4.past participle: (ge)riden Similarly, the Class III strong verb BIND v. shows the following principal parts: 1.infinitive: bindan 2.past tense singular: band (or bond) 3.past tense plural: bundon 4.past participle: (ge)bunden WEAK VERBS The weak verbs form the past tense and past participle in a quite different way, using a suffix with a vowel followed by -d-, which is the ancestor of the modern inflection in -ed (see `-ED' suffix¹). Thuslufian LOVE v.¹ (a weak Class II verb) shows 1st and 3rd person past singular lufode. Weak verbs often originated as derivative formations, and often preserve some aspect of this in their meaning, as for example showing causative or inchoative meaning: see below on clan `to (cause to) cool' and clian `to become cool'. PRETERITE-PRESENT VERBS
and cream are stems) d)compound derivatives -2 stems joined and an affix is added to them both (nt, kind-heart-ed) 8. Affixation Affixes are used to build new words and they have quite an abstract meaning (nt, mad-ness, ness is suffix) Prefix prefix plus stem (nt, verbs: to enrich, disagree; adj: antiwar, uneasy; noun: exwife) There are 25 prefixes that change the word to a different part of speech (nt, to debus to get off the bus) Suffixation stem plus suffix (nt, hood plus child is childhood, friendship, readyness, government). New forming suffixes (-ance, -dom, -ee, -er, -ing, -ness) Adj forming suffixes(suit-able, tempora-ry, beauti-ful, penny-less, famou-s) numeral forming suffixes(four-teen, four-ty, fif-th) Adverb forming suffixes(slow-ly, home-wards) Affixes are dead they are no longer felt as part of words(nt, dea-d, sai-l) and living (easyly recognized). Living affixes are non-productive (not used today but yet we may recognize them(nt,
Programmid, dokumendid, pildid/fotod, muusikafailid, filmid, videod, mängud jne--kõik nad on failid ja neid erinevaid failitüüpe on palju. Faile hoitakse olenevalt operatsioonisüsteemist kas kaustades või kataloogides. Faile eristatakse nende nimede järgi ning ühes -ja samas kaustas peavad kõikidel failidel olema unikaalsed/erinevad failinimed. Mõnedes operatsioonisüsteemides kirjeldatakse faile nende formaatide järgi ja faililidele lisatakse lõppu nn suffix ehk laiend Tavaliselt koosneb see laiend 3 tähest ja ta eraldatakse failinimest punktiga (.), näiteks: Minu_foto_2007.a..jpg või Kassi-pilt.gif või Koera_pilt.bmp--kõik nad on pildid, aga nad on eriformaatides ja nad on seega erinevad failitüübid, sest nende laiendid (.jpg, .gif ja .bmp) on erinevad. Kuigi ühes ja samas kaustas ei tohi olla mitut sama nimega faili ning igal failil peab olema enda
2 Grammatical Terminology adverb määrsõna, adverb Indicates the time, place, manner, degree, frequency, beautifully, angrily, now, yesterday, duration, viewpoint, etc. of an event, action or process. never It is mostly realised by the -ly suffix added to an adjective. numeral arvsõna, numeraal one, ninety-eight, tenth pronoun asesõna, An item used to substitute for the reference to entities They are in the kitchen. pronoomen which lexical noun phrases indicate. The main sub- Your boxes of photos have been
o Suffixes o Combining forms Productive vs Unproductive affixes - Productive refers to an affix which is active in the language; it is used by writers today to create new words 60 % of affixes have been borrowed, 40 % are native o Deodorize De – reversing prefix Odor – base 1)free – can be separate words 2)bound – can’t occur separately -ize – verb forming suffix Deodorization + - ation – suffix 18. Prefixes A prefix is an affix that precedes its base. An element placed at the beginning of a word to adjust or qualify its meaning. o De-, un-, mis-, re-, etc In english all prefixes are derivational, thus creating new lexemes instead of inflected forms of words. o Happy – unhappy, contaminate – decontaminate 19. Suffixes A suffix is an affix that follows its base
-er/-or,-ian and ist used to discribe people and work what they do -er -or -ist -ian Dancer Actor Artist Beautician Murderer Director Economist Musician Manager Translator Psychologist liberian Farmer Operator Journalis Derivational suffix adjective -ous DANGER,FAME-dangerous, famous -al MUSIC,POLITICS,INDUSTRY- musical,political,industrial -y CLOUD,FOG,SUN-cloudy,foggy,sunny -ive ATTRACT,CREATE-attractive,creative KERMO MAISTE You need to understand the sentence You have been given. !!!Below phrases need to be learnt!!! · EXCLUDE-exclusive · DANGER-endangered, dangerous · POLLUTE-pollution · SHY- shyness
Common prefixes include anti- (against), co- (with), mis- (wrong, bad), and trans- (across). Prefixation (the process of adding a prefix to a word) is a common way of forming new words in English. Examples: anti-, auto-, circum-, co-, ex-, trans-, inter-, dis-. 20. Suffixes A letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or root (i.e., a base form), serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending. A derivational suffix (such as the addition of -ly to an adjective to form an adverb) indicates what type of word it is. An inflectional suffix (such as the addition of -s to a noun to form a plural) tells something about the word's grammatical behavior. -able, -al, -ness, -ist, -dom 21. Infixes – An infix is an affix that is inserted inside its base. A word element (a type of affix) that can be inserted within the base form of a word (rather than at its beginning or
3. Datum Dimensions B5M0248B B5M0247B B5M0249B 3. Datum Dimensions NOTE: ¼ A suffix character "R" or "L" refers to the right or Use a tram tracking gauge to measure all dimen- the left. sions. If a measuring tape is used, be extremely ¼ All dimensions refer to the distance between the careful because it tends to deflect or twist, which centers of holes measured in a straight line. results in a false reading. ¼ Each dimension indicates a projected dimension
Three types of clipping: Fore clipping- retain the final part of the word- racoon - coon, telephone- phone Back clipping- retains the beginning crocodile- croc, doctor- doc, gasoline-gas Ambiclipping- middle part is retained- influenza- flu Clipping means beginning plus beginning, situation comedy- sitcom Blends blends form if you take beginning plus the end- money plus energy=monergy Clipped compounds compounds formed by clipping. Conversion A type of derivation where no suffix is used to change the word class. Catch as a verb and catch as a noun, break-down as a verb and break-down as an adjective. Compounds Are formed by joining two or more root morphemes. Compounds are often idiomatic in meaning or at least not entirely transparent. Coffe plus pot equals coffeepot Solid, hyphenated, and open compounds An open compound means that the words of the compound are written separately (credit card), a hyphenated compound separates the
expressiveness depends on 2 incompatible clashing notions put together (oxymoron case). Also degrees of comparison may be involved (e.g. better weller). NUMERALS: on the whole numerals are not expressive but become emphatic when used in exaggeration or hyperbole or when used independently standing for a person (metonymy) (e.g. "You are a beautiful 20."). 5. EXPRESSIVENESS ON THE LEVEL OF WORD BUILDING (WB) Words may acquire expressiveness due to their structure. Affixation: suffix ish- with the adjective stem denotes a small degree of some quality (e.g. brownish). Together with nouns ish forms adjectives that are negative: doggish, sheepish, childish, etc. The negative colouring is even greater with compound stems (e.g. honeymoonish, etc.). Exception: the words "boyish" and "girlish" do not have negative evaluation. Suffixes may be added to proper names. The suffix ish- adds a negative colouring. The suffixes ien and ean render the name as lofty (e.g
4. Latin influence on English *The influence of Latin is noticeable also in the names of European cities: the Latin noun colonia (settlement, colony) may be found in numerous place-names: Lincoln, Colchester, Cologne ; from Latin word castrum (military camp) were derived English affixes -chester and -castle: Manchester, Lancaster, Newcastle; Latin word portus (seaport) in Portsmouth *-tor - person, doer, masculine form. The suffix is attached to the stem: victor (`winner', from the verb vincere `to win'), spectator (spectare). *-orium - place, where the activity marked with the verb occurs: dormitorium (dormire `to sleep'). In English the suffix is -ory: dormitory. *tas - it denotes an abstract notion, derives from the adjective: celebritas (celeber), libertas (liber), universitas (universus). In English the suffix is -ty: celebrity, liberty, university.
Adjectives when used as nouns become colloquial (e.g. "Listen, my sweat (noun)", "come on, lovely (noun)"). When abstract nouns begin to function as personal (stand for people) they become emotional (dealing with metonymy) (e.g. "The old oddity." an old odd person; "The little eccentricity." an eccentric child; "He is a disgrace to his family." he is a disgraceful son). Possessive case the suffix apostrophe "`s" may be added to a phrase or sentence and the result is humor or colloquial touch (e.g. "She is the boy I used to go with`s mother." "He is the niece I told you about`s husband."). The ending of the plural may be added to the sentence FGI 1081 Stylistics (I. Ladusseva) 7 with the same effect (e.g. "One I-sorry-for-you is worth twenty souls ..."). Abstract nouns
Kindern Akkusetiv kleinen Hund kleines Haus kleine Katze kleine Kinder Komparationsstufen der adjektive Omadussõnade võrdlusastmed 1) Positiv – Grundform – Algvõrre (klein, schön, alt, gro(ss) ) - näitab omadust 2) Komparativ (kleinER, schönER) – keskvõrre – näitab, et phel esemel on teatud omadust suuremal määral kui teisel Positiv + Suffix – ER 3) Superstativ – Ülivõrre – väljendab teatud omaduste olemaslolu kõige suuremal määral Positiv + Suffix – (E)STE (kleinSTE, schönSTE) Või AM – (E)STEB (am kleinSTEN, am breitESTEN) *Kui algvõrde lühivormi juure lõpus on siis liidetakse lõpp -EST, d, t, s, esszet, teistel juhtudel tarvitatakse -ST (der kleinste, der breitESTE, heissESTE) ERAND grö(ss)TE
Sissejuhatus mükoloogiasse Mükoloogia – seeneteadus Jäämees, Jäämees elas umbes 5000 aasta tagasi Ta kasutas seeni: Piptoporus betulinus-kasekäsn, Fomes fomentarius-tuletael keskaegsed teadmised seentest, -seened ei ole iseseisvad organismid, nad on pigem: -taimede ja pinnase eritised(exanthema) -seened on mürgised kui nad kasvavad mürkmadude lähedal Persoon (1761-1836) kui termini mükoloogia looja, Elias Fries (1794-1876), - Laiahaardeline seente süsteem Anton de Bary (1831-1888) (jt mükoloogia rajajad) - Eksperimentaalne mükoloogia, Seente ontogenees, morfoloogia, füsioloogia Hans Kniep - Tähtis panus seente seksuaalsuse ja geneetika uurimisel Alexander Flemming (1881-1955) penitsilliini avastaja. Seente vanimate tõepäraste leidude vanus ulatub üle 500 milj. aasta. Kirjeldatud ca. 100 000 liiki, Eestist teda üle 7000 liigi. Seente iseloomustus. Tüüpiliselt mitteliikuvad. Toituvad absorbtsiooni teel. Heterotroofsed organismid (m...
Be prepared for unfamiliar vocabulary presented in unfamiliar contexts, but do not waste time reading the sentences to determine the word's meaning. You will need this time for the Reading Comprehension section. If you do not know the word tested or can't determine its synonym, choose (B) or (C) as your answer. On the TOEFL, (B) and (C) answers tend to be used slightly more than (A) and (D). Also remember that answer choices that contain the same prefix or suffix or are pronounced like the underlined word are seldom the correct answers. Examine the following question. Swallows are among the most agile passerine birds. (A) Idle (B) swift (C) fragile (D) frail Note that choices (A) and (C), idle and fragile, have sounds similar to agile. Such words are not usually the correct choice. Such words are often used to distract you. Unless you are sure of the answer do not choose these words.
10 What is the difference between a cosmonaut, astronaut and taikonaut? 11 Explain the difference between the words corps and corpse? How do you pronounce these words? 12 Translate the italicized expressions and bold words in the text. Make sure that your translation is appropriate! 13 Derivation is the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix. For example, from the word HAPPY we can derive the following words: happen, happily, happiness, unhappy, unhappiness. Make derivations from the following words, using prefixes and suffixes and translate each word: Able Common Entertain Apply Discover Use Invade Success EXERCISES 1
LAUSEEHITUS Saksa keele lausel on rida iseärasusi. 1.Lauses esinevad üldreeglina mõlemad lause pealiikmed - alus ja öeldis. Kommst du morgen? Tuled (sa) homme? Ja, ich komme. Jah, tulen (küll). Lesen Sie das Buch? Kas te loete seda raamatut? Ja, ich lese es. Jah, loen. Er spricht deutsch. Ta räägib saksa keelt. Man spricht. Räägitakse. Es regnet. Sajab vihma. 2. Lause alus on alati nominatiivis. In der Kanne ist Milch. Kannus on piim. Wir tanzen Tango. Me tantsime tangot. 3.Olenevalt lause liigist on öeldisel lauses kindel koht - 1., 2., või viimane. Jutustavas ja küsisõnaga lauses on verbi pöördeline vorm 2.kohal. Ich begrüße Sie herzlich. Ma tervitan teid südamest. Wer sind Sie? ...
40.6.121 netmask 0xffffffe0 broadcast 193.40.6.127
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constructions (you filthy swine! You lazy dog!) · Transposition may occur within different parts of speech. Adjectives when used as nouns are expressive and often colloquial (my sweet, lovely) · Abstract nouns may start functioning as personal (old oddity--odd person, he's a disgrace to his family) · The possessive case when applied to concrete object makes the noun more prominent (Hollywood's studios) · The suffix `s may be added to a phrase or a sentence the result being humour or colloquial touch. (She is the boy I used to go with's mother) · The ending of the plural may be added to a sentence with the same effect (one I'm-sorry-for-you is worse than twenty I-told-you-sos) · Abstract nouns when used in the plural become expressive (Life is full of the injustices, the incruelties and the meanesses) Pronouns:
· Modals and auxiliaries show a similar distribution. Modals and auxiliaries share a common function of operators, i.e. provisionally the first auxiliary in the verb phrase. He might have been being questioned by the police. The NICE-properties: both modals and primary auxiliaries are marked by the NICE properties. Main verbs lack these properties. - negation: both occur with the negative adverb not and the suffix -n't. She doesn't like it. *She liken't it *I like not it. I can't come tomorrow *He camen't. *He came not. Some problems: no negative form *mayn't, only may not mightn't occurs but is not used by most speakers of AmE. - inversion: both may be inverted in matrix interrogatives. Does she like it? *Likes she it? Will you come? *Saw you them? Have you seen them? also:
Windows-keskkonna formaat Windows Desktop; Precision: pikkusühikute kümnendkohtade arv (võrdle käsuga `UNITS); Decimal separator: kümnendkohtade eraldaja (kui formaat on Decimal); Round off: ümardamistäpsuse kehtestamine (näiteks 1 ümardab mõõtarvud lähima täisarvuni, 0.25 korral aga murdosa kas puudub või on võrdne 0.25, 0.5 või 0.75); Prefix: ja Suffix: prefiksi (näiteks %%c läbimõõdumärgi saamiseks) ja sufiksi (näiteks mõõtühikuna mm) automaatne lisamine pikkusmõõtudele; Measurement Scale kõikide pikkusühikute läbikorrutamine selle teguriga (näiteks mastaabiteguri 10 korral näidatakse 20cm pikkust lõiku 2m pikkusena); · Zero Suppression nul- Leading eesnullide ärajätmine (näiteks 0.56 lide ärajätmine (nurga- asemel kirjutatakse .56);
1 Exhaust silencer mounting 1·18 Every 12 000 miles or 12 Months 26.1a Transmission oil filler plug (A) and selector shaft locking 26.1b Allen type transmission filler plug (arrowed) as fitted to mechanism cap (B) later models 6 Locate the new contact breaker points on from August 1985 have an E as the last letter the baseplate and secure with the retaining of the part number suffix. 27 Automatic transmission fluid screw, lightly tightened only at this stage. On 3 On the early type transmission (suffix letter level check the Lucas distributor ensure that the D) the oil level must be maintained between 5 secondary movement cam is engaged with and 10 mm (0.2 and 0.4 in) below the lower 1 The automatic transmission fluid level must
FQDN. DNS-суффиксы поискового списка служба DNS-клиент добавляет в указанном порядке в первую очередь, не пытаясь использовать другие доменные имена. Соответствующий параметр объекта групповой политики Порядок просмотра DNS-суффиксов (DNS Suffix Search List) находится в папке Конфигурация компыотераАдминистративные шаблоныСетьDNS-клиент. Обновление записей узлов Динамическое обновление отдельных клиентов выполняется только в том случае, если они отконфигурированы с помощью
syntax, checking the program, Programming Console, 100 Expansion I/O Unit, 22 Expansion Unit, 22 SYSMAC Support Software, 19 See also SSS wiring, 50 connecting, 18 power supply, 52 178 Revision History A manual revision code appears as a suffix to the catalog number on the front cover of the manual. Cat. No. W317-E1-11 Revision code The following table outlines the changes made to the manual during each revision. Page numbers refer to the previous version. Revision code Date Revised content 1 April 1997 Original production
Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Language: a Contemporary Introduction introduces the student to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics and Speech Acts, introduces the basic concepts of linguistic pragmatics, includes a detailed discussion of the problem of indirect force and surveys approaches to metaphor. Part IV, new to this edition, examines the four theories of metaphor. Features...
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