..................................... 14 Our opinion............................................................................................................................ 18 References............................................................................................................................ 19 2|Page 17101850 The century and a half following the Great Northern War, which ended with the Peace of Uusikaupunki, was a relatively static period in Estonian history with few momentous events. This was the time of the crystallization and the culmination of serfdom, when various socio- political and cultural undercurrents were also active, preparing the ground for the industrial society and the national-democratic movement in the second half of the 19th century.
RUNNING HEAD: RUSSIA Russia Throughout the History U.S Government Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. History of Russia 3. Russia nowadays 4. Important people in Russia throughout the history 5. Conclusion 6. References Introduction- Russia Throughout the History Russia is a one of the biggest countries is the world. The first clues about Russian history are from as early as the 9th century. Russia has suffered through rough times in war, mad leaders and tough life amongst the locals. Over times the country has had several different names and political systems. They have been an empire ruled by a czar, a communist nation, and a democratic federation. Nowadays the country's official name is the Russian Federation ("Basic facts about,"). The head of the executive branch in Russia is the president who works with the prime
1734) married Isaac Roosevelt, which makes her the great-great-grandmother of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, president of the US from 193345. · Hans Rebane = 1897 founded the first Estonian-language newspaper in the US Eesti Ameerika Postimees (published in NY until 1911) · 1898 founded an Estonian Lutheran congregation in NY (still exists today) 2. Signficant waves of migration from Estonia to the US in the 20th century, their reasons. *The failure of the 1905 Revolution: The first significant wave of immigration · Brought a strong Socialist contingent to the United States; led to the formation of many Estonian American Socialist and Communist organizations. * The 1920s30s: · Establishment of independent Estonia · Tightening of American immigration laws · Estonian immigration to the United States slowed down dramatically
Tallinn English College English Sergo Vainumäe 9A TALLINN Report Supervisor: Inge Välja Tallinn 2006 Order of contents: 1.Introduction 2.Toompea 3.Lower Town 4.Kadriorg and Pirita 5.Museums 1. Introduction Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, lies on the Baltic Sea. It is on almost the same latitude east St. Petersburg in Russia, Stockholm in Sweden and Stavanger in Norway, and covers 158 sq km. Tallinn was first marked on a map of the world by the Arab geographer al-Idrisi in 1154, its name then being Kolyvan (probably derived from the name Kalev). In the 13th-century Chronicle of Henricus de Lettis the town was called Lyndanise. Later came Reval (presumably after the old county of Rävala), the name used by the Germans who ruled the country for seven centuries. Russians then modified Reval to Revel
American literature The literary history of this nation when the first humanbeing living in what has since become the U.S used language creatively. · Mid to late 18 century put down · Words are powerful, magical · Words must be remembered · Native Americans stories creation of the world · Attidude thought their land/language · Similar stories Dates and names · America was discovered in 1492 by Columbus · 1497 John Cabot went to Canada · 1579 San Fransisco/St. Fransis · 1607 Jamestown collony/John Smith · 1620 a boat called MayFlower
English literature is one of the oldest literatures in Europe; dates back to the 6th century AD. Oral literature, i.e. not written down, spread from person to person. In 449 AD Anglo-‐Saxon tribes invaded England – beginning of the Anglo-‐Saxon period in English literature. The first form of literature was folklore, carried by scops and gleemen, who
British Literature in the 20th-21st Century REVISION QUESTIONS 1. The Contradictory, diverse, chaotic 20th century. New developments in science and philosophy. The essence and influence of Freudian theory. Contradictory, diverse, chaotic 20th c- simultaneous rejection and invocation of the past. While modernists apotheosized the creative geniuses of the past, they also rejected old poetic forms. Challenge old and established beliefs and more and more people had access to books and education more people went to universities. profound change in morals:
Ameerika Kirjandus 30.01.13 Naturalism · France, Emile Zola · Put down his theory in 1879: Le Roman Experimental, attempt to explain the development of human society throuch biological laws · Outlook is deterministic, pessimistic, fatalistic (fate or biology) · Man as an animal-clever than other beasts, still explainable within the framework · Man is not a free agent, is govern by something · Unable to determine his own faith · Hereditary · Naturalists tried to apply in fiction the processes of natural sciences · Writers task is to record facts, systems of behaviour, living conditions, never revealing any natural unbiased (completely natural) · Point of view: amoral-outside the category of morality, neither good or bad
vivacious woman about whom a future Viceroy of India would say, "Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room."[3] Father - John Lockwood Kipling. Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor, an illustrator, museum curator and pottery designer, was the principal and professor of architectural sculpture at the newly- founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art and Industry in Bombay. Later in life Kipling illustrated many of Rudyard Kipling's books, and other works. Kipling also remained editor of the Journal of Indian Art and Industry, which carried drawing works from the students of the Mayo School. COUPLE named their son after the place they had first met Rudyard Lake. Alice Kipling Fleming - Sister of British author Rudyard Kipling who became a well-known psychic, producing automatic writing under the name "Mrs. Holland." Born June 11, 1868, Alice Kipling was privately educated
The making of a new nation. The Enlightenment in America. The emergence of the notion of the American Dream. The great Enlighteners: Crèvecoeur, Jefferson, Paine, Franklin. The American Enlightenment is the intellectual thriving period in the United States in the midtolate 18th century (17151789), especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion. American Enlightenment a gradual but powerful awakening that established the ideals of democracy, liberty, and religious tolerance in the people of America.
UNO SOOMERE ESTONIAN SYMPHONIC MUSIC. THE FIRST CENTURY 1896-1996. AN OVERVIEW With a Historical and Cultural Summary IN MEMORY OF THE GREAT ESTONIAN COMPOSERS CONTENTS ESTONIA AND THE ESTONIANS FOREWORD IN THE FOLD OF TSARIST RUSSIA. EMERGENCE AND FIRST STEPS ON THE CLASSICAL-ROMANTIC PATH. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION I. MUSICAL LIFE IN TARTU AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TRAILBLAZERS: ALEKSANDER LÄTE, RUDOLF TOBIAS, ARTUR KAPP. II. THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 20TH CENTURY. ARTUR LEMBA: THE BEGINNING OF ESTONIAN SYMPHONY AND OPERA. III. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CULTURAL AND MUSICAL LIFE: THE END OF THE TSARIST PERIOD. THE INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA: THE INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIONS FROM WESTERN ART AND THE EVOLUTION OF NATIONALLY ORIENTED MUSICAL TRENDS. IV. THE TWENTIES. ARTUR KAPP: ROMANTICIST AND DRAMATIST. V
Russian history during the imperial period also shows such an ideological influence. Juri Fiodorovitsch Samanarin, for example, strove to explain to the Russians its mission and identity as the ruling people, not merely a minority, 1 Johann Renner, "Liivimaa ajalugu 1556-1561" (Tallinn: Olion, 2006), 2-13. and to show to the native peoples that they were second rate citizens. Jefgraf Vassilievitsch Tscheshikhin also displayed such partiality when he wrote, "There can be no place in Russia . . . for any patriotism other than Russian patriotism."2 Their and other histories raised the place of Russians to that of victor and liberator, contrary to the truth that this was not always the case. This rewriting of history occurred again during the Soviet period, when de facto control of Estonia was in Russia's hands. When Estonia became an independent nation in 1918 (1920 from the perspective of some people, such as Russians), and again in 1990 (1993 from
Art Museum of Estonia Art Museum of Estonia was founded on November 17th, 1919, but it was not until 1921 that it got its first permanent building the Kadriorg Palace, built in the 18th century. In 1929 the palace was expropriated from the Art Museum in order to rebuild it as the residence of the President of Estonia. The Art Museum of Estonia was housed in several different temporary spaces, until it moved back to the palace in 1946. In September, 1991 the Kadriorg Palace was closed, because it had totally deteriorated by then. At the end of the year the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia decided to guarantee the construction of a new building for the Art
My Town I live in Tallinn. It's the capital and main seaport of Estonia. Tallinn is a very beautiful city that lies on the Baltic Sea. It covers 158 square kilometres. The Mayor of Tallinn is Jüri Ratas. The population of our capital is about 400000 people. About 55% of them are Estonian, 37% Russians and the other 8% are from different nations. The people here are mostly engaged in industry- mainly the food industry (23%), trade (16%) and transport and communication (14%). History. Tallinn has a great history. It was first marked on a map of the world by the Arab geographer al-Idrisi in 1154, its name then being Kolyvan. In the 13 th- century chronicle of Henricus de Lettis the town was called Lyndanise. Then it was
Introduction I choose this topic because I want to get know more about local Theatres I hoped to get more information about their location, for whom each theatre is designed and a little overview about their history. The history of Estonian theatre does not differ much from that of the neighbor countries. The first play was performed in the 16th century at the Tallinn Town Hall. The town school children, who were Germans, staged Terence's The Andria in Latin. The first theatre house in Tallinn was mentioned in written materials which date from the late 17th century; the house was used by travelling theatre groups. Tallinn was already known then as a theatre-loving city. The first prominent name in Estonian history of theatre, August von Kotzebue, dates from the same period. The Russian authorities sent him from St
St Olaf's church. Previous names of the street also refer to it: Susterstrate 1361; Platea sororum 1364-1380; 1606 Süsterstrasse and Schwestergasse, all of which include the concept of a nun or a sister. After the Reformation, the monastery was eliminated and in 1631 a gymnasium was founded in its rooms, but the street name remained in the form of Süsterstrasse and Cisternstrasse. It was not until the 18th century that the name Lai also started to appear. In 1872, when the street names were being fixed, Lai remained the sole name of the street. 4 1 Lai Street / 4 Nunne Street A good example of Neo-Renaissance and early Art Nouveau styles combined is Lai Street 1, the present Youth and Puppet Theatre, erected at the beginning of the 20th century as the Nobility Club. The three-storey building replaces two medieval properties. In 1784 an amateur theatre began playing in a house situated in the
Discuss the representation of the generation of fathers in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" Turgenev always had two tasks before him to depict the body and pressure of time, and to depict the rapidly changing face of cultured Russian society (Freeborn 1960:48). Kluchevsky (1993:40) defined one case of the generation gap in the beginning of the XIX century as "merry cosmopolitan sentimentality of the fathers now transformed in a patriotic grief of their children. The Fathers were Russians, who passionately wanted to become French; the sons were raised as French and passionately wanted to become Russians. Fathers and Sons situates this generational conflict within family relations. In this essay, the ways how Turgenev represents the generation of Fathers in Fathers and Sons is discussed.
Some of the things you will learn in THE CODEBREAKERS • How secret Japanese messages were decoded in Washington hours before Pearl Harbor. • How German codebreakers helped usher in the Russian Revolution. • How John F. Kennedy escaped capture in the Pacific because the Japanese failed to solve a simple cipher. • How codebreaking determined a presidential election, convicted an underworld syndicate head, won the battle of Midway, led to cruel Allied defeats in North Africa, and broke up a vast Nazi spy ring. • How one American became the world's most famous codebreaker, and another became the world's greatest.
The common sense and witty aphorisms of Franklin's popular Poor Richard's Almanac series appealed to colonial readers. Franklin also wrote effectively on the question of allegiance to the British crown but it was his protégé, Thomas Paine, who inspired colonists during the dark days of the Revolution with his stirring pamphlet Common Sense (1776), which sold over half a million copies, and American Crisis Papers (1776-1783). Thomas Jefferson was also an influential political writer. He made important contributions to the 85 essays of The Federalist papers, which effectively outlined the Am governmental system and the basic principles of republican theory. Jefferson also wrote the Declaration of Independence (1776), which identifies the moment in which the nation was born, and in stirring language explains the reasons for its birth. In the post-Revolution period the search began for a characteristic Am lit. The most
Facts and figures 3 Geography 3 Climate 3 Nature 4 History 5 Economy 6 Culture 6 Biggest towns 7 Language 8 3 Facts and figures The Republic of Estonia is a small country. Covering only 45, 228 sq km it is slightly bigger than Denmark, Belgium or Switzerland. Estonia's population is under 1.4 million. The official language is Estonian but since very many Russians live here Russian is also wide spread. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. The currency used in Estonia is Eesti kroon. The Estonian national flag is blue-black-white. It was originally the flag of the Estonian Students' Society. The flag was first consecrated in Otepää Church in 1884. For a while, during the Soviet occupation, the flag was banned but it was again seen in public in Tartu in May 1988. The national flower is cornflower, the national bird is barn swallow and the national stone is limestone.
Outstanding figures in British literature Eva Martina Põder 11.b British literature Refers to all literature produced by British authors from the United Kingdom, which includes England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man Includes early works written in Gaelic, Welsh, and Latin, works in Old, Middle, and Modern English, each of which represents a different period Full of great works British works in Latin Venerable Bede He lived between 673 and 735 AD The greatest of all the AngloSaxon scholars
Chekov Lady and the Lapdog Reid about Chekov: The characters in Chekhov's plays are never fully "known" as a writer, he seems to delight in maintaining a sense of indeterminacy, and unknowability, about them. The bare facts are always laughably inadequate to the complexity of "real" people. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was born on 29 January (New Style), 1860, in Taganrog, a small port on the Sea of Azov, in southern Russia. As the son of a grocer and grandson of a serf, Chekhov was a first-generation intellectual. His modest background and upbringing are crucial to his development as a writer. Chekhov always felt that he missed out on childhood. It was a very hard lifeand it may have contributed to his poor health: he succumbed later on to the"family disease", tuberculosis, which led to his early death at the age of 44.His mother was a quiet, gentle soul who was full of stories of her early life
has reigned longer. Her Silver and Golden Jubilees were celebrated in 1977 and 2002; her Diamond Jubilee is being celebrated during 2012. Cultural Life in Great Britain Artistic and cultural life in Britain is rather rich, like in most of the European countries. It has passed several main stages in its evelopment. The Saxon King Alfred encouraged the arts and culture. The chief debt owed to him by English literature is for his translations of and commentaries on Latin works. Art, culture and literature flourished during the Elizabethan age, during the reign of Elizabeth I; it was the period of English domination of the oceans and colonies, and, due to the strong political and economic position of the country, there were few obstacles in the way of the cultural development. This time is also famous for the fact that William Shakespeare lived and worked then.
He and queen living incarnations of ideals. Visual style of his reign more classical than James’s. Thomas Carew „Coelum Britannicum”. King’s policy of peace (peace in every courtly celebration). Benefits to the isle by the union of divine couple. Henrietta Maria Love and Beauty and Charles – Heroic Virtue, together a great force. Masques centre of court life. Stuart divinity + now queen as a Platonic love goddess. Maria – from French court amnners and highly artificial language of adoration – fashion. Idealised love wiped away all stains. Through their harmony, Charles could make his heavenly ascent and bring great benefits to their obedient subjects. Very costy. Closed court, believed in masques. 3. 17th century „metaphysical” poetry (Donne, Quarles, Herbert, Crashaw, Vaughan, Marvell) Religious poetry, books of emblems (allegorical pictures, verses explaining their moral), unconventional or
Highest class was aristocracy (the Church and the nobility); the middle class/the bourgeoisie (shopkeepers, merchants, lawyers, businessmen etc.) was the biggest class; and the lowest class "the working class" and "the poor"; new change was the upward mobility people could become richer and move upward in social classes (to higher class); huge boost of the middle and working class; after industrial revolution there was still social division; late 18th century philosophers and writers started to question the social status of the nobility · What were the reasons behind upward mobility? New public schools for poorer people; S. Smile "Self Help"; questioning the social status of the nobility · Reasons behind the rise of literacy 1850 Libraries Act, the Sixpenny novels (people could by cheap books- T. Malory "Morte d'Arthur", W. Scott historical novels- most popular was "Ivanhoe"; new schools for middle class- public schools; not so
Tallinn English College Topic Estonia Tallinn 2008 1. Introduction Estonia is a small country about the size of Switzerland, or New Hampshire and Massachussetts combined. Estonia is named after the people called "Ests" who lived in the region in the 1 st century AD. The Republic of Estonia is one of the three countries commonly known as the "Baltic States". The other Baltic States are Latvia and Lithuania. 2. Geographical position Estonia is situated in northeastern Europe. Estonia is bounded on the north by the Gulf of Finland, on the east by Russia, on the south by Latvia and on the west by the Baltic Sea. In the north it borders on Finland. The coastline of the Baltic Sea in Estonia is characterized by numerous gulfs and bays, the biggest of them being the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Pärnu. Bays include the
THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD English literature came when the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes and the Frisians invaded Britain. During this time English was called Anglo- Saxon or Old English. In the chronicles of Roman history (composed in Latin) is said that Britain makes its first appearance in written language when Romans invade the England. BEOWULF most important poem, surviving in a 10th-cent manuscript. The historical period of the poem's events can be dated in the 6th to 8th century. Much of the material of the poem is legendary and paralleled in other Germanic historical-mythological literature in Norse, Old English, and German. GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340-1400) Politician and writer, fought in France during the 100 years war. He visited Genoa and Florence where he became acquainted with Italian literature and in particular with the works of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. The French period (up to 1370). early works were based mostly on French models
sent her to school in Paris. In 1834, Dickens became a political journalist, reporting on parliamentary debate and traveling across Britain by stagecoach to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronice. His journalism, in the form of sketches which appeared in periodicals from 1833, formed his first collection of pieces Sketches by Boz which were published in 1836 and led to the serialization of his first novel, The Pickwick Papers, in March 1836. On 2 April 1836, he married Catherine Thompson Hogarth (1816 1879), the daughter of George Hogarth, editor of the Evening Chronice. After a brief honeymoon in Chalk, Kent, they set up home in Bloomsbury, where they had ten children. On 9 June 1865, while returning from France with Ternan, Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash in which the first seven carriages of the train plunged off a cast iron bridge that was being repaired
Filmikunsti ajalugu 31.01.12 The age of pioneers: the early history of film How the horses helped to ivent the cinema. Cinema was invented by accident. 1872, west coast: leland standford, party, rich people, end of the 19 century, bored. Stanfrod talks friends about horses: problem: question is, what happens with the hooves while its moving, running. Bet, with eyes, can't settle this. Cannot ever see if the hooves touch the ground. Stanford has enough money, hires most famous photographer. Eadwerd muybridge, comes to usa. Tells him to settle this with photography. That time with photography you cannot get any informatio either. Started to install boxes, in each box, there was a camera
non-related ones. The most common words (`good', `to be', `to go', `much', "people", etc). General principle: the more frequently used a word, the more one can "afford" it to be irregular/non-iconic. Suppletion perhaps the most drastic form of irregularity/iconicity), covers mainly the most frequent words Metathesis-Two sounds, at least one of which is a consonant, change places inside a word. When one of the sounds is a vowel,the other is usually /r/. Fyrst/first/frist a typical case of metathesis.Another case in the passage: beorht/briht.Metathesis present in many languages, a universal phenomenon. For Instance, Proto-Indo-European had tworoots *spek- and the metathetical *skep-, both with the basic meaning of "look, observe, examine". The first is behind Latin words that produced such English loans as spectacle, spectator, expect, inspect, perspective, etc. The second is behind the Greek word for "examine" with the
of trade between East and West: furs, honey, leather and seal fat moved west, while salt, cloth, herring and wine moved east. Its geographical position was very favourable, with its wide bay protected by the two outlying islands of Aegna and Naissaar for a large port. Tallinn developed along three lines: fortress, port and market town. Tallinn grew rapidly and had developed into a well-known trading centre by the 15th century. Unfortunately, prosperity did not last long due to the weakening of the Hanseatic League, epidemics, hunger and wars. Sweden finally managed to take control of the whole of Estonia in 1629. Their rule ended after the Northern War in 1710 when Estonia was joined to the Russian Empire. Life changed for the better thanks to the opening of a railway line from St. Petersburg to Tallinn in 1870. Tallinn grew into a major port and an industrial centre, with huge shipyards
Topic Libraries Tallinn English College 8b form 2007 1. Introduction A library is a collection of books. Libraries are maintained by a public body such as an institution or an individual. These collections are used by people who choose not to (or cannot afford) purchase an extensive collection themselves or who need professional assistance with their research. However, with the collection of media other than books, many libraries are now also access points for maps, prints or other documents and artworks such as microfilm, audio tapes, CDs, cassettes and DVDs. So, modern libraries are being redifined as places to get access to information in many formats and from many sources. In addition to providing materials, they also provide the services of specialists who are experts in matters related to finding and organizing information, called librarians. 2. History
Europe and belonged to the Celtic race and also spoke Celtic. They were primitive hunters- gatherers, farmers. Some Celtic words are still used in modern English, however they are used mostly in place names. For example: · avon river · cumb valley · ford shallow place in the river Ancient Britons had their own religion and priests or druids and temples. In the year 55 BC Britain became a Roman province. Romans were highly developed and had their own language latin, which has also greatly influenced English. The military occupation of the Isles ended in 410 AD. The Romans eventually brought Christianity to Britain. Hadrian's wall on the border of Scotland and England. It began construction in 122 AD. An Anglo-Saxon attack on Rome forced the Romans to leave The British Isles. They were replaced by Germanic tribes Angles, Jutes and Saxons, who drove the Celts to the north (Scotland) and west (Wales)
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