The Christian authors may also have wanted to distinguish their writings from the pagan texts written on scrolls. 2/15 A Chinese bamboo book Wax tablets were the normal writing material in schools, in accounting, and for taking notes. They had the advantage of being reusable: the wax could be melted, and reformed into a blank. The custom of binding several wax tablets together (Roman pugillares) is a possible precursor for modern books (i.e. codex). The etymology of the word codex (block of wood) also suggests that it may have developed from wooden wax tablets. In the 5th century, Isidore of Seville explained the relation between codex, book and scroll in his Etymologiae (VI
GOVERNESSES "POEMS BY CURRER, ELLIS AND ACTON BELL" CAHRLOTTE 1816-1855 THE PROFESSOR (1857) JANE EYRE (1847) SHIRLEY (1849) VILLETTE (1853) JANE EYRE GREATLY AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL REALISTIC PICTURES + ROMANTICISM WOMAN'S PROBLEMS AND SOUL LONELINESS, POVERTY, SOCIAL INSIGNIFICANCE ATTACKS THE GREED AND LACK OF CULTURE OF THE BOURGEOISIE JANE EYRE SOCIETY CAN BE REFORMED BY MEANS OF EDUCATION INHUMAN EDUCATION SYSTEM OF CHARITY SCHOOLS FIGHT FOR WOMEN'S EMANCIPATION EMILY 1818 - 1848 WUTHERING HEIGHTS (1847) PLOT FULL OF MYSTERY REALISTISC THE TIME, PLACE, CLIMATE, GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES WUTHERING HEIGHTS MANY SUPERNATUREAL ELEMENTS THE STORY OF THE EARNSHAWS AND THE LINTONS
PRINCESS ANNE early life and education Anne was born at Clarence House on 15 August 1950. She was named Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise. The second child and the only daughter of the Queen and Prince Philip. In 1987 she recived the title Princess Royal. Her first governess was Catherine Peebles. The 1st Buckingham Palace Company called Girl Guides was reformed in 1959. Since 1963 she studied in Benenden School. family Father: Prince Philip Mother: Queen Elizabeth II Brother: Prince Charles Brother: Prince Andrew Brother: Prince Edward Husband: Mark Phillips Son: Peter Phillips Daughter: Zara Phillips Husband: Timothy Laurence Klõpsake juhtslaidi teksti laadide redigeerimiseks Teine tase Kolmas tase Neljas tase
Vene impeerium 19. sajandil 1. Venemaa valitsejad a) Aleksander I (1801 1825) lubas jätkata vanaema Katariina II poliitikat: liberaalsed reformed b) Nikolai I (1825 1855) tagurlik valitseja, kes püüdis säilitada kehtivat korda: sandarmite korpus venestamine c) Aleksander II (1855-1881) mõistis muudatuste möödapääsmatust. Pärisorjuse kaotamine (1861) d) Aleksander III (1881 1894) vastureformid: tagurlik reformivastane poliitika isevalitsuse kindlustamiseks e) Nikolai II (1894 1917) jätkas üldjoontes isa poliitikat. 2. Territoriaalne ekspansioon a) Euroopas: Soome
Füsiokraadid (prantsusmaa) Riik ei tohi majandusse sekkuda Tähtsaim majandusharu põllumajandus, kuna sellest tuli konkreetne tulu Nad toetasid vabakaubandust Riigipea oli piiramatu võimuga valgustatud monarh. 10) Merkantilismi tunnused Kõrged kaitsetollid Eksport peab ületama importi Riigi rikkuse aluseks on hõbeda ja kulla varud 11) Valgustatud absolutism Saksamaal ja Austrias. Valgustatud monarhide reformed Kolmekümne aastane soda (1618-1648) kurnas poliitiliselt ja majanduslikult niigi nõrgenenud Saksamaad äärmusliku piirini. Sõja lõpetanud Vestfaali rahuga kinnistati juriidiliselt maa poliitiline jaotus ligi 300 riigiks ning selline killustatus kestis üle kahe sajandi. Preisimaa omariikluse ajalugu algab aastast 1525, mil reformatsiooni käigus ilmalikuks muutunud Saksa ordu Preisimaa harust kujunes Preisimaa hertsogiriik- esimene
import duties that range from 10 to 100 percent (but average 15 percent on most goods). The highest tariffs are on tobacco, automobiles, jewelry, and gasoline. The personal income tax level is 33 percent with rates of between 10 to 35 percent on supplemental income from investments or interest dividends. Labour law Essential political economic and legal reforms started after the independence of Lithuania in 1990. Since then the legal system has been reformed to meet the demands of the social and economic changes brought by the return to democracy and the free market economy system. The population of Lithuania is 3.4 million, with a labour force of 1.6 million. Unemployment has been low, but has increased to almost 10 per cent during 2009. All employees in Lithuania have equal employment rights, regardless of race, colour, gender, age, disability or sexual orientation.
Eestisse, Üleminekuvalitsuse esiotsas Vaino VäljasSaab parteijuhiks pärast EKP võimuvahetust Lagle ParekEesti Rahvusliku Sõltumatuse Partei juht Arnold Rüütel1990 saab ENSV uueks esimeheks Lennart Merivaliti 1992 Esimestel presidendivalimistel presidendiks, kirjutas alla Juulilepingule Jüri Adams 1992. Aasta põhiseaduse üks põhiautoreid Gorbatšovi reformed Perestroika *Majanduselu elavdamine Glasnost *1986 Tšernobõli katastroof Poliitilised ümberkorraldused *Presidentaalne süsteem *Rahvasaadikute congress 23.08.1987Hirvepargi miiting 16.11.1988ENSV Ülemnõukogu erakorraline istung (võetakse vastu suveräänsusdeklaratsioon) 23.08.1989 Balti kett 30.03.1990 Kuulutatakse välja üleminekuperiood(Eesti Vabariigi taastamine iseseisvaks riigiks) 28.06.1992 Toimub uue põhiseaduse referendum 20.08
ja korraldasid senaatorite nimekirja. l) res publica ühiskondlik asi 8. Sõjad Kartaagoga (miks puhkesid, milliste tulemustega lõppesid?) Roomale ei meeldinud Kartaago vallutused ja läks talle kallale, Rooma alistas Kartaago ja too hävitati, Rooma oli Vahemere valitseja. 9. Isikud a) Hannibal Kartaago vähejuht b) Caesar väejuht, poliitik ja kirjanik. c) Gracchused ja nende reformed reformid kukkusid läbi. d) Marius ja tema reform üleminek palgasõjaväele. e) Augustus Vana-Rooma keiser f) Traianus Vana-Rooma keiser, andis välja edikti, mille järgi tuli surmata kõik kes toetasid kristlust. 10. 12 tahvli seadused esimene Rooma seadustekogu, plebeidele üsna karmid, kuid esmakordselt olid kirjas ka nende õigused. 11. Milline oli talupoegade laostumise mõju Rooma vabariigile orjad hakkasid
oktoobriga 1517. Katoliiklus - (kreeka sõnast (katholikós) 'üleüldine', 'universaalne') ehk katolitsism on kristluse levinuim usutunnistus, mis tunnustab paavsti oma vaimuliku peana; õigeusu ja protestantismi kõrval üks kolmest kristluse põhiharust. Katoliikluseks nimetatakse ka Rooma Katoliku Kiriku õpetust. Hugenotid - From the 16th to the 18th century the name Huguenot was applied to a member of the Protestant reformed church in France. historically known as the French Calvinists. Metodism - Metodism või metodistlik liikumine on rühm ajalooliselt seotud kristlikke protestantlikke usulahke. Mormoonid - Mormoonid (tuntud ka nimede all viimsepäevapühakud, viimse aja pühad, viimse aja pühade liikumine ja mormoonlus) on 1830. aastal Joseph Smithi poolt Ameerika Ühendriikides rajatud kristlik usulahk, mis ei tunnista traditsioonilist kristlikku arusaama Jumala kolmainsusest.
Nõudmisesd. Hurdil haridus ja kultuur. Tülid viisid aleksandrikooli peakomitee sulgemiseni. Rahvuslik liikumine kriisi Venestamine- vene keisririigi poliitika, mille eesmärk oli mittevene alade ja rahvaste muutmine venekeelseks ja venepäraseks. Aleksander 3. baltimaadesse saadeti uued kubernerid. Manaseini revisjon- senator saadeti baltimaade olukorda uurima, revisjoni käigus esitati talle kaebusi ja valitsus kasutas neid venestusreformide läbiviimisel ära. Venestamisaja reformed- koolireform- koolides õpetus vene keeles. 1886- vene keel asjaajamiskeel kõigis valla-, linnavalitsustes. Kohtusõsteem venepäraseks. Uus linnaseadus,. Soodustati õigeusu levikut. Vanavara kogumine- 1888 hurda poolt alustatud rahvaluule kogumine. Sobilik viis patrioolse meelsuse avaldamiseks. Sinimustvalge- eesti üliõpilaste seltsi lipp, mis pühitseti sisse otepääl 1884. vastupanu venestamisele. Karsklusliikumine- tegelesid rahvaharidustööga ja meeelelahutusega. Ehitati seltsimaju
punktiga Adolf Hitler- Saksamaa natsionaalsotsialistliku partei juht,kes tuli 1933. saksamaal võimule , astus tugevalt Versailles'I rahulepingu vastu B.Mussolini- Itaalia Fasistlik valitseja, kes kehtestas diktatuuri ja alustas soda Etioopiaga F.Franco- Hispaania kindral, kes juhtis sõjaväelaste mässu, mis kasvas üle kodusõjaks W.Chucrhill- inglise peaminister, kes mõistis, et tugevnev natsi-saksamaa on suureks ohuks F.Roosevelt- usa president, kes tegi New Deali, reformed, et usa't majanduslangusest välja aidata Teemad: Maailm pärast 1-st maailmasõda- Saksamaale määrati väga karmid tingimused. Ka Euroopa kaart muutus palju. Saksamaa ei olnud nõus rahulepingu tingimustega, rahvasteliit ei suutnud riikidevahelisi tülisid leevenada- need muutsid olukorra teravaks. Usast algas majanduskriis, mis tegi olukorra väga halvaks Pariisi rahukonverents- Tähtsaimad mehed: Clemenceaux( prants.), Woodrow
punktiga Adolf Hitler- Saksamaa natsionaalsotsialistliku partei juht,kes tuli 1933. saksamaal võimule , astus tugevalt Versailles'I rahulepingu vastu B.Mussolini- Itaalia Fasistlik valitseja, kes kehtestas diktatuuri ja alustas soda Etioopiaga F.Franco- Hispaania kindral, kes juhtis sõjaväelaste mässu, mis kasvas üle kodusõjaks W.Chucrhill- inglise peaminister, kes mõistis, et tugevnev natsi-saksamaa on suureks ohuks F.Roosevelt- usa president, kes tegi New Deali, reformed, et usa't majanduslangusest välja aidata Teemad: Maailm pärast 1-st maailmasõda- Saksamaale määrati väga karmid tingimused. Ka Euroopa kaart muutus palju. Saksamaa ei olnud nõus rahulepingu tingimustega, rahvasteliit ei suutnud riikidevahelisi tülisid leevenada- need muutsid olukorra teravaks. Usast algas majanduskriis, mis tegi olukorra väga halvaks Pariisi rahukonverents- Tähtsaimad mehed: Clemenceaux( prants.), Woodrow
The first book of the code deals with the law of persons: the enjoyment of civil rights, the protection of personality, domicile, guardianship, tutorship, relations of parents and children, marriage, personal relations of spouses, and the dissolution of marriage by annulment or divorce. The code subordinated women to their fathers and husbands, who controlled all family property, determined the fate of children, and were favoured in divorce proceedings. Many of these provisions were only reformed in the second half of the 20th century. The second book deals with the law of things: the regulation of property rights--ownership, usufruct, and servitudes. The third book deals with the methods of acquiring rights: by succession, donation, marriage settlement, and obligations. In the last chapters, the code regulates a number of nominate contracts, legal and conventional mortgages, limitations of actions, and prescriptions of rights. 6.Comparative criminal law
These men governed in conjunction with the States-General, an assembly composed of representatives of each of the seven provinces but usually dominated by the largest and wealthiest province, Holland. The stadtholder's power varied, depending on his personal qualities of leadership, and the office eventually became hereditary in the house of Orange. (3) Under Maurice, the republic was divided by a religion-political conflict between two factions within the Reformed (Calvinist) church, over predestination. The Arminian or Remonstrant, cause was championed by Holland under its leader, Jan van Olden Barneveldt. The other provinces and Maurice sided with the Gomarists or High Calvinists, who prevailed. The dispute ended with Barneveldt's execution for treason in 1619. (2) 10 Frederick Henry's son, William II of Orange, became involved in a bitter quarrel with the
elatustase · Tagada toiduainetega varustatus 90. EL ÜPP finantseerimine · Tagada mõistlikud tarbijahinnad Põhimõtted: u. 40 mld EUR ehk ca 45% eelarve mahust, · Ühine turg: kehtib ühine hinnatase, tooted liidu kalleim poliitika ringlevad ilma tollikitsenduste ja koguseliste piiranguteta 91. EL ÜPP peamised reformed · Ühenduse ülimuslikkus: ühendusesisesel kaubandusel ning ühenduse toodetel on eelisseisund · 1968 Mansholti plaan (ebaõnnestus) · Rahanduslik solidaarsus: CAP kulud kannab · 1984: piimakvoodid ühendus · 1988: teravilja ja õlitaimede kvoodid · 1992: MacSharry reformed turukorralduse hindade 87. EL ÜPP turukorralduse elemendid e
Töötingimused olid rasked, linnad ülerahvasttus, vähene ruum, pead-jalad koos, võõrandumine Tootlikkus vähenes, aristokraadid ja maa aadelkond ja linna keskklass tundsid muret. Tajuti ohtu avalikule korrale. Masside distsipliin. Repressiivsed seadused. Et saavutada sotsiaalne kontroll ja kord. Töödistsipliin. Vaba aja "õige" sisustamine. Mõju ei avaldanud. Positiivsed võrsed. Victoria. Ameerikas ametiühingud. Sotsiaalsed reformed. Meditsiini areng. Hügieen. Naiste ja laste tööaja vähendamine. 20. sajandi I pool. Peale II MS mõlemad tööl. Linna elama. 60-70 jälle äärelinna. Ennem pargid keskklassile või kõrgklassile. Saunad ja pesumajad. Ujumine hügieen. Igamehe õigus pargid, veekogud. Viktoriaanlik eetos. Saadi aru, et repressiivsete seadustega kusagile ei jõua. Haridus pühapäevakoolid. Valgustuse tulekuga õhtukoolid. Rikas keskklass ratsionaalne rekreatiivne liikumine.
independent till the end of her life. John Knox The Calvinist Leader of Protestants in Scotland, also leader of the Scottish reformation. During Mary´s execution he went to exile, when he returned to Scotland, he led the Scots in establishing the Presbyterian Church. Introduced popular Presbyterian and Calvanist system. Mary Queen of Scots was overthrown. The Kirk was established and presbyterialism became the state religion. The Scottish Reformed Church The Kirk is the national church of Scotland. Based on the principles of John Calvin. 1560, the Scottish Parliament adopted Presbyterianism. The Kirk has no prayer book but has a hymn book and the order of the Service- Book of Comon Order. Parliament can´t play any part in Kirk´s affairs without it consent. The spiritual leader is Jesus Christ Mary Queen of Scots In 1558 she married teh French Dauphin who alter became King Francis II.
356. subordinated to mis alluks 357. pursuant to the regulation vastavalt regulatsioonile 358. tertiary education kõrgharidus 359. practical working experience praktilise töö kogemus 360. had the right to dismiss the attorneys õigus vallandada advokaate 361. frequently used sagely kasutas 362. terminated the activities lõpetas tegevuse 363. issued temporary certificates andis välja ajutised tunnistused 364. being reformed reformiti 365. to expel for välja heitma 366. membership of the students' fraternity üliõpilaste korporatsiooni liikmelisus 367. the ministry of justice justiitsministeerium 368. had no valid grounds polnud seaduslikke aluseid 369. they were rehabilitated ennistati oma ametisse 370. a gradual increase järk-järguline kasv 371. were admitted vastu võetud 372. barrister (kõrgem) advokaat *U10 373. elaboration väljatöötamine 374
1888 politsei korralduse reform 1889 kohtu reform. Kohtuprotsess avalikuks, kaotatakse seadusandlikud kohtud. Hakkavad tööle advokaadid. 1889 valla reform. S.t kui valla tegevuse üle kehtestati tsaari riigi reform. Pannakse ametisse talurahva asjade komisjon 1892 linnareform. Linna volikogus said valitseda kõik kinnisvaraomanikud. Valmisõiguse said peenemad ametnike pojad. Rüütelkond ja maapäev tegutses edasi. Kirikul oli suur roll. IV Kultuuriga seotud reformed 1887 alg- ja keskkoolis õpetatakse vene keeles (linnas) 1892 võetakse vastu seadus, et õppida võis vene keeles Ettevõtmised Venestamise ajal: *Eesti Üliõpilaste Selts, Eesti lipp *J.Hurt üleskutse rahva luule kogumiseks * Karskusselts Villem Reimars RAHVUSLUSE TÕUS 3 suunda : 1)Mõõdukad- J.Tõnisson, V.Reiman. Keskus Tartus , "Postimees" 2)Radikaalid- K.Päts, Jaan Teemant. Keskus Tallinnas, "Teataja" 3)Sotsialistid- vasakpoolne poliitiline vool. a)marksistid: M
Study Palladio to have architectural revolution in England. Might have been the Stuart Restoration, whose martyred king Charles I was patron of Inigo Jones, whose work earl revived, restored, imitated and published. Palladio – late 16th C architect. England needed change (Pope’s Essay on Criticism – called for national change in taste and ideas). New style of „the antique simplicity”. Burlington had all the drawings of Jones and Palladio, used them as an architect. Reformed architectural style. Palladianism was to become a national style. Burlington house – palazzo. Land around it. Ha-ha. Garden made of series of pictures, after Ancient Rome. 18. The Augustan publishing explosion and expansion of literacy 18th C, London cultural mecca of the Augustan age, great urban development, the city of enlightenment, scientific revolution. Cultural efforescence linked with remarkable economic and financial boom (ordinary people better off)
Juuli laguses sadeti lailai riigikogu, ning kuulutati välja ennetähtaegsed "valimised". Seadi üles vaid 1 kanditaat, kasutati valiate hirmutamist ja tulemuse võltsimist. 21 Juuli 1940-Riigivolikogu nim Eesti ümbes Eesti Nõukogude Sotsalistlikuks Vabariigiks. Järgmisel päeval otsustati pöörduda Moskva poole ja paluta ENSV vastuvõttu NSVL 6 august 1940- Eesti inkorkoreeridi NSVL kooseisu. Aastail 1940-1941 viidi Eetsist läbi majandus reformed, realiseeriti tööstus, transpordi ettevõtte, kaubandus firmad a pangad ning suuremad elumajad. Toimus ka akraal reform ralude maksimaalseks suuruseks määrati 30hektarid. Nov 1940 viidi läbi raharefrom, mill käigus Eesti kroonid vahetati rublade vastu 1kr=1.25 rubla( tegelik suhe on 1kr=10rubla). 14 juuni 1941 toimus esimene massküüditamine, kõgis 3 balti riigis. Eestist depoteeriti üle 10 000inimest. Täisealised mehed kuulutati areteerituiks ja
king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the political upheavals of the Wars of the Roses. He founded a long-lasting dynasty and was peaceably succeeded by his son, Henry VIII, after a reign of 23 years. Church of England - the officially established Christian church in England and the oldest in the worldwide Anglican Communion. The Church of England understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed. 19. The Elizabeth Age - was a time associated with Queen Elizabeth I's reign (15581603) and is often considered to be the golden age in English history. It was the height of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of English poetry, music and literature. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre flourished, and William Shakespeare and many others composed plays that broke free of England's past style of plays and theatre. It was an age of exploration and
considered the founder of the Presbyterian denomination. He led the Protestant Reformation in Scotland, in partnership with the Scottish Protestant nobility. The movement may be seen as a revolution, since it led to the ousting of the queen, Mary of Guise, who governed the country in the name of her young daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots. Knox helped write the new confession of faith and the ecclesiastical order for the newly created reformed church, the Kirk. He continued to serve as the religious leader of the Protestants throughout Mary's reign. *The Scottish Reformed Church/the Kirk It is the national church of Scotland. It is a Presbyterian church, decisively shaped by the Scottish Reformation. The Church of Scotland traces its roots back to the beginnings of Christianity in Scotland, but its identity was shaped by the Reformation. At that point, the church in Scotland broke with Rome, in a process of
is now part and parcel of the whole structure. The current concern with diversity and with women issues is an example of the second method. Here, the approach to remove the lid of the box and change the contents within the box, along with a new wrapping, but to leave the box itself unchanged. Thus the basic structure of the organization has not essentially changed, it is still the same old paradigm-the same old box with new wrappings and new contents. It has merely been added to, it has been reformed, with a new attitude about diversity and inclusiveness. The vast majority of the efforts of organizations to work with diversity today fit here. Both of these methods merely place new wine in old wineskins. The fact that spillage results should not surprise anyone, but because of a short-sighted vision and a wrong set of values it usually does. The third method is an effort to step back take a good look at where society is headed (vision
To maintain sb to continue to have; to keep in existence, or not allow to become less Illegitimate children children who are born to parents who are not officially married to each other; born out of wedlock Leave (luba) - official permission to do sth Consent official, formal agreement To overturn to cancel (a legal decision) A litigant a person who is fighting a legal case Personal injury case accident or event related to bodily harm. Court reform Courts have been reformed because as time goes on, different situations gain different meanings and thus new way to solve a problem are needed. 1990 to the Present The restitution of Estonia's independence has been a long process of political and legal steps, of which one of the most significant with respect to the judiciary has been the Declaration of Sovereignty on 16 November 1988. According to the declaration, the sovereignty of "the Estonian SSR" meant that
o'erweigh a whole theatre of others. O, there be 92 players that I have seen play, and heard others praise, and that highly, not to speak it profanely, that, neither having the accent of Christians nor the gait of Christian, pagan, nor man, have so strutted and bellowed that I have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men and not made them well, they imitated humanity so abominably. First Player I hope we have reformed that indifferently with us, sir. HAMLET O, reform it altogether. And let those that play your clowns speak no more than is set down for them; for there be of them that will themselves laugh, to set on some quantity of barren spectators to laugh too; though, in the mean time, some necessary question of the play be then to be considered: that's villanous, and shows a most pitiful ambition in the fool that uses it. Go, make you ready. Exeunt Players Enter POLONIUS, ROSENCRANTZ, and
19. sajandi Venemaa ajaloo põhiprobleem oli läänlaste- slavofiilide vastuolu: kas järgida lääne eeskuju ja moderniseerida arhailine ühiskond, majandus ja administratsioon või vastanduda läänele. Mõlemad poliitilised valikud ähvardasid kasvatada pingeid ühiskonnas. 2.1.1. Kodifitseerimise eesmärk 2.1.2. M. Speranski ümberkorralduste kava Mihhail Speranski - vene reformaator, Aleksander I nõunik,, riigisekretär Aleksander I liberaalsed reformed Peale Paul I kõrvaldamist ( valitses 1796-1801), sai troonile ta poeg Aleksander I, kelles segunesid liberaalse kasvatuse mõjud konservatiivsuse ning kristliku müstitsismiga. Taoline kahepalgelisus avaldus ka tema tegevuses keisrina (vt. ka Lotman, lk.288-293). Tema valitsusaeg algas lubadustega valitseda Katariina II vaimus, poliitilistele pagulastele anti amnestia ja taastati Paul I poolt kaotatud aadli eesõigused. Keisri ülesandel koostas
resulting in cost savings in time and space to Some of the terminology used to describe the processor (Farouk et al. 2005b). restructured meats includes boneless beef The disadvantages of whole-tissue restruc- fillet (heat-and-serve restructured micro- turing relative to intact meat is that major waveable steak), sandwich steaks, joysteak, investment is required to produce certain ribsteak, grillsteak, sandwich meat, reformed products, processing requires a high input of steaks, reformed roast/joints, lamb medal- both energy and labor, fiber alignment is still lion, and meat cutlets (Pork McRibs). done manually as no equipment is available Restructured meats are also included as to automate the process, and the final prod- ingredients in ready meals and are catego- ucts may have poorer color, higher levels of rized as processed meats, too
annaabi.ee 
