Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Psühholoogia ajalugu". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
behavior, person, psühholoogia, instinkt, persona, term, goal, operant, ways, experience, füs, positivism, conscious, force, habit, cause, control, science, toward, internal, learning, assotsiatsiooni, refleks, eesmärgile, process, reinforcement, individ, anima, ärevus, enviroment, kohanemine, habits, possible, study, freud, aktiv, pavlov, mental· rakendusfookus (focus of convenience) rakendusulatuse piires olevad sündmused, kus konstrukti ennustav jõud on eriti kõrge · avatus (permeability) rakendusala piires uute sündmuste konstrueerimise omadus Personaalsete ehk isiksuse kontruktide teooria printsiibid. Fundamentaalne Postulaat (Fundamental Postulate) ja 11 järeldust "A person's processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which the person anticipate events" kõikide psühholoogiliste protsesside eesmärk on prognoosida sündmusi inimese käitumine on konstruktide kontrolli all: interpretatsioon 1. Sündmuse Konstrueerimine (Construction Corollary) "A person anticipates events by construing their replications" ülesituatsioonilised omadused (püsivus) toimunud sündmused sarnasused ja erinevused konstrukti kommunikatsioon:
· rakendusfookus (focus of convenience) rakendusulatuse piires olevad sündmused, kus konstrukti ennustav jõud on eriti kõrge · avatus (permeability) rakendusala piires uute sündmuste konstrueerimise omadus Personaalsete ehk isiksuse kontruktide teooria printsiibid. Fundamentaalne Postulaat (Fundamental Postulate) ja 11 järeldust "A person's processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which the person anticipate events" kõikide psühholoogiliste protsesside eesmärk on prognoosida sündmusi inimese käitumine on konstruktide kontrolli all: interpretatsioon 1. Sündmuse Konstrueerimine (Construction Corollary) "A person anticipates events by construing their replications" ülesituatsioonilised omadused (püsivus) toimunud sündmused sarnasused ja erinevused konstrukti kommunikatsioon:
Psychology Gleitman Blood flow in the brain during different activities: the rate of blood flow is measured by special radiation counters that are placed at various points of the skull and that monitor radiation from mildly radioactive gas injected into the bloodstream. Blood flow pattern depends on what the patient does ( different pattern is found when person is reading aloud, yet another when he watches a moving light and so on). Ambiguous sights and sounds: The way ambiguous figures are perceived often depends on what we have seen just before. For example, if we are first shown an unambiguous figure of a rat, the ambiguous picture will be seen as a rat. If we are first exposed to an unambiguous face, we see the ambiguous figure as a face. What holds for visual patterns also holds for language. Many utterances are ambiguous
Marii Haak 2017 To start with... · Two main concepts to understand - Psychology - Psyche How do you define them? What is psychology? · The study of the soul and mind (psyche & logos) · Psychology is the scientific study of the behavior of the individuals (what we do) and their mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings) · Studies human behavior, inner experiences and circumstances under they occur · Is psychology a study of differences between people or rather a study of similarities? - General tendencies Primary goal · The primary goal of psychology is to improve the understanding of behavior and cognition of our self and other people Why do we do what we do? Why do we think what we think? Why do we feel what we feel? · The aim is to...
käitumuslik teooria. Juhtimine ja liidriksolemine. Sotsiaalpsühholoogia rakendusvaldkonnad. • Nõustamine. Eneseteostus. Koolipsühholoogia. Organisatsioonikäitumine, personali valik ja juhtimine. Etnopsühholoogia. Keskkonnakäitumine. Religiooniuuringud. Õnneuuringud. • Tekst: Maslow: 243 – 310 Sotsaalpsühholoogia ajaloost SP eelkäijad: filosoofia, teoloogia, 19. saj viimasel kolmandikul kujunev psühholoogia. Praktiline SP toiminud sajandeid: mõjutajad, nõiad, shamaanid, teadjad, usuliidrid … Esimesed uurijad: prantslane Gustave LeBon (1841-1931), itaallane Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904). Massipsühholoogia. Grupiteadvus, sugestioon, massipsühhoos. Filosoofiline/spekulatiivne SP. Teoretiseerib, ei mõõda. Wilhelm Wundt (1832 – 1920) ja Völkerpsychologie – rahva moraal, tavad, õiglustunne … Esimene SP eksperiment 1895: Norman Triplett – kas jalgrattur sõidan kiiremini üksinda või grupis
PSYCHOLOGY PART 1: CORE Biological level of analysis Outline principles that define the biological level of analysis. 1) Behavior can be innate, because it is genetically based. Evolution may play a key role in behavior. 2) Animals may be studied as a means of understanding human behavior. 3) There are biological correlates of behavior. Cognitions, emotions and behaviors are products of the anatomy and physiology of our nervous and endocrine system. Explain how principles of the biological level of analysis may be demonstrated in research. 1) Correlational studies: Study by Buss, who hypothesized that across cultures, men will prefer to marry younger women because of greater reproductive capacity and women will place greater value on a potential mate's earning
esmased impulsid, vaba indiviid, haridus, inimene hea. Göthe - inimeses pinged ja konfliktid. vastandlikud jõud omaks võtta. kontrasti efekt. Schopenhauer - universaalne tahe ellu jääda, inimene irratsionaalne. pühapäevaneuroos. Eksistensialism Kierkegaard - tõde peab kogema. Jumal ei ole loogiliselt mõistetav. Personaalne suhe jumalaga. Nietzsche - apollonlik ja dionüüslilk aspekt. kontrollitud kirg. maa mõttetu, jumal surnud. võimutahe. üliinimene. Eksperimentaalne psühholoogia Müller - KNS - spetsiifiline ärritatavus. Gall - frenoloogia I üldistus. eristas hallaine ja valgeaine. Hering - värvitaju ruumitaju on silma omadused. Helmholtz - energiajäävuse seadus. närviülekande kiirus. trikomaatiline värvinägemise teooria. Broca - I kes jälgis käitumuslikku häiret ning seejärel tegi kindlaks koha ajus. Weber - erinevad tundlikkused. Wundt - eksperim. psy. valiv tähelepanud, voluntarism, teadvus = kogemus. Flourens - eemaldas aju osi ja jälgis käitumist.
· Nomothetic: relating to, involving, or dealing with general or universal statements or laws · Idiographic: relating to or dealing with something, concrete, individual or unique · All people are described on same set of dimensions (traits), but will differ by degree · Theories propose that person develops in conjunction with own individual experience · Usually measured by questionnaire; descriptive · `Why and how' of development are important · `Why and how' are not so important · Standard measures difficult or impossible to obtain
Oma koht, oma tuba, uks lukku - Surmahirm ja surmakartus, haiguste kartus Individualiseerumine - Autonoomia institutsionaliseerimine kodu ja eraelu puutumatus, inimõigused, keeld piinata ja ebainimlikult karistada - Teistsuguste sallimine nahavärv ja rahvus, puuded ja käitumuslikud eripärad Veel märke inimese "eneseavastamisest": - sõnakasutus vana kreeka keeles polnud mõistet, mis vastaks tänapäevasele isiksusele. Persona tähistas maski või teist inimest. Self- consciousness inglise keelde 17 saj lõpul. Antiikkirjandus välise kirjeldamine. Puudub nn inimese sisse minek, siseelu vaatlus. Euroopa kirjandusse inimese siseseisundit kirjeldavad sõnad alles 16-17 sajandil - heitlik, nukker, õrn ... Sõna üksindus saabus prantsuse keelde alles 17. sajandil. - päevik kui kirjanduse liik 18. sajandist
ment and personal success in the world. I know; I have sold over 82 million books aimed at helping people get the most out of themselves. Change Your Thinking, Change Your Life shows you how to dis- cover your extraordinary inner resources and tap your incredible powers.You will learn how to attract into your life all the people and resources you need to achieve any goal you can set for yourself. You will absolutely amaze yourself as you start to achieve new and better results by employing these concepts and ideas in every- thing you do. These are the same concepts used by all big-time win- ners, self-made millionaires, and leaders in every field. In this book, you will learn a step-by-step process to great suc- cess that you will eventually implement, easily and effortlessly. This
The others-representatives of certain charitable agencies, for instance-have had the best of intentions. No matter. With personally disquieting frequency, I have al- ways found myself in possession of unwanted magazine subscriptions or tickets to the sanitation workers' ball. Probably this long-standing status as sucker accounts for my interest in the study of compliance: Just what are the factors that cause one person to say yes to another person? And which techniques most effectively use these factors to bring about such compliance? I have wondered why it is that a re- quest stated in a certain way will be rejected, but a request that asks for the same favor in a slightly different fashion will be successful. So in my role as an experimental social psychologist, I began to research the psychology of compliance. At first the research took the form of experiments per-
The possibility of such a transformation has been the central message of the great wisdom teachings of humankind. The messengers – Buddha, Jesus, and others, not all of them known – were humanity’s early flowers. They were precursors, rare and precious beings. A widespread flowering was not yet possible at that time, and their message became largely misunderstood and often greatly distorted. It certainly did not transform human behavior, except in a small minority of people. Is humanity more ready now than at the time of those early teachers? Why should this be so? What can you do, if anything, to bring about or accelerate this inner shift? What is it that characterizes the old egoic state of consciousness, and by what signs is the new emerging consciousness recognized? These and other essential questions will be addressed in this book. More important, this book itself is a transformational device that has
Education Education is so multifaceted that it is difficult for me to know where to begin discussing it, or how to prioritize the many factors. Relaying my own experience is easy: I had a standard classroom approach, supplemented by inordinate reading. In only the briefest and least memorable instances did I receive any individual tutoring. Education is commonly thought of as the job of schools. Adults cry "educate our children!" Everyone has opinions about the best way to do the job. It is of urgent importance, and all the numerous factors are much studied, debated, and new (or old) ideas continually tested or retested. Some people say "it's as simple as .
first part of this thesis focuses mainly on this problem and its sources. It is the reason why we need new and better business models, like LC and BIM, or even an integration of the two models. Both LC and BIM have been shown to have a profound impact on improving construction processes and therefore, project outcomes, as discussed in the third and the fourth chapters. Different studies and practical experience show that a combination of these originally independent approaches can ensure even better processes. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), which is discussed in the fifth chapter, is an example of this. In conclusion, a recommendation supported by research is made for improving the Estonian construction industrys performance. Key words: Lean Construction (LC), Building Information Modelling (BIM), Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), Design-Build (DB), Design-Bid-Build (DBB), etc. (see also 1.4).
have very good eyesight, then." (Lewis Carroll: "Who did you pass on the road?" . . . "Nobody" . . . " . . . So of course nobody walks slower than you."1 And e. e. cummings' poem "anyone lived in a pretty how town"2 makes little sense to the reader until s/he figures out that cummings is perversely using expressions like "anyone" and "noone" as names of individual persons.) Second, consider a simple subjectpredicate sentence: (6) Ralph is fat. Though "Ralph" may name a person, what does "fat" name or denote? Not an individual. Certainly it does not name Ralph, but describes or character- izes him (fairly or no). We might suggest that "fat" denotes something abstract; for example, it and other adjectives might be said to refer to qualities (or "properties," "attri- butes," "features," "characteristics," and the like) of things. "Fat" might be said to name fatness in the abstract, or as Plato would have called it, The Fat Itself
.. Uurimisküsimuse leidmine Knowledge enhancement - note · Juhindumine tühimikust kirjanduses. Usually "research begins with strong grounding in related literature, identifies a research gap, and proposes · There are two fundamentally different ways to research questions that address the gap" enhance knowledge. · Juhindumine soovist avastada või testida avastuse tõekspidavust. Forming One approach relies heavily on creativity: generating new the research question is led by the aim of the research, either it is theory- paradigms, models, methods, variables, and applications.
situations. Although, the regulation of emotions has always been a crucial part of human existence, however, research into emotion regulation (ER) is relatively recent. Emotion regulation in relation.. 7 Nonetheless the research interest in processes involved in ER has grown rapidly. Increasingly attention has been directed to unintentional regulation of emotions and the ways of measuring the biological responses in ER (Wirtz et al., 2006, Rimmele et al, 2007). Previous research interest in ER was largely focused on intentional- responsive regulation, (Muraven et al 1998; Gross & Levenson 1997; Wegner, Erber & Zanakos 1993) where only intentional responses where recorded, and the data was based mainly on self-reports. Consequently LeDoux (2000) pointed out the need to discover new approaches in emotional research. Furthermore, while some field
ära indiviidi käitumise, emotsionaalsuse ja tunnetuseviisi. Adekvaatne isiksuse kontseptsioon ennustab käitumist. 5. ISIKSUSE TEOORIAD EHK PARADIGMAD. PSÜHHODÜNAAMILINE PARADIGMA (kokkuleppelised viisid kuidas seletatakse teatud nähtust): Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Gustav Jung. Kõik, mis inimest juhib on tema kontrolli alt väljas. Alateadvus/teadvus. Instinkt, vajadused. Määravad ära inimese käitumise. Konflikt. Sisekonflikt, mis peegeldab käitumises. Areng, staadiumid. HUMANISTLIK PARADIGMA: Abraham Maslow, Rogers. Maailm on süüdi selles, et inimene pole oma olemuselt hea. Eneseteostus. Vabadus, eksistentsiaalsus. Terviklikkus. Irratsionaalsus, spontaansus. KOGNITIIV-KÄITUMUSLIK PARADIGMA: Isiksus pole muud kui teatud püsivate mõtteskeemide kogum. Inimesed
education more people went to universities. profound change in morals: · No universal value and perspective on things · Multiple truths, multiple perspectives · Nothing has inherent (kaasasündinud, sisemist) importance · Life lacks purpose Science: Albert Einstein-general theory of relativity had a huge impact on culture as well. Everything is relative. Philosophy: Henri Bergson (French) came to challenge the immediate experience ad intuition are more significant than rationalism and science for understanding reality. Opposition to materialism and positivism. Opposition to abstract, untested theories &ideologies. Friedrich Nietzsche ,,God is dead"-through explaining and putting forward theories had killed Christian god. The essence of Freudian theory: the process in the human psyche Superego-society, conscience, morals, traditions, religion, a moral censor
Association: Multiplicity • Unspecified • Exactly one 1 • Zero or more (many, unlimited) 0..* • One or more 1..* • Zero or one 0..1 • Specified range 3..7 • Multiple, disjoint ranges 2, 5..7 II Relationships: Dependency • A relationship between two model elements where a change in one may cause a change in the other • Non-structural, “using” relationship III Relationships: Generalization • A relationship among classes where one class shares the structure and/or behavior of one or more classes • Defines a hierarchy of abstractions in which a subclass inherits from one or more superclasses – Single inheritance – Multiple inheritance • Generalization is an “is-a-kind of” relationship What Gets Inherited? • A subclass inherits its parent’s attributes, operations, and relationships • A subclass may: – Add additional attributes, operations, relationships – Redefine inherited operations (use caution!)
hypothetical situations can hardly relate to real situations. The ticking bomb argument looks at the hypothetical case where a leader of a state is asked to give their permission to torture a captured rebel leader because he (probably) knows the locations of a few explosives that are spread around the city in different apartment buildings. In case they are not found within 24 hours, they will explode and many will be left dead (Walzer, 1973). Is it justified to torture this person to find out where the bomb is? This essay will look in to how it has according to the thinkers in the strand of consequentialism / utilitarianism been labelled justifiable to use torture techniques in combating terrorism and will present the reasons for why this controversial behaviour that democratic governments have been proven to conduct and still are being accused of until the current day is irrational and dangerous. Theoretical justification of torture
ALCOHOL Alcohol is a widely used substance for both science and in technology. Its name comes from an Arabic word al-kuhl meaning " a powder for painting the eyes". The term was later applied to all compounds that contain alcoholic spirits. To most people alcohol is considerd a downer that reduces activity in the nervous system. Some of the things alcohol effects you is, the alcohol intoxicated person exhibits lose muscle tone, loss of fine moter coordination,and often has a staggering "drunken" gait. The eyes may appear somewhat "glossy" and pupils may be slow to respond to stimulus. At high doses pupils may become constricted. At intoxing doses, alcohol can decrease heart rate, lower blood pressure and respiration rate, and result in decreased reflex and slower reaction times. Skin may be cool to touch but to the user may feel warm or normal, profuse sweating may accompany alcohol use
In practice, we often appeal to argumentative strategies so that our claims will be accepted without demanding further justification: 1. Assuring 2. Guarding 3. Discounting These strategies are often helpful in argumentation but they should be used with caution. Syllogisms Arguments we discussed are far were mostly formed by 2 premises and 1 conclusion and contained 3 terms. All Birds are Animals All Swans are Birds Therefore, All Swans are Animals The Middle Term (Birds) appears in both premises but not in the conclusion. Such arguments are called Syllogisms. Question: How many forms of syllogisms are there? A syllogism has the following form: ---- T ---- T ---- T ---- T Therefore, ---- T ---- T The number of forms is determined by: - The types of the propositions in the syllogism (64 Modes) - The position of the middle term (4 Figures). Hence, there are 256 possible forms of syllogisms
non-technical audiences, such as management, marketing, and users. Logical Architecture In Logical Architecture, the externally visible properties of the components are made precise and unambiguous through well-defined interfaces and component specifications, and key architectural mechanisms are detailed. The Logical Architecture provides a detailed "blueprint" from which component developers and component users can work in relative independence. Logical Architecture. Model System Behavior Execution Architecture An Execution Architecture is created for distributed or concurrent systems. The process view shows the mapping of components onto the processes of the physical system, with attention being focused on such concerns as throughput and scalability. The deployment view shows the mapping of (physical) components in the executing system onto the nodes of the physical system. Architecture views 2. Business Architecture
Already more on the defensive within public administration (PA) than STE is within economics, NPM also shows that such major paradigm shifts in theory and policy may actually happen. In addition, it occasionally appears that pae-oriented scholars have overlooked the fact that some features in public management reform, state organization, and the economic interpretation of state functions that they advocate from "Good Governance" to "efficiency" as a goal in itself actually belong into the "other camp" and by and large have a disastrous effect on "industrial" and "developing" countries alike, although the consequences for the latter are much more severe. NPM is the transfer of business and market principles and management techniques from the private into the public sector, symbiotic with and based on a neo-liberal understanding of state and economy. The goal, therefore, is a slim, reduced, minimal
Preparing for exam. Focus areas Defining innovation ● “An innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption.” (Rogers 1952) ● CIS survey: “Product innovations must be new to your enterprise, but they do not need to be new to your market”. ● “Companies achieve competitive advantage through acts of innovation. They approach innovation in its broadest sense, including both new technologies and new ways of doing things” – (Porter 1990) ● “An innovative business is one which lives and breathes “outside the box”. It is not just good ideas, it is a combination of good ideas, motivated staff and an instinctive understanding of what your customer wants” – (Branson 1998) ● “...novel implementation of an invention, discovery, new or existing knowledge in economic process” (Joseph A. Schumpeter)
• A revised chapter which looks back at the Star Wars phenomenon and analyzes the six feature films as an epic on the theme of father-son relationships • New illustrations and diagrams that give additional depth to the mythic principles • A final chapter, "Trust the Path," an inspiring call to adventure for those who want to discover themselves through writing "This book is like having the smartest person in the story meeting come home with you and whisper what to do in your ear as you write a screenplay. Insightfor insight, step for step, Chris Vogler takes us through the process of connecting theme to story and making a script come alive. " - Lynda Obst, Producer, Sleepless in Seattle, How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days; Author, Hello, He Lied
communications, then it can be classified as the study of Business English communication skills in the workplace. Both are important and used usually together. Culture. Barriers to Intercultural communication Synergy (from Greek for "working together") means that the combined effect is more than the effect of the sum of the individual parts. Culture: Could refer to literature, music, art. Here: refers to the system of shared attitudes, beliefs, values and behavior. The iceberg model: Behaviour, clothing, food above the surface of the water. Meanings, beliefs, attitudes and values below the surface. The onion model: layers of culture (behaviour, clothing, food) can be peeled away to reveal underlying basic assumptions (meanings, beliefs, attitudes and values). The tree model: contrasts visible and hidden culture: the roots- the historical origin of C; the stem- meanings, beliefs, attitudes, values; the branches and leaves- food, clothing, behaviour
inimtegevuse hindamise erinevaid kriteeriume. Teatud konteksides tähistab mõiste kultuur artefakte [teoseid] muusikas, kirjanduses, maalikunstis, teatris ja filmis. Culture generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Different definitions of "culture" reflect different theoretical bases for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity. In some contexts, a frequent usage of the term culture is to indicate artifacts in music, literature, painting and sculpture, theater and film. 1 1. loeng Sissejuhatus: kultuuri mõistest ja määratlustest Encyclopaedia Britannica (2003): "Inimesele e. Homo sapiens'ile eriomane käitumine, mille moodustavad ühtlasi materiaalsed objektid kui lahutamatu osa sellest käitumisest. Kultuur
y Keep it short and simple y Keep it simple and stupid y Keep it simple sir y Keep it simple and straightforward y Keep it super simple y Keep it simple and sincere 8. Milline ei sobi alljärgnevasse listi (nimed nagu analyser, defender)? Business strategies can be categorized in many ways. One popular method is to assess strategies based on their degree of aggressiveness. Typically the range of aggressiveness strategies is classified into four categories: · prospector - the most aggressive of the four strategies. It typically involves active programs to expand into new markets and stimulate new opportunities. · defender - this strategy entails a decision not to aggressively pursue markets. As a result, they tend to do none of the things prospectors do
5. A multinational state- A multinational state is a sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations. Such a state contrasts with a nation-state where a single nation comprises the bulk of the population. 6. A single-nation state- a geographical area that can be identified as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign nation. A state is a political and geopolitical entity, while a nation is a cultural and ethnic one. The term "nation state" implies that the two coincide, but "nation state" formation can take place at different times in different parts of the world. 7. Commonwealth realm- is a sovereign nation within the Commonwealth which has Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. There are 16 of them (including the UK) and they have a combined area of 18.7 million sq km and a population of 140 million. The vast majority of the
the companies are focusing on their `core business' i.e. the activities that they do really well and where they have a differential advantage. Every thing else is `out-sourced' i.e. procured from outside the firm. 12 SUPPLY CHAIN DECISIONS We classify the decisions for supply chain management into two broad categories Short term & Long term decisions. As the term implies, short term decisions focus on activities over a day-to-day basis. On the other hand, long term decisions are made typically over a longer time horizon. These are closely linked to the corporate strategy and guide supply chain policies from a design perspective. There are four major decision areas in supply chain management: 1). Location, 2). Production, 3). Inventory, and 4). Transportation (distribution), and there are both short term and long-term
Lutheran Reformation had begun. The authority I am speaking of is intellectual in nature and consisted of the triad of Aristotle(384322) and Ptolemy (c.90168). The revolutionaries of the new science had to escape their intellectual heritage [ pärandus ]. With this in mind, the revolution in science which emerged [ kerkis esile ] in the 16th and 17th centuries has appeared as a watershed in world history. The long term effects of both the Scientific Revolution and the modern acceptance and dependence upon science can be felt today in our daily lives. And not with standing some major calamity science and the scientific spirit will be around for centuries to come. There are numerous questions we could ask ourselves about the Scientific Revolution: why it occurred? what forces produced it? why was it so revolutionary? why was it stronger in the Protestant North? But to my mind,
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