1. Faithful and false friends a. How do you understand literal translation (based on this short text)? Literal translation is translating directly from source language into target language b. Which types of words are more/less literal? More literal: objects and movements Less literal: qualities and ways of moving c. What are the two views of translation that the author brings out? Explain. 1) A process of explanation, interpretation, reformulating ideas and words. 2) Impossible due to other definitions 2. Expressive function a. Name the three expressive text types. - Serious imaginative literature; Authoritative statements; Autobiographies, essays, personal correspondence. b. Why is it difficult to translate an expressive text?
Kristel Sepp TIK IB 09.10.09 "You can never go home again" "Lord of the flies" The quote "You can never go home again" is related to "Lord of the flies" in both literal and metaphorical sense. Luckily most of the boys could go home in a literal sense but unfortunately some of them were dead by the time rescuers came to save them. When boys were left on the island alone the savages inside them started to appear and there were few quite good reasons for that. The experience on the island changed all of them and when they were finally rescued everyone went home as sort of different persons. In the beginning when boys had just discovered that they are alone in this paradise island they
Y no lo juzgues por eso por flaco, que el amor impervio todas las cosas vence. Y sabe, si no sabes, que dos conclusiones son verdaderas. La primera, que es forzoso el hombre amar a la mujer y la mujer al hombre. La segunda, que el que verdaderamente ama es necesario que `se turbe con la dulzura del soberano deleite, que por el Hacedor de las cosas fue puesto, porque el linaje de los hombres `se perpetuase, sin lo cual perescería. (Finch p 36) Literal Translation You know, Pármeno, that Calisto is lovesick°. And you shouldn't judge him for being weaker than it; undaunted° love conquers all things. And know that, if you don't know already, that two conclusions are true. The first, that a man is forced to love a woman and the woman love a man. The second, that he that truly loves must be bothered by the sweetness of natural delight, which the Maker of things put onto us, for the lineage of men to
in New York City, it actually runs 21 km through Manhattan and 3.2 km through the Bronx, exiting north from the city to run an additional 29 km through the municipalities of Yonkers, Hasting- On-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington and Tarrytown and terminating north of Sleepy Hollow in Westchester County. It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement. The name Broadway is the English literal translation of the Dutch name, Breede weg. Broadway is known widely as the heart of the American theatre industry. Broadway was originally the Wickquasgeck Trail, carved into the brush of Manhattan by its Native American inhabitants. This trail originally snaked through swamps and rocks along the length of Manhattan Island. In the 18th century, Broadway ended at the town commons north of Wall Street, where traffic continued up the East Side of the
Jahe- chilly Külm- windly Leebe, kerge- mild Ex 6 Mõõdukas; äärmuslik kliima- temberate; extreme climate Õrn: aromaatne õis- delicate; fragrant blossoms Rikkumata; risustatud rannajoon-pristine; littered coastline Õigustamatu; range määrus- unjustified; strict regulations Raske; aeglase liikumisega liiklus- heavy; slow-moving traffic Okslik; mustad oksad gnarled; blackened branches Vahu; looklev oja- sparkling; winding stream Kummaline; sõnasõnaline tõlgendus- fanciful; literal interpretation Ex 7 Bring the house down-give a very successful and amusing speech, performance Read between the lines- understand what really means even ifs not a openly stated Face the music- face the consequences of ones actions Paint the town red- go out and have a good time Read somebody like a book- understand sb very well Let ones hair down- relax and enjoy Off the beaten track- away from usual routers and places On the hous- free On a shostring budget-a low coast
Broadway Broadway is a street in the U.S. state of New York. It is the oldest northsouth main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement. The name Broadway is the English literal translation of the Dutch name, Breede weg. Broadway is known worldwide as the heart of the American theatre industry. One famous stretch near Times Square, where Broadway crosses Seventh Avenue in midtown Manhattan, is the home of many Broadway theatres, housing an ever-changing array of commercial, large- scale plays, particularly musicals. Canyon of Heroes is occasionally used to refer to the section of lower Broadway in the Financial
(hymn written by Rabanus Maurus in the 9th century) Latin text English version (Nota bene! this is a poem and not a precise literal translation of the Latin) Veni, creator Spiritus Come, Holy Ghost, Creator blest, mentes tuorum visita, and in our hearts take up Thy rest; imple superna gratia, come with Thy grace and heav'nly aid, quae tu creasti pectora. To fill the hearts which Thou hast made. O Comforter, to Thee we cry,
Beginning a Technical Translation: The basic technology is engineering The main branch of engineering is mechanics Do not specialise to early Practise a range of technologies The translation is interested in the description and function of the concept, not so much in the underlying theories Choose language that most appropriately conveys what is taking place in reality. Translation Method (closest to literal translation) Read to understand Assess proportion of persuation to information Assess the degree of formality Assess intention Assess possible professional and cultural differences between the SL and the TL readership Give your translation a recognised house-style(where is it going to be published) Account for everything in the SL text Transfer all information related to authors
The New York 1. The Empire State Building. The Empire State Building is a 102-story landmark Art Deco skyscraper in New York City at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. Its name is derived from the nickname for the state of New York, The Empire State. It stood as the world's tallest building for more than forty years, from its completion in 1931 until construction of the World Trad Center's North Tower was completed in 1972. 2. Central Park. Central Park is an urban park that occupies about 1.2 square miles (341 hectares, or 843 acres) in the heart of Manhattan in New York City. It is host to approximately twenty-five million visitors each year. Central Park was opened in 1859, completed in 1873 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963. 3. The statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty officially titled Liberty Enlightening the World, dedicated on October 28, 18...
· Dynamic typing and duck typing · Everything is an expression (even statements) and everything is executed imperatively (even declarations) · Succinct and flexible syntax that minimizes syntactic noise and serves as a foundation for domain-specific languages · Dynamic reflection and alteration of objects to facilitate metaprogramming · Lexical closures, iterators and generators, with a unique block syntax · Literal notation for arrays, hashes, regular expressions and symbols · Embedding code in strings (interpolation) · Default arguments · Four levels of variable scope (global, class, instance, and local) denoted by sigils or the lack thereof · Garbage collection · First-class continuations · Strict boolean coercion rules (everything is true except false and nil) · Exception handling · Operator overloading
their obstacles and leave for the temple to be united in marriage. Some of the characters: *Theseus: Kind and generous. He must enforce the law, but talks privately with Egeus and Demetrius to get them to relent. He appreciates the effort that goes into the play-within-a- play, and the sincerity of the ordinary people. He lets his imagination turn good people's sincere effort into a good performance. *Hippolyta: More literal-minded than Theseus. She cannot bring her imagination to consider a bad play good. But she notes that the lovers' tale of paranormal experience in the woods presents "great constancy" -- what paranormal investigators look for today. Like most of us, Hippolyta decides, "If they're all telling the same story, there may be something to it." *Demetrius: Not a nice person. By the time he says he wants to feed Lysander's carcass to his hounds, this seems completely in character
4. IRONY lessening the size or significance of sth., or things as human without definite regularity. literal meaning of a word is beings. Used: Function to emphasize repeated affirmation by denying "not pronouns, capital unit. opposite of what intended good"=bad). (positive word used in Function not to sound too
Following Grice (1957) and flouting Strawson, Kripke (1979a) distinguishes between what a linguistic expression itself means or refers to and what a speaker means or refers to in using the expression. For example, taken liter- ally, the sentence "Albert's an elegant fellow" means that Albert is an elegant fellow, but a speaker might use it sarcastically to point out that Albert is a revolting slob. (We shall say much more of disparities between speaker- meaning and literal expression meaning in chapters 7 and 13.) So too, I may say "Smith's murderer," which phrase taken literally means whoever mur- dered Smith, and (myself) honestly mean Jones on the stand and accurately be taken to mean Jones. Linsky's speaker himself means the lady's companion, but the expression "Her husband" according to the rules of English means whoever (if anyone) is married to her; Donnellan's party guest obviously means the interesting-looking man, though the phrase "the man drinking a
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and planned on doing something bad. As his eye lay, fixed upon the Inchcape Bell, he commanded his men to lower a boat to the water and row him to the Rock. He wanted to "plague" the Abbot of Aberbrothok, so no man would ever thank him again. "The boat is lower'd, the boatmen row, / And to the Inchcape Rock they go; / Sir Ralph bent over from the boat, / And he cut the Bell from the Inchcape float." This stanza is quite literal, it does not take a genius to understand what it is about - the sailors take the evil man to the buoy and he cuts the Bell free. In the tenth stanza, Sir Ralph the Rover lets the bell sink to the depths of the ocean- "Down sunk the Bell with a gurgling sound. / The bubbles rose and burst around;". He then enviously and with malice says that the next man who comes to the Rock, will not thank the Abbot (because his ship will crash the Rock and he will die in a very painful manner)
11) verb and adjective - make/keep safe 12) adverb and adjective - perfectly/ not entirely safe 13) adjective and preposition - safe from attack 14) short phrases including the headword - the speed of light, pick and choose, safe and sound Idioms is a rendition of a combination of words that have a figurative meaning. The figurative meaning is comprehended in regard to a common use of the expression that is separate from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which it is made. Drop a line. Break a leg. Syntactic freezes (irreversible binomials, trinomials) refers to a pair or grouping of words that is used together as an idiomatic expression or collocation, usually conjoined by the words and or or. The order of elements cannot be reversed. Short and sweet. Lo and behold. Phrasal verbs a verb and a particle and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single semantic unit
recording every person's actions, and taking a person's soul at the time of death. Muslims believe that angels are made of light. The Islamic holy books are the records which most Muslims believe were dictated by God to various prophets. Muslims believe that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, the Tawrat and the Injl, had become distorted- either in interpretation, in text, or both. The Koran is viewed by Muslims as the final revelation and literal word of God and is widely regarded as the finest literary work in the Arabic language. The Koran is divided into 114 suras(chapters), which contain 6236 verse. The chronologically earlier suras, revealed at Mecca, are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics. The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community. Muslims are usually viewing the Koran as the original scripture as revealed in
g. the 12 Pentagon (strictly a building) when used of the military inhabiting it. This may lead to metonymic change of meaning: e.g. the sense of bureau changed successively from cloth used to cover desks, first to desk itself, then to agency etc. (working from a desk). Metonymy is based on actual/literal association between the two components. o White-collar, blue-collar, redcap, paleface, o Container for contained The kettle’s boiling, room 101 wants breakfast, the car behind us decided to stop o Represented entity for representative Greece won the European Championship, the government will announce the new taxes o Whole for part
*Varasemate oletuste/eelnevate tööväidete puudumine viib tudengid tihti eksiteele arvates, et kval. uuring on lihtne ja kiire moodus uuringu läbiviimiseks. • Juhtumi(te) valikul tuleb vastata küsimusele: kas seda juhtumit uurides on võimalik saada vastus püstitatud uurimusküsimustele • Juhtumi valikul tuleb arvestada ka uuringu teostatavusega: * Inimeste valmisolek *Andmete kättesaadavus * Juhtumi tundmine * Vajalik ja võimalik ajaressurss Replication: 1. Sarnane kordusjuhtum. Literal replication “predicts similar results” 2. Vastanduv kordusjuhtum. Theoretical replication “predicts contrasting results but for predictable reasons” (Yin, 2003: 47). Sampling: 1. Teoreetiline valim – valida juhtumid mis kordavad ja/või laiendavad arenevat teooriat. Eesmärk on teor. määratletud. 2. Eesmärgistatud valim – olukordade otsimine kus vaadeldav fenomen kõige tõenäolisemalt võib aset leida. • Eisenhardt (1989): uuringuks sobivad juhtumid, mille uurimine :
neuroteaduse lähenemine? 8. Vanemad ja uuemad ajuosad, nende roll afektiivses neuroteaduses ja isiksuse uurimisel. 9. Positiivsete ja negatiivsete emotsioonide/afektide seosed Suure Viisiku, Panksepa Super Seitsme ja Gray BIS/BAS-ga. Kuidas seostub impulsiivsus eelnimetatutega? V LOENG Millised on küsimusele vastamise etapid? Kas nende järjestus on alati (tingimata) sama? Mis vahe on sõna-sõnalisel ja pragmaatilisel tähendusel? (literal vs pragmatic meaning) P. Grice’i maksiimid: kvaliteedi-, suhte, kvantiteedi-, moodusemaksiimid (quality, relation, quantity, manner). Millist reeglit rikutakse kui küsimusele “kas teil on kella?” vastata “jah, vasaku käe peal”? Sobiliku vastusevariandi valimine. Miks ei saa eeldada, et vastusevariantide tähised (nt numbrid 0...6, 1...7 või -3...+3) ei kanna mingit informatsiooni ega ole seetõttu tähtsad? Kuidas saab kontekst mõjutada küsimuste tähenduse mõistmist? Näited ..
27. It is not enough to refrain from bearing false witness against your neighbor. When he is falsely accused it is your duty to bear witness to the truth, no matter what your opinion of him generally may be. 28. It isn't stupidity that bothers me; it's the reign of stupidity. 29. I want to separate the sheep from the goats; I have no use for sheep. 30. I want what I want. Don't offer me any substitutes. When there's a problem I want a solution. Don't offer me any half measures. 31. Literal-mindedness is good. 32. One of the biggest energy-wasting manifestations is the compulsion to begrudge energy. 33. One need not have a better theory to object to a theory's defects. 34. One needs more energy, higher frequencies, more bandwidth, and less interference in order to sustain a finer quality of attention. 35. One who has authority over others is responsible for deterring them from behaving unustly toward one another and for effecting the redress of injustices when they occur.
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together without oddness, such as an excellent performance. We say that, for instance, excellent ‘collocates with’ performance, meaning that they go together normally; we can also say that excellent is ‘a normal collocate’ of performance. Second: They simply occur a lot together. Example: a high wind, high seas, high office, have a high opinion of 45. Idioms A set expression of two or more words that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words. People use idioms to make their language richer and more colorful and to convey subtle shades of meaning or intention or to make a sentence more precise and clean. Runs in the family VS It is common throughout the line of our extended family over a number of generation. Examples: pull smb leg, kick the bucket, Jump the gun - would mean to be doing something early 46. Syntactic freezes (irreversible binomials, trinomials)
one case, multiple-case study setting is Äärmuslik. Unikaalne. Kopeerimise alus appropriate. Single- and multiple-case studies are Extreme or unique case samalaadne tulemus. Literal "variants within the same methodological Tüüpiline juhtum. replication: case selected framework" Representative or typical case because similar results
In Islamic theology, Jesus was just a man and not the son of God; God is described in a chapter (sura) of the Qur'an as "...God, the 2|Page One and Only; God, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." Qur'an The first sura in a Qur'anic manuscript by Hattat Aziz EfendiMuslims consider the Qur'an to be the literal word of God; it is the central religious text of Islam. Muslims believe that the verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Muhammad by God through the angel Gabriel on many occasions between 610 and his death on July 6, 632. The Qur'an was written down by Muhammad's companions (sahabah) while he was alive, although the prime method of transmission was orally. It was compiled in the time of Abu Bakr, the first caliph, and was standardized in the time of Uthman, the third caliph
5 1.67 0.03 Iran (OPEC) 1,694.4 269.4 74 8.3 1.32 2.54 United Kingdom 1 1,607.9 255.6 61 9.5 1.51 0.93 Italy 2 1,453.6 231.1 60 8.9 1.41 0.10 Source: US Energy Information Administration 1 peak production of oil already passed in this state 2 This country is not a major oil producer Production In petroleum industry parlance, production refers to the quantity of crude extracted from reserves, not the literal creation of the product. # Producing Nation 103bbl/d (2006) 103bbl/d (2007) 103bbl/d (2008) 103bbl/d (2009) Present Share 1 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 10,665 10,234 10,782 9,760 11.8% 2 Russia 1 9,677 9,876 9,789 9,934 12.0% 3 United States 1 8,331 8,481 8,514 9,141 11.1% 4 Iran (OPEC) 4,148 4,043 4,174 4,177 5.1% 5 China 3,846 3,901 3,973 3,996 4.8%
2) keelelised kategooriad sõltuvad kogemustest ja teadmistest protsesside kohta 3) ühe asja mõistmine, teise asja kaudu. Rõhutatakse subjektiivset momenti rohkem. · Eestis tegelenud: Ene Vainik, Ilona Tragel. George Lakoffi metafooriteooria · Keel on olemuselt metafoorne. kõik on metafoorne, mis pole otseselt seotud konkreetse suhtlussituatsiooniga, samas võib öelda, et need situatsioonid võivad muutuda metafooriks. · Literal-metaphorical eristuse ümbermõtestamine: ,,need mõisted, mida ei saa haarata mõistemetafoori (conceptual metaphor) tuleks kutsuda kirjalikuks". · Metafoor on ennekõike kontseptuaalne, konvetsionaalne ning osake tavalisest mütte- ja keelesüsteemist. ,,Lühidalt öeldes ei peotu metafoor keeles, vaid viisis, kuidas me üht valdkonda läbi teise kontseptualiseerime". · Ennekõike võetakse kriitiliselt vaatluse alla traditsiooniline figuratiivne-sõnaline
But, in matters of physical problems, we ought not begin from the authority of Scriptural passages but from sense experience and necessary demonstrations: in a word, natural philosophy. Aristotle had not observed enough, nor as freely as Church authorities believed and so Galileo and the rest of his fellow revolutionaries went beyond The Philosopher they had done a much better job of using their senses. By arguing that man must look beyond the literal meaning of the Scriptures, Galileo unwisely put himself in disagreement with Council of Trent. In 1546, the Council prohibited "any attempt to twist the sense of Holy Scripture against the meaning which has been and is being held by our Holy Mother Church." The Council, of course, was clearly reacting to the onslaught of the Lutheran Reformation. The medieval synthesis had been assaulted on several fronts but in
Thus, after attending a funeral, the traveller receives some sticky stuff to eat (1992, p. 27; italics mine); a monk drums a suspended length of wood in a high belfry (1992, p. 74; italics mine). Literal translations of these paraphrases Á instead of their replacement by the culture-specific items existing in Romanian language Á would, obviously, surprise the readers, and that is precisely why they need to be used.
B., Sudman, K., & Wansink, B. (2004). The social context of asking questions. (Chapter 1, "The social context of question asking", pp. 3-34). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. S: Grice, P. (1989). Logic of conversation. In P. Grice, Studies in the Way of words (Chapter 2, pp. 22-40). Harvard niversity Press. Küsimused Sudman jt (1996) põhjal: Millised on küsimusele vastamise etapid? Kas nende järjestus on alati (tingimata) sama? Mis vahe on sõna-sõnalisel ja pragmaatilisel tähendusel? (literal vs pragmatic meaning) P. Grice'i maksiimid: kvaliteedi-, suhte, kvantiteedi-, moodusemaksiimid (quality, relation, quantity, manner). Millist reeglit rikutakse kui küsimusele "kas teil on kella?" vastata "jah, vasaku käe peal"? Sobiliku vastusevariandi valimine. Miks ei saa eeldada, et vastusevariantide tähised (nt numbrid 0...6, 1...7 või -3...+3) ei kanna mingit informatsiooni ega ole seetõttu tähtsad? Kuidas saab kontekst mõjutada küsimuste tähenduse mõistmist? Näited ...
"). 3. Antonomasia from Greek "name instead". It is the use of proper name instead of the general idea (e.g. "He is a Napoleon of crime."). In the book a word or phrase may be spelled with the capital initial letters, which resembles a proper name - the effect is often irony. The use of meaningful names, which serve the writer to characterize a person (e.g. Snearwell, Mr. Snake, Mr. Blackbite, Mr. Boastall, etc.). 4. Irony is a figure of speech where the literal meaning of a word is opposite of what intended, often a positive word is used in negative sense ("I hope he brakes his neck. That is dear of you."). (8) II. Interaction of denotational and emotional meaning (Lexical Stylistic Devices) 1. Epithet indicates an individual emotional evaluation of an object or state of action. It is basically subjective and evaluative (e.g. "melodramatic hand"). The logical attribute is non-evaluative (e.g
Bronte."). In the book a word or phrase may be spelled with the capital initial letters, which resembles a proper name (e.g. "Were so many Good Wives present."). The effect is often irony (this part of antonomasia belongs to the written text. The use of meaningful names, which serve the writer to characterize a person (e.g. Snearwell, Mr. Snake, Mr. Blackbite, Mr. Boastall, etc.). 4. Irony is a figure of speech where the literal meaning of a word is opposite of what intended, often a positive word is used in negative sense (e.g. "- I hope he brakes his neck. That is dear of you." ; "What a nice birthday present it would be if someone stuck me with a pig knife. But it won't happen. No such luck."). II. Interaction of denotational and emotional meaning 1. Epithet indicates an individual emotional evaluation of an object or state of action.
occurred during the era of Enlightenment. Crevecoeur's essay is an enlightened perspective that shows how the people of that time are feeling about being a part of the new world and its current workings. Although the writer is originally from Normandy, and later Canada, he seems to truly grasp the changes in American society and how vastly different it is from Europe. Crevecoeur explains that America is a literal melting pot for people of all religions. He states that "the Americans become as to religion what they are as a country, allied to all". When Crevecoeur describes the religions of the nation he makes note of the fact that even if the people of a certain "sect" do not practice the same religion as the newcomers, that "neither the government nor any other power interferes", showing the great tolerance that America has for all. The "indifference" of America is quite
my understanding of it fell short and needed to be adjusted. M y beliefs about what makes a good story were tested in the toughest arenas on earth — Hollywood story conferences and the world marketplace — and I hope my understanding has grown from the objections, doubts, and questions of my esteemed colleagues, and from the reaction of the audience. At the same time, I kept up a schedule of lecturing about The Writer's Journey that took me far afield from the literal, geographic bounds of Hollywood, into the greater-world Hollywood, the international film community. I had the fortune to see how the ideas of the Hero's Journey unfold in cultures different from the one I grew up in, as I traveled to Barcelona, M a u i , Berlin, Rome, London, Sydney, and so on. Local tastes and thinking challenged many facets of the Hero's Journey idea severely. Each culture has a unique orientation to the Hero's Journey, with something
this clue. If the first two steps in polyalphabeticity were made by men who were giants in their time, the third was taken by a man who was so unexceptional that he left almost no traces. This is Giovan Batista Belaso; the sum total of knowledge about him consists of the facts that he came from Brescia of a noble family, served in the suite of one Cardinal Carpi, and, in 1553, brought out a little booklet entitled La cifra del. Sig. Giovan Bastista Belaso. In this he proposed the use of a literal, easily remembered, and easily changed key—he called it a "countersign"—for a poly-alphabetic cipher. Wrote Belaso: "This countersign may consist of some words in Italian or Latin or any other language, and the words may be few or many as desired. Then we take the words we wish to write, and put them on paper, writing them not too close together. Then over each of the letters we place a letter of our countersign in this form. Suppose, for
Munger, the vice chairman of Berkshire Hathaway. It has sold nearly 50,000 copies without any advertising or bookstore placement. Munger's Worldly Wisdom (www.fourhourbody.com/munger) This transcribed speech, given by Charlie Munger at USC Business School, discusses the 8090 important mental models that cover 90% of the decisions he makes. End of Chapter Notes 3. In this case, the "4-Hour Body" is quite literal. 4. These "mental models" are often referred to as heuristics or analytical frameworks. 5. For example, proper conversion of T4 thyroid hormone to the more thermogenically active T3. 6. Genes alone cannot account for the diversity of characteristics we see around us. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is now thought to be responsible for much of the diversity, and there is good news: just as you can turn genes on and off, you can influence
" I wiped the sweat off my face with a towel and looked at the young man who spoke to me. Lanky and sleekly muscular, he had keen brown eyes and flawless café au lait skin. His lashes were enviably thick and long, while his head was shaved bald. "Thank you." My mouth twisted ruefully. "Pretty obvious it was my first time, huh?" He grinned and held out his hand. "Parker Smith." "Eva Tramell." "You have a natural grace, Eva. With a little training you could be a literal knockout. In a city like New York, knowing self-defense is imperative." He gestured over to a corkboard hung on the wall. It was covered in thumbtacked business cards and fliers. Tearing off a flag from the bottom of a fluorescent sheet of paper, he held it out to me. "Ever heard of Krav Maga?" "In a Jennifer Lopez movie." "I teach it, and I'd love to teach you. That's my website and the number to the studio." I admired his approach
In fact, I was sure there was something different. I vividly remembered the flat black color of his eyes the last time he'd glared at me -- the color was striking against the background of his pale skin and his auburn hair. Today, his eyes were a completely different color: a strange ocher, darker than butterscotch, but with the same golden tone. I didn't understand how that could be, unless he was lying for some reason about the contacts. Or maybe Forks was making me crazy in the literal sense of the word. I looked down. His hands were clenched into hard fists again. Mr. Banner came to our table then, to see why we weren't working. He looked over our shoulders to glance at the completed lab, and then stared more intently to check the answers. "So, Edward, didn't you think Isabella should get a chance with the microscope?" Mr. Banner asked. "Bella," Edward corrected automatically. "Actually, she identified three of the five." Mr
tations, and the like. So typical is it for indebtedness to accompany the receipt of such things that a phrase like "much obliged" has become a synonym for "thank you," not only in the English language but in others as well (such as with the Por- tuguese term "obrigado"). The future reach of the obligation is nicely connoted in a Japanese word for thank you, "sumimasen," which means "this will not end" in its literal form. The impressive aspect of reciprocation with its accompanying sense of obli- gation is its pervasiveness in human culture. It is so widespread that, after inten- sive study, Alvin Gouldner (1960), along with other sociologists, report that all human societies subscribe to the rule. 1 Within each society it seems pervasive also; it permeates exchanges of every kind. Indeed, it may well be that a developed sys-
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