THE INTERNET AND E-COMMERCE 1. ISP it is a organization that provides internet access. The internet service provider. 2. e-tailing - the selling of goods and services on the Internet or through e- mail solicitation. 3. B2C.- business-to-consumer, selling to the public on the internet. 4. e-procurement - 5. B2G business-to-goverment, business applay for government contracts and pay taxes. 6. shopping cart Shopping cart is where you put product you have purchased from online shop. 7. last mile problem how to deliver products, purcased on internet to the customers 8. bricks-and-mortar shop Brick and mortar shops are physical shops where customers interact face-to-face. They are opposite to online shops. TELEMARKETING 1
...................................... 4 1.1. Laws ............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2. Documents for registration of the company ........................................................................... 5 1.3. The Head of the new company ............................................................................................... 6 1.4. Payment of the authorized capital of the company ............................................................... 6 1.5. Address of the company ......................................................................................................... 7 1.6. Activities of the company ........................................................................................................ 7 1.7. Seal .......................................................................................................
TAXATION To tax- maksu võtma kelleltki (riigimaksu) Taxation- maksustamine, maksundus Primary fonction of taxation- To collect money to government expenditures. Direct tax- are collected by the government from the income of individuals and businesses. Indirect tax- are levied on the production or sale of goods and services. They are included in the price paid by the final purchase. Business profits are generally taxed twice- After the company pays tax on its profits, the shareholders pay income tax on any dividends recieved from these profits.
66. guardianship (custody) eestkoste (control of a person such as the right and duty of a parent to keep and bring up a child after a divorce) 67. acceptance of succession pärandi vastuvõtmine 68. on the basis of a will (testate) testamendijärgne 69. pursuant to law (intestate) seadusjärgne pärimine 70. bequeather pärandaja 71. non-contractual obligations lepinguvälised kohustused 72. deception (deceit) act of deceiving someone in order to make money 73. in good faith in an honest way 74. to ratify to approve officially (sth which has already been agreed) 75. incur to make yourself liable to 76. maturity time when an insurance is due to be paid out (sissenõutav) 77. mandate authority given to a person or group of persons authorising and requiring them to act on behalf of the person giving the authority 78. voidable which can be made not legally valid or not having any legal effect 79
The free rider problem is also one justification for the existence of governments which provide public goods. Some ideologies, such as libertarian capitalism, are often rebuked, because in such a system all property in a society would be privately owned, away from any state involvement or regulation. Libertarians counter that potential free riders within their system could face social ostracism, which may deter those who accept services without donating any payment for them. Libertarians stress that the need to healthily co- operate and interact with others in society would lessen the risk and likelihood of free riders. 3 The Example The free rider problem has deep roots in more general bargaining, and issues to do with incentive compatibility. That is to say that, when involved in bargaining problems,
1990-s When Ukraine became independent in 1991, there were expectations that it would in the near future become a wealthy free market democracy and a full member of the European and Euro-Atlantic communities. Ukraine never fulfilled those expectations. Instead, it is seen as an underachiever, sometimes as a sick man of Europe, and perhaps even as a potentially failed state thanks to its geopolitical situation, historical burdens, and the mistakes made in institutional development and policy. Economically, Ukraine has grown along with the region. As such, growth rates have not been low, but they come after the economically devastating 1990s and are not built on a 6 sustainable foundation. For years Russia provided Ukraine with underpriced gas while Ukraine's export prices increased rapidly. Over the decades Ukraine, however, grew dependent on oil and gas coming from Russia, at almost no cost. Today, 70 percent of gas
stranger (välismaalne) - person who is unfamiliar, from another country penalty (karistus) - punishment fixed by law, as for a crime or from any soical groups goverment (valitsus) - organization which controlls a stre or community System of Courts (kohtusüsteem) - organization applying law in the name of states to commit a crime (kuritegu läbi viima) - breaking a law, usually given out by the goverment fine (trahv) - certain sum of money person pays for breaking a law corruption (korruptsioon) - dishonest or unethincal conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority suspension (kõrvaldamine) - form of punisment that people recieve for violating rules and regulations Civil Action (tsiviilhagi) - lawsuit between two private parties prosecution (süüdistus) - the institution and carrying on of legal proceeding against a person
5. Financial Institutions and Services Objectives and Outcomes To give overview of main players. 5.1. Introduction It is common to distinguish between monetary financial institutions (MFIs) and other financial intermediaries. The distinction is based on the functions of institutions institutions in the first group (MFIs) play important role in the process of money creation in modern economies. European Central Bank (ECB) describes Monetary financial institutions as including national central banks (and also ECB in the euro area), credit institutions and non-credit institutions which receive deposits from general public (individuals and non-MFI firms) and grant credit and/or invest in securities. Major non-credit MFIs in Europe are money market funds. Credit institutions are defined in the directive 1 relating to the taking up and
because of being born there or because of being given them Penalty - a punishment for doing something that is against a law Government - the group of people who officially control a country System of courts - a set of connected positions which operate together to ensure ... ? To commit a crime to do sth that is forbidden by law Corruption - illegal, immoral or dishonest behaviour, especially by people in positions of power Fine (trahv) - an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law Suspension - when a person is temporarily not allowed to work, go to school or take part in an activity, as a punishment Prosecution - to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a court of law, or to try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime Injury bodily harm, damage Public opinion sth that most of the ppl in a society think of sth
If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is bound (having a moral or legal duty to do something) to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision. When there is no precedent with similar facts then the judge has to make decision based on legal principles and this decision will be a precedent for other courts to follow. Another important aspect of common law is equity. Courts of equity recognized rights that were not enforced in common law. For example in a breach of contract claim the court of equity forced the other party to fulfill a contract and common law court forced the other party to pay damages. In 1873 the two systems were unified. Sometimes governments make new laws which are called statutes (a law that has been formally approved and written down) to modify or clarify the common law, or to make rules where none existed before. This was a short overview of common law. 4. Continental law
group has actual business earnings in that particular entity/country. This fixed ratio rule is advised to be supplemented with the group ratio rule to allow a more flexible approach to groups having high debt in a particular entity/country for non-tax reasons but low interest expenses in other group entities; and additional targeted/specific rules as necessary to manage volatility of interest expenses, achieve additional tax policy objectives or lower other risks. The fixed ratio rule, as a minimum, should apply to all entities in multinational groups. In reaching its recommended best practice approach – the fixed ratio rule - the OECD has put great work into comparative analyses of different metrics, definitions, existing practices and risks. In the Final Report it explains thoroughly how it arrived at fixed ratio rule as the most promising but still relatively non-complex metrics.
14. brand manager - ensures successful promotion and the quality of products 15. brand identity - it is how a company seeks to identify itself, is the proposal that a company makes to consumers. 16. generic products - products without brand name 17. own brand product - products which have the trademark or label of a retailer 18. brand leader - most widely sold and recognized product of a particular brand 19. brand equity - the value premium that a company realizes from a product 20. brand loyalty - when a person buys the same brand products repeatedly rather than other brand's. 21. brand stretching - a marketing strategy in which a company uses the same brand name of a product with a well-developed image in a different product category or for a new product HOW COMPANIES ADVERTISE 1. Word-of-mouth advertising - is when people tell (in a good way) their family or/and friends about products or services that they have bought and used
Introduction For the past few years, Georgian government has carried out a number of significant economic reforms in various fields in order to create attractive business environment and to breathe a new life into Georgian economy. The main aim of the reforms was to boost foreign investments, cre- ate new jobs, stimulate entrepreneurial activities in a variety of fields and increase the welfare of citizens. As a result of economic deregulation policy which was focused on liberalization of the Economy, a number of state regulated spheres were sharply decreased and regulation procedures were sim- plified. Consequently, our achievements have been recognized by a number of international in- stitutions. This year the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation published a joint research Doing Business 2011, under which Georgia ranks 12th among 183 countries in terms of Ease of Doing Business
service. Short-term Goal (up to 1 year) I aim to start off at the Leicester Estonian House and Leicester Market and build a steady regular customer base. Medium-term Goal (1-2 years) I hope to expand and start reaching customers in other counties through market traders and small individual businesses. Long-term Goal (2-5 years) I aim to be pitching my business in front of Tesco, Morrison's, ASDA, Sainsbury's, Iceland, Co-operative Food and Spar. From which I hope to get at least one contract. 1.3 Financial summary: End of the first trading year I am looking to achieve £10000 profit. To achieve this I need to borrow £5000 from the Start Up Loans. £5000 is needed mainly for the stock and transport from Estonia to the United Kingdom. Personnel 2.1 Previous work experience: DMU Replay: Launch Support, Unitemps, Oct 2017 Present Duties: Helping and advising DMU lecturers to use DMU Replay (new audio-video recording software Panopto) Director, TOWELFY LIMITED, July 2017 Present
Also limit the amount of personal information you carry on yourself Do not use credit cards on unverified sites.Do not allow the waiter to leave the room with your card Check your credit statements Do not klick any links that look suspicious Keep your computer and phone updated to always have the latest security updates. Should you still become a victim of an identiti theft, limit your losses, by blocking all compromised cards, close accounts involved and report to the authorities like police, bank or websites involved. Conclusion Altought it is near impossible to make yourself 100% safe from identity thefts, it is important to familiarize yourself with the threats and learn different options, so that you would not become an easy target to the criminals. References. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm
Money in our everyday life Money plays a quite important role in our everyday life First of all, nowadays mostly everything circles around money and how much people can afford things. Secondly, every adult has to work so they could get the paycheck at the end of the month they need to pay the bills, buy food and to pay for any other expences. On the other hand, money is not the only thing in the world and money does not give you everything. You can't buy a family and friends. In conclusion, even if people work every day in order to pay for their expences, money is not the only thing in the world that makes people happy and satisfied with their life Advertising on TV Advertising on TV is a very popular way that companies use to advertise their products. First of all, advertisements on TV are called commercials and to get air time on Tv is very expencive and not every company can offord it.
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in a standard electronic format between business partners. Transport document Bill of Lading is a detailed list of a ship's cargo in the form of a receipt given by the master of the ship to the person consigning the goods. The European Community Association of Ship Brokers and Agents (ECASBA) is a sub-committee of FONASBA. Areas of interest include: • Seaport and port services policy • Short sea shipping • Safety and quality shipping • Customs and administrative procedures • EDI The Federation of National Associations of Ship Brokers & Agents (FONASBA) provides a united voice for the world’s ship brokers and agents. Founded in 1969 Essential for sea worthy packiging: shock resistant, avoid moisture, stackable.
Homeless people face many problems beyond the lack of a safe and suitable home. They are often faced with many social disadvantages and reduced access to private and public services such as: · Reduced access to health care. · Limited access to education. · Increased risk of suffering from violence and abuse. · General discrimination from other people. · Not being seen as suitable for employment. · Reduced access to banking services to save money. · Reduced access to communications technology, such as telephones and the internet. Health care for the homeless Health care for the homeless is a major public health challenge. Homeless people are more likely to suffer injuries and medical problems from their lifestyle on the street, which includes poor nutrition, substance abuse, exposure to the severe elements of weather, and a higher exposure to violence (robberies, beatings, and so on)
tried; county court 2. Appellate court (ringkonnakohus) – courts, which are responsible for hearing and reviewing appeals from legal cases that have already been heard in a trial-level or another lower court. 3. Jurisdiction (jurisdiktsioon)- the official power to make legal decisions and judgements. 4. To exercise jurisdiction - to apply the official power to make legal decisions and judgements 5. Amount of a claim – the sum of money a. Main claim 2000 euros b. And final claim 4000 euros 6. Probate - the legal process of deciding if a person's will has been made correctly and if the information it contains is correct 7. Divorce - an official or legal process to end a marriage a. Custody for mothers b. Fathers need to pay alimony c. Visitation right for fathers – külastusõigus isale 8
breeds which were classified as dangerous by the study. The company has strong connections to breeders in different EU countries. The prohibition of dealing (selling and importing) in pit bulls and Rottweilers has hit noticeably company’s profits potentially driving it out of business or leading to change of its specialization. 1 Questions: 1. Can the PB&R Company successfully claim any violation of the EU law related rights? 1.1. Goods? Yes, Articles 34 and 35 TFEU cover all types of imports and exports of goods and products. The range of goods covered is as wide as the range of goods in existence, so long as they have economic value: ‘by goods, within the meaning of the … Treaty, there must be understood products which can be valued in money and which are capable, as such, of forming the subject of commercial transactions’1
RAHVUSVAHELINE OSTU-MÜÜGILEPING Õppeaines: TARNEAHELA HALDAMINE Tallinn 2012 SISUKORD A-1 GOOD SOLD..............................................................................................................................................................5 A-2 CONTRACT PRICE (ART. 4)...................................................................................................................................5 A-3 DELIVERY TERMS..................................................................................................................................................5 A-5 INSPECTION OF THE GOODS BY BUYER (ART. 3)...........................................................................................6
business, who they are and what makes individuals in each quadrant unique. It will help you define where you are in the Quadrant today and help you chart a course for where you want to be in the future as you choose your own path to financial freedom. While financial freedom can be found in all four of the quadrants, the skills of a "B" or "I" will help you reach your financial goals more quickly. A successful "E" should also become a successful "I". WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO MAKE MONEY? Katre Semjonov Cashflow Quadrant Many successful people have left school without receiving a college degree. People such as Thomas Edison, founded of General Electric; Henry Ford, founded of Ford Motor Co; Bill Gates, founded of Microsoft; Ted Turner, founded of CNN; Michael Dell, founded of Dell Computers; Steve Jobs, founded of Apple Computer; and Ralph Lauren, founded of Polo. A
of world put together. The majority of so-called Africans leaders want to stay in power until the day their bodies are put in the grave. Through buffoonery, utter mismanagement and downright stealing of the wealth of the masses, these leaders have so impoverished Africa that we are now nothing but a beggar continent. We beg for everything; we are more dependent on our colonial masters than when we received our independence from them. Africa owes the West more money than we and our generations to come can pay. I arrived in America in December of 1967as an official of what we believed was going to be a dynamic African nation – the young Republic of Biafra. But Biafra was defeated and Nigeria remained one, as a giant of Africa. In the last 32 years, I have watched with horror and outright helplessness as the downward slide of the African race continues to escalate. But rather than address the problems, we
Flexible working hours-paindlik töögraafik Flexitime-paindlik aeg Teleworking-kaugtöö Job share-töökoha jagamine (works in a bank job share) Career break-tööpaus,palgata Long hours culture-ületundide tegemine To keep in contact To go freelance Work shifts Working part-time – osaline tööaeg Have my career –käia tool Cut back-kulusid vähendama Short-term – lühiajaline (almost all on short-term contracts) Come in from school-koju tulema By e-mail,fax,phone Renew her contract for another 3 months Kas sulle meeldiks töötada osalise tööajaga? Would you like to work part-time? Teie lepingut uuendatakse veel 6 kuuks. Your contract will be renewed for another 6 months. Ma eelistan paindlikku töögraafikut. I prefer flexible working hours. Üks kolmest inimesest töötab meie asutuses vabakutselisena. One in three people works as a freelancer in our company. Paljud asutused hoiavad kulutusi kokku palgates osalise tööajaga töötajaid.
, Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: [email protected].
I know that this one is the best. You can pay at our cash deck over there. 43. Te saate maksta meie kassas seal. 44. Koos käibemaksuga kogusumma tuleb… Including VAT, the total comes to... 45. Ma annan teile 10% allahindlust. I'll give you a 10% discount. 46. Kas teie kaupluses on raha tagastamise Does your shop have a refund policy? võimalus? 47. Kas teil on kliendikaart? Do you have a client card? 48. Kas ma saan kaardiga maksta? Can I pay by a credit card? 49. Te saate seda tagastada või ümbervahetada You can return or exchange it within two kahe nädala jooksul kui ostutšekk alles ja weeks if you have a receipt and the product a kaup ei ole rikutud. not damaged. 50
In 1998 compensation claims cost 6.8 billion pounds in Britain. That's a massive amount of money to pay. Let's put that number in context. If you are a sports fan, you could afford a 248-season contract for one of the most paid basketball players in the world, Lebron James. At that time it was eight times the budget, which was approved by the Estonian Government. So it was a heavy sum to pay. In Britain I think they can only blame themselves. You see, unlike many other nations, the UK has no single core constitutional document. In this sense, it is said not to have a written constitution, but much of the British constitution is embodied in written documents,
1. Social Policy aspects in EU Treaties Social and employment policy: Objectives: - The promotion of employment - Improved living and working conditions - Proper social protection - Dialogue between management and labour - The development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion. Treaty of Rome: belief that improved working and living conditions would arise from the functioning of the
globalization and economic development more generally. IMF is a specialized agency of the United Nations but has its own charter, governing structure, and finances. Its members are represented through a quota system broadly based on their relative size in the global economy. The IMF tracks global economic trends and performance, alerts its member countries when it sees problems on the horizon, provides a forum for policy dialogue, and passes on know-how to governments on how to tackle economic difficulties. (IMF) The IMF provides policy advice and financing to members in economic difficulties and also works with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty. The IMF supports its membership by providing (IMF) policy advice to governments and central banks based on analysis of economic trends and cross-country experiences;
· Hobbes leviathan · Locke second treatise of government · Rousseau - social contract · Montesquieu - The Spirit of the Laws · Kant idea for a universal history from a cosmopolitan point of view · Hegel - philosophy of right Key dates 1603 Shakespear's King Lear , Death of the Queen Elizabeth 1. 1618-48 The Thirty Year's War 1649 Execution of Charels 1 of England, Establishment of Oliver Cromwell's Prodecorate 1651 Hobbes' Leviathan(1588-1679) 1660 The Restoration of Charels 2. as king of England 1688 The Glorious Revolution of Willim and Mary in England
1. Can the PB&R company successfully claim any violation of the EU law related rights? Examination 1. Can we say that an animal (a dog) is a good? – Yes. According to Article 13 TFEU dogs do belong to a “goods” category so as it is described in CJEU case law that a good is a product which can be valued in money and which is capable of forming the subject of commercial transactions. Therefore PB&R company and its business is selling dogs, or shall I say goods not just on a local fields, but the movement of goods is linked to abroad EU countries by making a profit of it I shall conclude that it involves a “movement of goods within the EU Member States” (Articles 26 and 37). 2. Is there a restriction of trade in goods? a
More praise for Influence: Science and Practice! "We've known for years that people buy based on emotions and justify their buying decision based on logic. Dr. Cialdini was able, in a lucid and cogent manner, to tell us why this happens." --MARK BLACKBURN, Sr. Vice President, Director of Insurance Operations, State Auto Insurance Companies "Dr. Cialdini's ability to relate his material directly to the specifics of what we do with our customers and how we do it, enabled us to make significant changes. His work has enabled us to gain significant competitive differentiation and advantage" -LAURENCE HOF, Vice President, Relationship Consulting, Advanta Corporation "This will help executives make better decisions and use their influence wisely ... Robert Cialdini has had a
decreased 11 per cent and used car fell 3% in 2008; although the car selling has been a downward trend since 2004 for used cars and since 2003 for new cars. The decline is notably been high on the 4x4 and SUV segments. That is because of their high fuel consumption. Although in the small car segments the drop has not been so significant. That might be because more people have started to think more about the environment and started to use more public transport or because of the high insurance taxes they are not able or willing to invest so much money for purchasing a car and have started to use bicycles or public transport instead. During the credit crunch people do not have enough finance to make a major outgo like buying a car. Also because the interest rates have decreased on the mortgages and people cannot buy car on credit anymore because their household value has dropped. During the
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