writings in Latin. Language and social class · French-speaking Normans · The lords and the barons · English-speaking Saxons · The peasants · Cow, pig, sheep the living animals · Anglo-Saxon origin · Beef, pork, mutton the animal you eat · French origin · Implication: only the Normans ate meat Feudalism · William's power consolidated by a combination of feudal practices from the continent and old Saxon customs · Wanted to keep his followers from getting too powerful · Gave the nobles land · Scattered them all over England (could not gather power in one area) · Exceptions: frontiers bordering Scotland and Wales · Took about 20% of England's land for himself · Showing that it was the primary source of power · Demanded a large feudal army from the barons
Literature of the 14th century The highpoint of medieval literature, the best writer of late medieval lived then. William Langland 1332-1376 the last important poet of alliterative verse. His masterpiece "The Vision of Piers Ploughman" how important working hard is, the labour of peasants is the base of the welfare of the people. A passionate protest against social injustice. A time when peasants were slowly rising against their feudal lords. Descriptions of different social classes. Religious mysticism. Two great principles: 1) all men are equal before God; 2) honest labour is dignified. It is a dream allegory. A young maiden named Youth, Greed is an old witch. The greatest writer of this period and the whole of medieval times Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400): · The father of English poetry · The creator of English versification · The first poet to use various metres
3. The English Period "The Canterbury Tales" Chaucer's works are written in Middle English of London in The 1300s. "The Canterbury Tales": · He planned to write 120 tales but managed only 20. · They travel one April from an inn in a London fifty miles to the cathedral city of Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket. · The pilgrims can be divided into three groups: the feudal group, the church group and the city group. · It has been thought that Chaucer went on a pilgrimage himself. · The tales are connected by links that relate what happened among the pilgrims travelling together. · The Ellesmere manuscript of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is an early 15th century manuscript of the Canterbury Tales.
The Normans took away the Saxon lords' land. Only a few Saxons who supported William could keep their land. Feudalism William gave parts of his conquered land to his captains around the country to avoid rebellions and uprisings. He also kept some land to himself to make sure his was much stronger than his nobles. Of all the farmland half went to his nobles, quarter to church and fifth he kept to himself. William organised the English kingdom according to feudal system. The main purpose of using that system was economic. King gave the land to "vassals" in return of army services and goods. When a noble dies, his son took over the estate. When there was no family, the land went back to king who could give it to another noble or just keep it for a few years. In 1086 he wanted to know exactly who was using his land and how much it produced so he could organise and plan economy and taxes. People called the book with all that information
others. He says: ,,the need for trade of markets is no greater than in the case of reciprocity and redistribution" 1601 Poor Law- Queen Elizabeth I of England Uniform system appointing officals as overseers of the poor Local responsibility Worthy vs. unworthy poor Workhouses- unworthy poor Almshouses- worthy poor Reasons for growing poverty Breakdown of the Feudal system Dissolution of the Monasteries Decline invalues and moral -feed the hungry -give drink to the thirsty -welcome the stranger -clothe the naked -visit the sick -visit the prisoner -bury the dead Land enclosure Poor harvest and population increase Land enclosure means The wool trade became increasingly popular during the Elizabethan age. Land which had
The Norman period / the late Medieval period The Kingdom was more or less unified and was conquered by William who came from Normandy. Originally he was the Duke of Normandy. The Normands were Vikings who had settled in the north of France. William became William the Conqueror, William I. The Normands brought with them a centralised political system which was much more stable than the A-S tribes. Gradually the old A-S elements fused with the new Normand elements. Under the Normands the feudal system flourished. The new aristocracy was mostly Normand, many of them of French origin. Catholicism was the highest law (?). The church unified Europe. Abbeys and monasteries became centres of learning. 1168 the founding of Oxford University, 1209 Cambridge University. Alongside the church there was a very complex feudal system based on the idea of land ownership. Landed gentry noble people who owned land, right below aristocracy, quite above peasants etc.
o 1066-1154 o From present-day France o In the battle of Hastings on 14.10.1066 the normans defeated the English and their leader, Duke William of Normandy, was crowned the king onf England(william the conqueror) o In 1086 the domesday book was completed- a complete catalogue of who owned what in the country o The french language became dominant o The normans imposed a strict feudal system (anglo-saxons were the peasants who were under the norman nobles and barons) o Built castles, cathedrals Three facts about the history of parliament It was in the medieval period that Parliament began its gradual evolution into the democratic body which it is today. The word 'parliament', which comes from the French word parler (to speak), was first used in England in
Normally, they are created over a period of time. History In the Middle Ages and early modern period there were three kingdoms within the British Isles -- England, Scotland and Ireland -- and these developed separate parliaments. The 1707 Acts of Union brought England and Scotland together under the Parliament of Great Britain, and the 1800 Act of Union included Ireland under the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In 1066, William of Normandy brought a feudal system, where he sought the advice of a council before making laws. In 1215, this council got the Magna Carta from King John, which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes , save with the consent of his royal council, which slowly developed into a parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester called the first elected Parliament. The Laws in Wales Acts of 153542 annexed Wales as part of England and brought Welsh representatives to Parliament.
These men discouraged rebellion by building strong castles throughout the country, especially in Wales. In return for their land, William's barons had to perform certain services. They and their bishops had to perform certain services. They and the bishops served as members of William's Council, which replaced the Anglo-Saxon Witan. The barons also had military obligations to serve as knights (army commanders) for William. William organised his English kingdom according to the feudal system which had already begun to develop in England before his arrival, but under the Normans, it became more organised. The word feudalism comes from the French word feu, which the Normans used to refer to land held in return for duty or service to a lord. The basis of feudal society was the holding of land, and its main purpose was economic. All land was divided into manors. Most manors contained a village. A baron was tenant-in-chief and had several manors
.. * The term ´´renaissance´´ comes from an Italian word and it means in English ´´rebirth´´ * First marked the rebirth of interest in ancient art, later acquired a broader meaning- it marks the extended rebirth of intellectual arriosity. * There are many versatile men with... * England was at the time not yet Great Britain: Scotland was until 1603 an independent kingdom * England itself was not homogeneous and unified * The North was remote, unruly border country, poor and feudal * Wales, to the west, was at the beginning of this period still thoroughly Celtic * At the beginning of this period the literary model was Chaucer´s verse, there was none in prose Sir Thomas More * Born in London * known to Catholics as Saint Thomas More since 1935 * was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist. * He was an important councillor to Henry VIII of England and was Lord Chancellor from October 1529 to 16 May 1532
13th-16th centuries, provided a crucible within which an international secular-ecclesiastical culture resulting from the interchange of Cistercians, Dominicans, the Teutonic Order and the traditions of the Hanseatic League, formed and was itself exported throughout northern Europe. Criterion (iv): The town plan and the buildings within it constitute a remarkable reflection of the coexistence of the seat of feudal overlords and a Hanseatic trading centre within the shelter of a common system of walls and fortifications. Integrity The boundaries of the inscribed World Heritage property and its buffer zone were modified in 2008 in order to bring the boundaries of the inscribed property in conformity with the boundaries of the Tallinn Old Town Conservation Area, recognized as a national monument in Estonia. The historic centre of Tallinn World Heritage property (thus increased from 60 ha. to 113 ha
Nordic invaders to be united in the 9th century. The Vikings first raided England to plunder it, then in the days of Alfred of Wessex. They began to win wide lands `to plow and rule'. In the 10 th century England fell under Danish rule with King Canute finally managing to unite the Anglo-Saxons and Danes at the beginning of the 11 th century. After defeating the Anglo-Saxon king Harold at the battle of Hastings in 1066, William of Normandy introduced the Norman feudal system, with land in return for the continued support, and French remained the language of the upper classes and administration until the 14 th century. The origins of Parliament are to be found in the region of John's successor, Henry III. It was a meeting of the king and his barons and servants at which various administrative and financial problems were discussed. In order to make it easier to put the decisions taken into practice, each
The AngloSaxon, Danish and Norman invasions Germanic tribes settled and stayed Anglia Christianity was brought, religion became important, churches were built 8th century = raids by the Vikings and the Danes 1016 1042 : Under Danish rule ( York was the capital ) 1042 : local AngloSaxons regain their rule 1066 : Normans arrive ( the Norman conquest ) Medieval Britain (106615th c.) the Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror a new AngloNorman state the feudal system introduced the rule of the king and church strengthened centralised country, military rule Scotland, Wales and Ireland conquered Norman castles built spoke Norman French 1170 the murder of Archbischop Thomas a Becket in Canterbury Cathedral ( the religious centre of England & the Anglican church of the whole world ) late 12th century : Robin Hood 1215 the Magna Carta ( personal and political liberty, signed by the king & the barons ) The first legal document!
fifth." The individual soldiers that conquered New Spain sought personal gain initially in the form of plunder and later in the form of encomiendas. An encomiendero was a person who was granted authority over a tract of land and all of the people living on it. The encomiendero was responsible for the welfare of the people under his charge and, in return, the people in the encomienda were required to provide him with tribute and free labor. The encomienderos, akin to feudal lords, quickly became an important element in the political life of New Spain. Spain's northwestern most colony was California, claimed first by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542. Several early Spanish conquistadores looked seriously at California as a possible source of treasure, but none was found and Spain's attention quickly shifted elsewhere. In 1565 Miguel de Salcedo added the Philippine Islands to Spain's empire and a brief thought was
The Vikings, who came in the 9th century, first raided England to plunder it, but then they decided to stay. In the 10th century England fell under Danish Rule, with King Canute finally managing to unite the Anglo-Saxons and Danes at the beginning of 11th century. Medieval England After defeating the Anglo-Saxon King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William of Normandy (who became William I, also called William the Conqueror) introduced the Norman feudal system, rewarding his French-speaking followers with land in return for their continued support. French remained the language of the upper classes and administration until the 14th century. The power of these Norman Barons gradually increased and during the reign of the Plantagenets began the challenge the King's absolute power, which resulted in King John being forced to sign Magna Carta in 1215. It consisted of long list of limitations to the King's
William saw England as an extension of his French domains. He had all land divided into manors. Most manors contained a village. Great nobles, or barons, were given several manors (mostly in different parts of England) in return for a promise to serve him in war. They also had to give him part of the produce of the land. The barons gave some of their manors to knights (lesser nobles), who paid them for the land in the same way. That was the strict feudal system imposed by William: barons were directly responsible to the king, knights were responsible to a baron. Under the barons and knights were the peasantry, who were often little better than slaves. Over three quarters of the country people were serfs who were not free to leave their lord’s service or his land without permission. 45 William kept the Anglo-Saxon system of sheriffs, and used these as a balance to local nobles. He kept a fifth of the farmland to himself
In 597 AD St Augustine of Rome brought Christianity to England after which religion became very important. The Vikings settled mainly in Scotland and Ireland, the Danes in the north and east of England. Local Anglo-Saxons lost their power in 1066 to Norman conqueror William the Conqueror. Medieval Britain Centralised / 'sentrlazd / tsentraliseeritud, kesestatud Administration / dmn'stren / valitsus, juhtkond The Normans introduced the feudal system, strengthened the power of the King and the Church. England became a strong country under military rule. The Normans enjoyed absolute power: they built castles and destroyed villages. The main language spoken was Norman French which influenced the development of English. Main Events of the Period Canonised / 'kænnasd / pühakuks kuulutatud Charter / 't:t / üürima, harta
them that one can build up a picture of the whole. De Tocqueville, in earlier work on the French Revolution, had explained how it was the printed word that, achieving cultural saturation in the eighteenth century, had homogenized the French nation. Frenchmen were the same kind of people from north to south. The typographic principles of uniformity, continuity, and lineality had overlaid the complexities of ancient feudal and oral society. The Revolution was carried out by the new literati and lawyers. In England, however, such was the power of the ancient oral traditions of common law, backed by the medieval institution of Parliament, that no uniformity or continuity of the new visual print culture could take complete hold. The result was that the most important event in English history has never taken place; namely, the English Revolution on the lines of the French Revolution
the situation started to change. Not all member stayed equal. Military leaders & elders possessed more land & cattle and slaves. Land became private property, could be sold or presented or given in return for debts to another owner. Free peasants began to lose their freedom. Many fell into bondage. Lost their land. In return for the land had to work on sb's land. Many nobles seized land by force. Sheriffs became king's officials. Moots lost their importance. This was the beginning of feudal relations. The man's position in the society depended on how much land he had. The root of power was land. It was the beginning of a class system, made up of king, lords, soldiers & workers on the land. By 600 Saxon settlements had gradually formed 7 kingdoms (Essex, Sussex, Wessex, Kent, Mercia, East Anglia, Northumbria). They were constant struggle against one another for predominance. From time to time some stronger state seized the land of the neighbouring
Long Leg was used by vehicles. Until the 20th century there was no way down form the western side of Toompea except for a foot-path. The stairs were built in 1903 and are called Patkul Stairs. The name Patkul itself comes from Johann Patkul. He had worked against the Swede, so Patkul was remembered by Russians. In the Middle Ages that part of Toompea where the castle stands was called the Small Fortress. The rest of the hill with the homes of the feudal lords and bishop of Tallinn was called the Big Fortress. The main building, the centre of the Small Fortress, was the Convention House- a building where the members of the knighthood lived. In the 1920s the reconstruction of the building was carried out. The northern part of it became the seat of the State Assembly of the Estonian Republic. In the 19th century a public garden was laid out the Governor's Garden. Town Wall and its Towers
Sweeds. Especially strong was Danes influence(nt, anger, fellow, husband, sister; to die, to call, to raise; ill, low, odd, ugly). A typical feature of Scandinavian words is sk(sc) skill, scare, scanty(kasin). French found their way to Engl from the Norman dialect. In 1066 Engl was conqured by the Normans. In the 9th cent they conqured the north of France and adopted the French lg and culture. The Normans occupied all the leading positions. The feudal nobility spoke Norman dialect, common people English, religious literature was written in Latin, fiction in French. French words reflect: 1)titles: prince, duke, sir, madam; 2)family:parent, oncle, aunt; 3)military: battle, arms, war, navy; 4)entertainment: pleasure, delight; 5)proffessions:taylor, painter, butcher; 6) time: hour, minute, second; 7)environment: river, mountain, soil. It is possible to trace borrowings to a definite period of
and his Neo-Platonist followers. 2 worlds 1) eternal, `ideas'. 2)sense- world of time and change. Soul cosmic and human, is an intermediary between them. The soul is constantly struggling while the intellect is changeless and eternal. C.L as a set of ideas appears in the songs of the troubadours in Provence. C.L is the privilege of the knightly class. The relationship between the lover and his lady is similar to feudal service, he seeks her love not for personal enrichment or dynastic considerations, but because he desires her as a person and hopes to be judged by his achievements. It can never lead to marriage, because either they are married, or socially don't suit, the secrecy is vital. But the lover should love only one lady. 8.Medev.lit.in the rom. Mode. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Nothing is known about the author,
Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland, which remained under Norse rule until 1468. The Wallace Monument commemorates William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero. The death of Alexander III in March 1286, followed by the death of his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, broke the succession line of Scotland's kings. This led to the intervention of Edward I of England, who manipulated this period of confusion to have himself recognised as feudal overlord of Scotland. Edward organised a process to identify the person with the best claim to the vacant crown, which became known as the Great Cause, and this resulted in the enthronement of John Balliol as king. The Scots were resentful of Edward's meddling in their affairs and this relationship quickly broke down. War ensued and King John was deposed by his overlord, who took personal control of Scotland
merchants, clots manufacturers, exporters, esquires, gentlemen and yeomen farmers were forming a class of people with interests in both ton & country. This was also true in Wales & Scotland. This class was literate. Created a new atmosphere. Questioned the way in which the Church & the state were organised, for both religious & practical reasons. Believed it was partly because it was not economically practical. They also questioned the value of the feudal system, because it didn't create wealth. The development of Parliament showed the beginnings of new relationship between the middle class & the king. Ed I had wanted his Parliament to provide him with money, but when Ed III asked for money from his Parliament, they asked to see royal accounts. For the first time the king allowed himself to be ,,accountable" to Parliament. Merchants & country gentlemen were anxious to influence the king's politics both at home & abroadin order to
a college professor. Status is important sociologically because it comes with a set of rights, obligations, behaviors, and duties that people occupying a certain position are expected or encouraged to perform. These expectations are referred to as roles. For instance, the role of a "professor" includes teaching students, answering their questions, being impartial, appropriately. 66. A closed/ open stratification system- people cannot move up or down (e.g., the feudal system, castes in India). • An open system – people move up or down. 67. Social mobility- Social mobility occurs whenever people move across social class boundaries, or from one occupational level to another (upwards or downwards). 68. Meritocracy- - a position in the hierarchy is determined by individual merit. 69. Poverty line- a level of personal or family income below which one is classified as poor according to governmental standards —called also poverty level 70
kaubandusliitudega. Hansakaubandus keskendus siis pigem siseriiklikule kaubandusele ja linnadel oli vähe omatooteid, mida eksportida. Samuti kasvas riigi võim reas Euroopa riikides ning manufaktuuritööstus sai oma alguse. 46) Milles seisnes Hollandi majanduslik fenomen hilisel keskajal ja varasel uusajal? Hollandi piirkonna suhteliselt hiline (taas)asustamine 11.- 13. sajandil lõi tugeva talupoegadest maaomanikkonna, millega kaasnes feodaalide nõrk mõjuvõim (weak feudal legacy). Suhteliselt hiline linnastumine ei toonud kaasa kunstlikke sidemeid linna ja maa vahel – linnades olid mittemajanduslikud mõjud nõrgad ja gildide mõju väike ning see andis hulgaliselt ruumi majanduslikele reformidele ja muudatustele. Mainitud hiline asustus võimaldas võtta kasutusele tööjõumahukate tehnoloogiate asemel kapitalimahukad tehnoloogiad (kapital-intensive technologies).
their own dialects. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features (such as fricative [] in Southern Russian dialects) are still observed in colloquial speech. History The history of Russian language may be divided into the following periods. Kievan period and feudal breakup The Moscow period (15th17th centuries) Empire (18th19th centuries) Soviet period and beyond (20th century) Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins,
On Christmas Day that year, the Norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, was crowned king of England. He is known in popular history as “William the Conqueror” and the date is remembered as the last time that England was successfully invaded. There was no such thing as a Norman area of settlement. Instead, the Norman soldiers who had invaded were given the ownership of land and of the people living on it. A strict feudal system was imposed. 12. Magna Carta. In 1215 King John was forced to sign the document, drawn up by the noblemen of England. It limited his power and extended the rights of his subjects. The Magna Carta is a well-known charter of personal and political liberty. Later, especially in the 17th century, the document was seen as a statement of basic civil rights. Four copies have survived. 13. The Wars of the Roses.
date social order. The often spontaneous rebellions culminated in the opposition between absolutism and people, factory owners and workers, landlords and peasants, the empire's colonial regime and the discriminated minority nations. In Estonia, the revolution was directed against both the absolutist power and the Baltic German upper classes -- demands for democratic reorganisation were provoked by the lack of political freedom, remnants of feudal order and the class-related Baltic German privileges, insufficient land and national oppression. Estonians who had become politically conscious by the start of the century, for the first time stepped forward as an active power in 1905. The freedom movement where social and national elements were tightly intertwined, involved large masses of people and achieved a great deal. For the first time, Estonia witnessed general political strikes, large-scale
the nation's history. At the end of both wars, Scotland retained its status as an independent nation. The wars were important for the emergence of the longbow as a key weapon in mediaeval warfare. *John Balliol He was a leading figure of Scottish and English life of his time, he was the Scottish king. Following the death of Margaret of Scotland John was a competitor for the Scottish crown. Edward I steadily undermined John's authority. He treated Scotland as a feudal vassal state, and repeatedly humiliated the new king. Tiring of their deeply compromised king, the direction of affairs was taken out of his hands by the leading men of the kingdom, who appointed a council of twelve. Edward I invaded, commencing the Wars of Scottish Independence. The Scots were defeated. John was imprisoned in the Tower of London briefly at first, but eventually released and allowed to go to France.
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