· Action which was in a progress at a started time in the past. We don't mention when it was started or finished. (at 11 o'clock I was driving home) · To describe the atmosphere, setting etc and to give background information to a story (The birds were singing, sun was shining..) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PAST CONTINUOUS: while, when, as, all morning/day etc Past Perfect · Action which happened before another past action or bf a started time in the past (Lucy had finished her homework by 6) · Action which finished in the past and whose result was visible at a later point in past (He had sprained his ankle few days ago and he was still limping) · General situation in past (Everything had seemed normal at first) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PAST PERFECT: before, after, already, just, fot, since, until, when, by the time, never etc. Past Perfect Continuous
The is used when it is mentioned.The is used when it is mentioned a second time, e.g. I bought a jacket and a dress. The jacket was quite cheap 2.Other uses: -to talk about someone's job, e.g. She's an architect. -with numbers and fractions, e.g. a hundred, a million, a third -to mean every with expressions of time, e.g. once a week, five times a year -with What...! exclamations, e.g. What a strange person! ZERO ARTICLE (NO ARTICLE) There is no article: -in front of plural countable nouns when making general statements, e.g. Apples are good for you. -in front of an uncountable noun when making general statements, e.g. Coffee keeps me awake. -in front of abstract nouns, e.g. Honesty is the best policy. -in front of meal times ,e.g. We have lunch at one. -in front of certain places like hospital, school, college, university , church, prison, home, work,bed when talking about the activity which normally takes place in that place or building, e.g.
(kestev minevik) was/were + ing Kasutus: When, while, as Tegevus: 1. ajutised sündmused. 2. 2 või enam tegevust ,,While i was reading, he was garding." 3. minevikus katkestatud tegevus ,,I was having a shower, when the phone rang." 4. konktreetne kellaaeg minevikus ,, I was watching TV yesterday at 5!" Present Perfect (täisminevik,olevikuaeg) have/has + III pv. Kasutus: Never, ever, already, yet, before, since, for. Tegevus: 1. tegevused alg. Minevik -> now ,,I have been a teacher for 5 years." 2. mineviku situatsiooni resultaat olevikus ,,I have lost my purse." 3. kogemused ,,Have you been in USA?" Have Gone Have Been Go Verbid: She has gone to Austria ( Ta läks Austriasse.) She has been to Austria ( Ta on käinud Austrias.) Past Perfect (enneminevik) had + III pv. Kasutus: For, since, after, by (time), before
The Article Table of Contents General Rules....................................................................... 2 The Definite Article ............................................................... 5 Names that take the Definite Article...................................... 6 No article.............................................................................. 7 Countable and uncountable nouns ....................................... 9 General Rules There are two articles in the English language – the Indefinite Article and the Definite Article. The Indefinite Article has two forms – a and an (a precedes words beginning with a consonant sound and an precedes words beginning with a vowel sound). It comes from the Old English word ãn, which meant one. The Definite Article is the. It comes from the Old English word ţis, which meant this.
He plays the piano well. The rose is my favourite flower. We us a or an The dollar is a strong currency. only with singular nouns. The tiger lives in Asia. when we are talking about a thing in general. • when we refer to a system or service. Examples: When does the train arrive? We should call the ambulance.
12. Articles zero, a/an, the Zero · Zero article is used, when article the or a/an is not used. · Articles are not used with the names of languages. Example: He was learning Chinese. · Is not used with the names of sports. Example: She plays badminton and basketball. · Is not used before academic subjects. Example: She's taking economics and math. · Is not used with seasons. Example: In spring, we like to clean the house. · Is not used with institutions. Example: He's in church/college/jail/class. · Is not used with meals. Example: Breakfast was delicious. · Is not used with diseases. Example: She has cancer. · Is not used with time of day. Example: We'll be there around midnight. · Is not used when you are speaking about transport.
Was and Were 104 2 The Capital Letter 6 The Past Progressive Tense 106 The Future Tense 108 Can and Could 112 May and Might 113 3 Nouns8 Do, Does and Did 115 Common Nouns 8 Would and Should 120 Proper Nouns 13 Singular Nouns 21 Plural Nouns 23 8 Subject-Verb Agreement 123 Collective Nouns 34 Masculine and Feminine Nouns 37 9 Adverbs 127 4 Pronouns 44 Personal Pronouns 44 10 Prepositions 132
Names with and without the Names fot the streets/roads/squares/parks etc are without the: Union street Fifth avenue Piccadilly Circus Hyde Park Blackrock road Broadway Times Square Waterloo Bridge Many names (especially names of important buildings and institutions) are two words: Kennedy Airport Cambridge University The first word is usually the name of a person (Kennedy) or a place (Cambridge). We do not usually use ,,the" with names like these. Some more examples: Victoria Station Edinburgh Castle London Zoo Westminister Abbey Buckhingham Palace Canterbury Cathedral But we say 'the White House' and 'the Royal Palace' because 'white' and 'royal' are not
adjective + preposition omadussõna + eessõna proud of, good at, married to adverb particle Some verbs are followed by adverb particles. Examples are: put on, take off, give away, bring up, call in. Sometimes the particle is detached from the verb and put after the object. •He took his boots off. •They called the doctor in. apposition a grammatical construction in which two usually adjacent nouns having the same referent stand in the same syntactical relation to the rest of a sentence (as the poet and Burns in “a biography of the poet Burns”) back-reference In grammatical analysis, the term reference is often used to state a relationship of identity which exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun
THE NO ARTICLE · Names in the plural = countries: the Nether- * Names of countries / towns (also with an es- lands, the USA; the West Indies ablished modifier): (South) Estonia, Tartu · Names of the countries, and towns with a * Expressions from North to South etc. characteristing / spacifying modifer: the Tartu of th 19th century * Names of streets, bridges, airports, parks, squares, buildings, railway stations, shops, · Names of rivers, channels / canals, seas, addresses: Fleet Street, Tower Bridge, oceans, streams, straits: the Danube; the Suez Kennedy Airport, Hyde Park, Trafalgar Canal; the Baltic Sea; the Pacific Ocean; the Square, Buckingham Palace, Victoria Station,
flat day? When were you here? Articles Rules: 1. Rule: When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me the pen" or "please pass me a pen" or "please pass me your pen". Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'. 2. Rule:Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun
· Fine, thanks. / On top of the world, thanks. · OK, thanks · Not so bad, thanks. / Can't complain, thanks. · So so, thanks. / So and so, thanks. · Not so good, actually 1 The English alphabet Spelling Work with your partner and spell out first your name and then some names of places. Write down each letter as you hear it, and then say the word. The English alphabet on the phone: You might find the following alphabet (used by international airlines) useful when trying to spell a word on the telephone. A Alpha O Oscar Ä Alpha-Echo Ö Oscar-Echo B Bravo P Papa C Charlie Q Quebec
word-combinations may appear and these are of interest in stylistics! e.g word combinations 3 usual unusual A week ago A grief ago, a smile ago, a cigarette ago A delicious meal A delicious murder Ungrammatical sentence Ungrammatical house A crooked street Crooked hopes e.g Colourless, green ideas sleep furiously. The stylistics of lg, the stylistics of speech Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the principals of selecting and using linguistic means (lexical, grammatical, phonetic) intended to pass on shades of meaning and emotions. We must keep apart the stylistics of language and the stylistics of speech. Stylistics of
Names with and without the. A/ We do not use 'the' with names of most streets/roads/squares/parks etc.: Union Street (not 'the...') / Fifth Avenue/ Piccadilly Circus/ Hyde Park Blackrock Road/ Broadway/ Times Square/ Waterloo Bridge Many names (especially names of important buildings and institutions) are two words: Kennedy Airport/ Cambridge University The first word is usually the name of a person ('Kennedy') or a place ('Cambridge'). We do not usually use 'the' with names like these. Some more examples: Victoria Station (not 'the...') / Edinburgh Castle/ London Zoo/ Westminster Abbey/ Buckingham Palace/ Canterbury Cathedral But we say 'the White House', 'the Royal Palace', because 'white' and 'royal' are not names like 'Kennedy' and 'Cambridge'
o 100 just (> Old French) Core vocabulary and syllable structure: o 93 of the first one hundred words in the Brown Corpus are monosyllabic, and the remaining have two syllables (only, about, other, also, many even people) Core vocabulary – often short (monosyllabic) words of Germanic and Old Norse origin. 3. Native and foreign element. The native vocabulary has 3 strata Indo-European words - names of close relatives, names of natural objects, parts of the body, numerals. o Mother, father, night, foot, heart, bear (bore, born), see Germanic words o Friend, bridge, ship, life, heaven, glass, death, make, meet Old-English words – o 23,000 – 24,000 items. Only about 3% are of non-Germanic origin. Etymologically homogeneous. 65-85% of the Old English vocabulary has been lost
1. Basic Phrases ¡Buenos días! ¡Buenas tardes! ¡Buenas noches! bway-nohs dee-ahs bway-nahs tard-ays bway-nahs noh-chays Hello! / Good morning! Good afternoon! Good evening! / Good night! ¡Hola! / ¡Chao! Adiós. Por favor. oh-lah / chow ah-dee-ohs por fah-bor Hi! / Bye! Good bye. Please. Hasta la vista / Hasta luego. Hasta pronto. Hasta mañana. ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-stah ah-stah prohn-toh ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah loo-ay-go
1. The closeness and neighbourhood of words with inherent positive overtones. 2. We may have comparison a part of which the word becomes. 3. Words "hope", "wish", etc. may affect a word in the context. 4. Repetition of a word. 5. Complementary words. 6. Character's voice (e.g. "Hatred", she said, her voice trembling with pleasure." "pleasure" turns "hatred" into positive). 4. STYLISTIC MORPHOLOGY NOUNS: the expressive features of nouns are based on non-typical use of the number, the case, and pronoun substitution. On a transposition of nouns this is observed in personification, in which objects, natural phenomenon and animals are attributed with human feelings or speech (e.g. "The Wind laughed his evil laugh." "wind" is combined with typically human aspects). Another case of transposition is zoonymic metaphor. Names of animals, birds, fantastic beings when applied
Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I. Ladusseva "A Guide to Punctuation" EXAMINATION TOPICS: 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies 2. Inherent connotations. Phonesthemes Use lecture notes 3. Adherent connotations 4. Stylistic morphology: articles, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, number * 5. Expressiveness on the level of word-building 6. Phonetic expressive means Study independen tly 7. Phonetic SD ("Rhythm And Style") 8. Lexical SD* 9. Syntactic SD* Use lecture notes 10. Graphical means and devices 11
se that the gold, silver, iron and lead were exported back to Rome). Introduced schools,a new language Latin, large farms (villas), baths. In AD 410 they had to leave . roman occupation lasted nearly 400 years. They left behind very little. Roman province of Britannia covered most of present-day England and Wales. 4. Latin influence on English *The influence of Latin is noticeable also in the names of European cities: the Latin noun colonia (settlement, colony) may be found in numerous place-names: Lincoln, Colchester, Cologne ; from Latin word castrum (military camp) were derived English affixes -chester and -castle: Manchester, Lancaster, Newcastle; Latin word portus (seaport) in Portsmouth *-tor - person, doer, masculine form. The suffix is attached to the stem: victor (`winner', from the verb vincere `to win'), spectator (spectare).
London History The Romans AD 43- AD 410 The Romans finally invaded Britain in AD 43 from Kent. The Romans lead by Julius Caesar attempted to invade Britain twice before that in 55 and 54 BC but the invasions were unsuccessful. They made their way to the river Thames and sailed up it. The Romans knew it was important to control a crossing point at the river Thames, so they decided to build a settlement on the north bank. Although small settlements had been built on the banks of the Thames, the Romans were the ones who built the first city. They called their city Londinium. The Roman engineers noticed that the point where the swampy river narrowed would make an
British scouts take part in international scout meetings, which are held approximately every four years. The membership in this or that youth organization is not compulsory in Great Britain. But everyone can find the activity he likes most. Climate in Great Britain The British Isles which are surrounded by the ocean have an insular climate. There are 3 things that chiefly determine the climate of the United Kingdom: the position of the islands in the temperate belt; the fact that the prevailing winds blow from the west and south-west and the warm current -- the Gulf Stream that flows from the Gulf of Mexico along the western shores of England. All these features make the climate more moderate, without striking difference between seasons. It is not very cold in winter and never very hot in summer. So, the British ports are ice-free and its rivers are not frozen throughout the year. The
The Gibson Desert is in the middle of Western Australia. The Victoria Desert is in the south of Western and South Australia. The Tanami Desert is in the west of the Northern Territory. The Simpson Desert is in the south-east of the Northern Territory. The Great Dividing Range runs along the eastern coast of Australia. The highest mountains in Australia, the Australian Alps, run along the southern coast of Australia, in Victoria. The highest point of Australia is Mount Kosciusko (2,228m above sea level). The Flinders Range starts from the southern coast and runs towards inland. The biggest single rock in the World Uluru is in the central Australia. The island of Tasmania is in the south-east of Australia. The capital of Tasmania is Hobart. The seas and oceans that wash the coasts of Australia are warm. The Coral Sea is the warmest that is why many corals live in the seas. The skeletons of these tiny organisms have formed a
It is three kilometers long and 348 metres high. There is another 2000 meters under the ground. Uluru is 600 000 000 years old and it is the largest rock in the world. The Great Barrier Reef. One of the natural wonders of the modern world is the Great Barrier Reef. It is located off the northeast coast of Australia. It is the biggest coral reef in the world extending 2000 kilometers along the coast of Queensland. It consists of more than 600 coral islands. Some of them are true coral islands, other are the tops of submerged mountain ranges covered with lush tropical growth. Most of the islands are inhabited and many of them have been developed as tourist resorts. Scientists estimate that the reef is more than thirty million years old. It had its beginning as a tiny animal known as the polyp. It protects itself by forming an external skeleton of lime. When it dies its shell hardens. It has been growing for thirty million years. There are more
There is one extra word which you do not need to use. aggressive nervous dull funny easy-going ambitious expensive usual experienced successful practical 1 She told a very ________________________ joke and everyone laughed. 2 She's a very ________________________ person. She will do anything to become famous. 3 They didn't give him the job because he was ________________________. He had never done anything like that before. 4 This is a very ________________________ animal. I've never seen one like it before. 5 I get very ________________________ before an exam and when I go to the dentist. 6 It's a great jacket and quite ________________________ considering its quality. 7 He's always having fights with people. He's very ________________________. 8 It's a nice idea but I think it's completely ________________________. It will never work. 9 Their latest CD was ________________________
Topic Australia Tallinn English College 2006 Australia 1 . Introduction The name Australia is derived from the Latin Australis, meaning of the south. In land area, Australia is the sixth largest nation, its territory is 7,686,850 sq km and its population reaches today over 20,5 million people. It is the only nation to govern an entire continent and its outlying islands. Australia's capital is Canberra, the only city with its own territory. It was built in the early 1900s just to be the capital. The official language is English and the official name of Australia is the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia is located on the Southern Hemisphere (because of that Australia is also called "A land down under"). 2 . Geographical position
Some of the things you will learn in THE CODEBREAKERS • How secret Japanese messages were decoded in Washington hours before Pearl Harbor. • How German codebreakers helped usher in the Russian Revolution. • How John F. Kennedy escaped capture in the Pacific because the Japanese failed to solve a simple cipher. • How codebreaking determined a presidential election, convicted an underworld syndicate head, won the battle of Midway, led to cruel Allied defeats in North Africa, and broke up a vast Nazi spy ring. • How one American became the world's most famous codebreaker, and another became the world's greatest.
Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Language: a Contemporary Introduction introduces the student to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics and Speech Acts, introduces the basic concepts of linguistic pragmatics, includes a detailed discussion of the problem of indirect force and surveys approaches to metaphor. Part IV, new to this edition, examines the four theories of metaphor.
you to discuss employment opportunities. Yours faithfully, Nicole Porter Paragraph Plan for Letters · salutation · Paragraph 1 reasons for writing · Paragraphs 2, 3 development · Final paragraph closing remarks · Name · Letters are divided into two categories, formal and informal. There are various types of formal and informal letters . · It is important to think about the person who you are writing to before you begin writing a letter. If the wrong style is used, the letter will look impolite, silly or odd. For example, if you used formal language to write to a close friend, the letter would look odd, or if you used informal language to write a letter to a company, the letter would look impolite. · There are certain characteristics which allow us to distinguish between formal and informal letters. These are: ~ The salutation (e.g. Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Bill)
" --Mike Maples, cofounder of Motive Communications (IPO to $260M market cap) and founding executive of Tivoli (sold to IBM for $750M) "Thanks to Tim Ferriss, I have more time in my life to travel, spend time with family, and write book blurbs. This is a dazzling and highly useful work." --A. J. Jacobs, editor-at-large of Esquire magazine and author of The Know-It-All "Tim is Indiana Jones for the digital age. I've already used his advice to go spear shing on remote islands and ski the best hidden slopes of Argentina. Simply put, do what he says and you can live like a millionaire." --Albert Pope, derivatives specialist at UBS World Headquarters "Reading this book is like putting a few zeros on your income. Tim brings lifestyle to a new level--listen to him!" --Michael D. Kerlin, McKinsey & Company consultant to Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund and a J. William Fulbright Scholar "Part scientist and part adventure hunter, Tim Ferriss has created a road map for an entirely
I saw that it's all waves, all of the Universe, just echoes and counter-echoes of the original cosmic sound, not the Big Bang, that's the wrong sound effect. It was more like a gong, that's it, the Great Gong, the original creative vibration that rolled out from a single pinpoint of concentration and unraveled and echoed and collided to create everything that is, and the Hero's Journey is part of that. I watch the sunsets march up and down the horizon, creating my own Stonehenge from the islands and ridge peaks that m a r k solstice and equinox, inviting me to puzzle out the place of stories and my own place in the story of everything. I hope you find your own place in that design. For those to w h o m the concept is new, bon voyage, and for those who are familiar w i t h earlier versions, I hope you find some new surprises and connections in this work, and that it serves you on your own creative journeys. Christopher Vogler Venice, California February 2 6 , 2 0 0 7
Copyright 2002 - 2013 Sarah Hartwell Genetically speaking, there are four basic self (or solid) colours of cats: black, chocolate, cinnamon and red. All other self colours are modifications of these. Although covered here as a self colour, red is a form of tabby and it is impossible to completely eliminate the tabby markings. Why are there not five basic colours? White is counted as an absence of colour rather than a colour. Different countries, registries and breeds have different names for some of the same basic colours. Even where the same name is used, there may be different views on what is an acceptable or ideal version of that colour. Colours which appear identical to the human eye are caused by different genetic interactions. The same colours are called by different names in different breeds. Even in the same breed, the colour may have different names depending on which country the cat comes from and which registry it is registered with
the world’s leading language, and which is considered as the Mother of Parliaments. 7 UNIT 1 THE ISLAND Pre-reading questions What is the name of the island group Britain belongs to? Where is it situated? What seas surround it? What kind of climate do you think Britain has? What is its surface like? What countries are situated on the islands? Which country are we going to study? Why? Location Land and climate affect life in every country. Britain is no exception. Britain is the largest island of the British Isles 1. It is just under 1,000 km long and just under 500 km across in its widest part. Britain is separated from the mainland of Europe by the North Sea on the east and the English Channel on the
Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex. The period supposedly lasted until the kingdoms began to consolidate into larger units, but the actual events marking this transition are debatable. *St Patric and the Christianization of Ireland was a Christian missionary and is the patron saint of Ireland. Legend says that Patrick tought the Irish about the concept of the Trinity by showing people the shamrock, a 3-leaved clover. The christianization of Ireland began in the fourth century AD, before the arrival of St Patrick, but it was not until Patrick arrived that Christianity was firmly planted. He was a leader of deep piety, humility, simplicity and unselfish devotion. *St Columba and the Irish Christian mission to Iona Columba, who had the potential to become a king in Ireland, instead, chose to give his full service to the mission of God. Columba is credited as being a leading figure in bringing the living in monasteries into life again
annaabi.ee 
Sisene Facebook'ga
Sisene Google'ga
Sisene LinkedIn'ga
