Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Christopher Columbus". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
columbus, land, king, reach, sail, journey, queen, island, islands, west, east, spain, found, ships, voyage, spanish, find, interest, plans, gold, there, fleet, crew, month, later, haiti, colon, north, during, riches, started, could, told, look, agree, discovered, himself, santa, other, pinta, took, bahama, little, rough, 1493, received, never, genoaChristopher Columbus Christopher Columbus was born in 1415 in Italy. Although the exact date of Christopher's birth is unknown, he is believed to have been born between August 25 and October 31. He was the oldest of five children in his family. His father was a wool weaver. He helped his father with the weaving, but he always wanted to sail the seas. He didn't get to go to school very much, but he learned to read and write Spanish during his travels. He also taught himself Latin because all the geography books were written in Latin. He was a navigator, colonizer and explorer. He wanted to find a short way to get to the Indies by ship. He tried for eight years to get King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to supply
anyone to leave the Soviet Union. The major group of post-Soviet immigrants were the political refugees, persons who claim persecution or reasonable fear of persecution in Russia. Largest Russian communities today are in New York, California and Florida. 5. From where did the Indians come to America? *Native Americans aka. Indians, Red Indians, Redskins, American Indians, Amerindians, Namerind, First Nations people (Canada) *Origins of N-Am, theories = Bering Land Bridge theory = North American Indians are the people whose ancestors were living in North America when the Europeans discovered the Western Hemisphere. They often are called red men, or redskins, and they were named Indians because Columbus thought that he had reached the East Indies in his voyage across the Atlantic. Stone-age people who were to become American Indians began entering America at least 10,000 years ago. Most experts believe the first Indian
Jacob, son of Issac, stole his brother's birthmark. Jacob was a partiarch who brought up his twelve sons to be partiarchs, but they did not take to it. One of Jacob's sons, Joseph, gave refuse to the Israelites. Pharaoh forced the Hebrew slaves to make bread without straw. Moses led them to the Red Sea, where they made unleavened bread, which is bread made without any ingredients. Afterwards, Moses went up on Mount Cyanide to get the ten commandments. David was a Hebrew king skilled at playing the liar. He fougth with the Philatelists, a race of people who lived in Biblical times. Solomon, one of David's sons, had 500 wives and 500 porcupines. Without the Greeks, we wouldn't have history. The Greeks invented three kinds of columns - Corinthian, Doric and Ironic. They also had myths. A myth is a female moth. One myth says that the mother of Achilles dipped him in the River Stynx until he became intolerable. Achilles appears in "The Illiad", by Homer. Homer also
monarchies based on nationality were estabilished. The Renaessance started in Italy In the 14th century. Then it spread all over Europe, reached England in 16th century. The struggle for power culminated in a war called The War of Roses. It was a civil war between two dynasties, families. They had different emblems on one side the Yorks (white rose) other Lancasters (red). They couldn't decide who gets the throne. War ended 1485. A new dynasty came to throne, Tudor, the first king in this dynasty was Henry Vll. When he came to throne a period of stability followed because he built a nation based state. He was good at diplomacy.He could avoid quarrels and wars with neigbouring countries. France, Spain - greatest enemies.So he could save much money and thus laid a good economic basis for his state. Besides that he built a merchant fleet (kaubalaevastik) England begun to dominate in international trade. Unfortunately the king got old and died.
has been so hostile to this undertaking should enjoy its fruits or that his children should. Those who left the Indies, flying from toils and speaking evil of the matter and of me, have returned with official employment. So it has now been ordained in the case of Veragua. It is an ill example and without profit for the business and for justice in the world. The fear of this, with other sufficient reasons, which I saw clearly, led me to pray your highnesses before I went to discover these islands and Terra Firma, that you would leave them to me to govern in your royal name. It pleased you; it was a privilege and agreement, and under seal and oath, and you granted me the title of viceroy and admiral and governor general of all. And you fixed the boundary. a hundred leagues beyond the Azores and the Cape Verde Islands, by a line passing from pole to pole, and you gave me wide power over this and over all that I might further discover. The document states this very fully.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES Introduction 1. Nowadays, English is so widely spoken that it can hardly be considered "a one nation's" language. The main countries where English is spoken are: the U.K, the U.S, Canada, Australia, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, West Indies 2. There are approx. 300-400 million speakers of English in the world. English occupies the 3rd place by its number of speakers; it is right behind Mandarin and Spanish. 3. ESL (English as a Second Language) used in your own country (e.g. India) EFL (English as a Foreign Language) used in a foreign country ESP (English for Specific Purposes) used in business, airlines, hotels etc. 4
· Written sources in Spain, Italy, France and United States · Born in 1451 · Birthplace: Genoa · Parents: Domenico Colombo ( worked as a master wool weaver, he also kept a tavern, dabbled in real estate and was a partisan for the mighty Fregoso family, who gave Domenico a gatekeeper's job.) and Susanna Fontanarossa · Christopher helped his father from work, he learned to trade · Learned to write in young age · In 1479- a lawsuit over a sugar, where Columbus was a Genoese agent in transaction with Portugal · In 1470- Columbus starts as a seafarer (merchant). Also he predicted storms, winds. He developed in sea area (reading charts, calculating complex time-speed-distance equation). · He was interested in Galaxy ( Zodiac signs, planets etc) · In 1476, Columbus almost had drown when the pirate ship attacked their ship. · In 1477, Columbus travelled a 100 leagues beyond Tile (Thule), where he noted the
Legacy- new types of animals, plants; miles, feet, inches-roman measurements;christianity; Roman basilica in curches; reading, writing; buildings, roads Christianity in Roman Britain Until 4th C christians were persecuted 313 AD Emperor Constantine legalised christianity 380 AD Emperor Theodosius I made it the official religion of the empire Paganism had been eclipsed but continued to pose a political, religious challenge Boudicca Queen of Iceni people of Eastern England, led an uprising against Roman forces Prasutagus(ruler) was first allowed to rule when romans conquered England, after his death, romans decided to rule Iceni and flogged Boudicca and raped her daughters 60-62 AD Iceni rebelled, Boudicca´s warriors defeated Roman Ninth Legion, destroied capital-Colchester Finally Boudicca was defetated, she poisoned herself to avoid capture Hadrian´s wall
The United States of America. History. For thousands of years America was unknown to Europe. There lived only the native people, who had come from Siberia many thousand years ago by a land bridge. They had spread over the country, varying enormously from nomadic food gatherers to fishing societies. Then the Vikings visited Canada around AD 1000, but they did not stay. In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America while trying to reach India. He named the native people Indians, because he though he had reached India. He didn't stay either and in the sixteenth century the first Europeans to settle in America were the Spanish, the English and the French. The first village founded by the English settlers was in Virginia in 1607. It was called Jamestown. They didn't have good relations with the Indians and many of them died. But Pocahontas, the daughter of an Indian chief, became their friend and helped them. They
fish. But they also relied upon agriculture, hunting and trapping. They built stable villages, and lived either in birchcovered wigwams or in rectangular longhouses. Later the indigenous people were called indians, by Christopher Columbus who thought that he had reached to India. COLONIAL AMERICA As far as people know were the Vikings first European settlers to visit America. but in 1492, an Italian sailor called Christopher Columbus reached southern America when he was looking for a sea route from Europe to India. He is called to be the man who discovered America. In 1607 two very different groups of English people came to America. a group of farmers began a colony in Jamestown, Virginia. They had to fought with indians and most of them died because there were many diseases and the didn't have enough to eat. But the daughter of an Indian chief, Pocahontas, helped them.
The literary history of this nation when the first humanbeing living in what has since become the U.S used language creatively. · Mid to late 18 century put down · Words are powerful, magical · Words must be remembered · Native Americans stories creation of the world · Attidude thought their land/language · Similar stories Dates and names · America was discovered in 1492 by Columbus · 1497 John Cabot went to Canada · 1579 San Fransisco/St. Fransis · 1607 Jamestown collony/John Smith · 1620 a boat called MayFlower · 1630 Boston was established · 1636 Harvard University · 1773 Boston Teaparty · 1775 War of Independence · 1776 4 July Declaration of Independence · First President George Washington Christopher Columbus
wanted to defeat it. He could clearly see that Britain was a threat to his latest and greatest conquest - France. He invaded Britain twice, in 55 and 54 BC. The first invasion was unsuccessful - it gained a beachhead on the coast of Kent but achieved little else. The second was more successful, the Celts asked for truce. However it wasn't a victory he had imagined and Julius Caesar never returned to Britain after that. The island was left undisturbed for nearly a century. *The Roman occupation of Britain 43-410 and its legacy Britain was conquered by Emperor Claudius, the Roman rule in England lasted up to 410. The Romans left behind a huge legacy: many types of animals and plants were brought to Britain in Roman times. Roman introduced theire measurements, Christianity, reading and writing. Also, many words in English and Welsh have been borrowed from the Latin language. An important legacy of
from their nests. Later, people started to keep bees in hives, as is the case today. Although the sugar arrived in Europe around 1100th year, it reached a wide use until 16th century. In the meantime had the privilege of the rich sugar used to flavor foods, as well as medication. Sugar cane comes from the Pacific Islands The first was to prepare the sugar cane (saccharum officinarum). Herb, which evolved into a cane, came from the Pacific Ocean from individual smaller islands, such as Polynesia and Melanesia. Experts have identified the origin of these herbs of 10 000 - 15 000 years ago, then. The original plant was on those from the smaller islands in Indonesia, India and China about 8,000 years ago and is now extinct. Today's sugar cane can grow up to six meters in height
British history Roman Britain Roman Britain was those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between 43 and about 410. The Romans referred to their province as Britannia. Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today. Historical records beyond the initial invasion are sparse, although many Roman historians
When was Christianity established in Ireland? 432 AD Saint Patrick arrived in Ireland and began converting the Irish to Christianity. Who is Ireland's patron saint? Saint Patrick is Ireland's patron saint. When is his feast day? His feast day is on 17 March 3. When did the English conquest of Ireland begin? Henry II, with permission from tha Pope, sought to conquer Ireland. In 1171 he became the first English monarch to set foot on the isle. 4. Who were settled in the province of Ulster by King James I? James I settled English and Scottish Protestants in Munster and Ulster. What has this resulted in? It has resulted in an amount of English people in Ireland. 5. What is meant by Home Rule? Home Rule was a movement that sought to repeal the Acts of Union 1800. The Home Rule Act, was meant to permit Ireland self-government within the UK. 6. Changes in the number of population since the 1840s. 1841: 6.5M in Ireland, 8.2M on the island 1901: 3.2M in Ireland, 5M on the island 1951: 3
пособия. Пособие предназначено для студентов гуманитарных специальностей. Подготовлено на факультете лингвистики. The book contains an overview of the most important events in British history – from the first documented invasions of the island to the formation and fall of the British colonial empire. A series of exercises will help to remember the subject matter, practise the vocabulary and contribute to skills work. The book is intended for the Humanities students. Вавилов Н.А., 2008 3 4 Contents 5 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
When Oliver was recovered, Dr. Losberne took him to the residence of Mr. Brownlow who Oliver wanted to see so he could tell them what happened. On the way, Oliver spotted the house that Sikes had taken him to the night of the robbery, and they stopped so that Dr. Losberne could question the owner. This questioning proved inconclusive. When they arrived at the Brownlow residence however, they found that Mr. Brownlow, Mrs. Bedwin, and Mr. Grimwig had all moved to the West Indies. Oliver, saddened by the news, went back to stay with Mrs. Maylie. Soon the whole family moved out to the cottage in the country and Oliver was extremely happy there. He learned all he could from the village vicar, and would take daily walks with Mrs. Maylie and Rose whom he adored. Chapter 33: One evening as they were taking a particularly long walk, Rose sat down to play the piano as usual. That night however, she began crying during her playing, and Mrs. Maylie and Oliver were
are published by The New American Library, Inc., 1301 Avenue of the Americas, New York, New York 10019 FIRST PRINTING, FEBRUARY, 1973 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA To my Parents and my Grandmother Contents A Note on the Abridged Version Preface A Few Words 1. One Day of Magic: I 2. One Day of Magic: II 3. The First 3,000 Years 4. The Rise of the West 5. On the Origin of a Species 6. The Era of the Black Chambers 7. The Contribution of the Dilettantes 8. Room 40 9. A War of Intercepts 10. Two Americans 11. Secrecy for Sale 12. Duel in the Ether: I 13. Duel in the Ether: II 14. Censors, Scramblers, and Spies 15. The Scrutable Orientals 16. PYCCKAJI Kranrojioras 17. N.S.A. 18. Heterogeneous Impulses 19. Ciphers in the Past Tense 20. The Anatomy of Cryptology Suggestions for Further Reading Index A Note on the Abridged Version
in Sussex, Cerdic / Cynric in Wessex. So the first ,,English" became mainly from Northern Germany & Denmark. The resistance of the Celts was long. They were free at the time, not like other Roman provinces on the Continent. Around 500, the Britons seem to have won several victories. One of their leaders was Ambrosius Aurelianus and one of their victories was at the place called Mount Badon. The main leader of the Britons at this time may have been the warrior later called King Arthur. By the 7th cent. the invaders managed to conquer the greater part of the land. The invaders came from 3 powerful tribes: · The Saxons settled from the Thames Estuary westwards, in the south of England; they formed the kingdoms of Sussex, Wessex, Essex & Middlesex · The Angles settled in East Anglia, the Midlands & Northumbria · The Jutes settled mainly in Kent, Hampshire & the Isle of Wight
" Others were "chacas" or tradesmen, "chacalatas" or country folk (peasants), or "chacumas" for anyone with Black blood. All Creoles, no matter what level of society they were in, including slaves, looked down on the Americans. 3 Family life In the Creole family the father was dominant. His word was law. He was not always a faithful spouse, but he was an indulgent parent. If he was a planter, he ruled his estate like a king. He had a large house, large crops, and a large family. He was a dutiful husband and accompanied his wife to balls, the theatre, and social events. He would go to the cafes to discuss business, play dominoes, and have a drink. Historical Creole Gender Role Young men were given their own quarters for entertainment purposes. They had mistresses who were Black or mulatto, but they couldn't marry them. Having a mistress
mountain peaks. There are two big mountain ranges, one of them is the Rocky Mountains and the other is The Appalachian Mountains. The Capital of The USA is Washington D.C. Other big and famous cities are New York, Los Angeles, Houston, Chicago and Las Vegas. The national anthem of the United States is "The Star-Spangled Banner", with lyrics written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key. There are 6 time zones. From east to west they are: Eastern Standard Time, which is 5 hours behind Greenwich Time, Central Standard Time, Mountain Standard Time, which is 7 hours behind Greenwich Time, Pacific Standard Time. Alaska and Hawaii have their own time zones: Alaska Standard Time and Hawaii Standard Time. Geographical Position The USA lies in the Northern Hemisphere in North America. It covers a big part of the continent and is also the third largest country in the world. The country consists of 50 states, but two of them
452,000 Métis, 59,000 Inuit. Indian (First Nations) - No written history before the contact with Europeans. Chief historical sources European priests, travellers and traders not interested in the preservation of "pagan"myths. Different estimates about their number in Canada when Europeans reached North America from 300,000 to 1 mln. Saw themselves as part of nature, not as its masters. The First Nations were called "Indians" by Christopher Columbus when he landed in North America, because he thought he had reached India. Many now prefer to call themselves First Nations, though many still call themselves Indians in everyday conversation. They are still legally categorized by the Canadian Government under the Indian Act as Status Indians. Those who have lost their legal status are called Non-Status Indians. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau tried to get rid of the
commanding the real fleets. When he leaves Eros, it is not for Earth, but for the first human colony, on a former bugger world, which will become known as Ender's World. While looking for a location for another group of colonists, Ender discovers a landscape mimicking that in the fantasy game he played at Battle School. The setting here is used by the buggers to communicate with Ender and lead him to the discovery of their hive queen. Main Characters Ender Ender is a small boy, only six years old when the novel begins, and eleven old when he defeats the buggers. He is undersized for his age and so he was bullied a lot. Ender is a Third, but permitted by the government to be born because he has the superior intelligence of the Wiggin children and a disposition that is kinder than Peter's, but not as sensitive as Valentine. As such, Ender is able to do well in Battle School and go on to successfully command the
Koostas: Aineõpetaja: Tallinn 2011 Location Only one country in the world fills a whole continent. That country is Australia. The continent it fills is Australia, too. Australia, then, is both a country and a continent. If someone wants to make clear that he is speaking of the country, he may call it by its full name of Commonwealth of Australia. Sixty million years ago Australia and its nearby islands were separated from the rest of the world by a great upheaval. They were cut off from Asia by the ocean. Very few people and almost no animals visited Australia before English colonists began to settle there in 1788. During all those 60 million years the native Australian mammals developed by themselves, undisturbed by the animals developing elsewhere. Australia is the only continent except Antarctica that is all south of the equator. It's name means "southland"
had their own language latin, which has also greatly influenced English. The military occupation of the Isles ended in 410 AD. The Romans eventually brought Christianity to Britain. Hadrian's wall on the border of Scotland and England. It began construction in 122 AD. An Anglo-Saxon attack on Rome forced the Romans to leave The British Isles. They were replaced by Germanic tribes Angles, Jutes and Saxons, who drove the Celts to the north (Scotland) and west (Wales). They came from the North and Baltic Seas. Along with them came their dialects, which constitute the basis for Old English. Around 4500 words are still used today. They also had their own religion and Germanic gods. Their names are still used today: Freya Friday, Thor Thursday, Angle-land England. The Anglo-Saxons divided the cuntry into small warring kingdoms Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Sussex, Essex, Kent, East Anglia. Due to constant conflict weakened the kingdoms
the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copies were made and distributed to monasteries across England and were independently updated. In one case, the chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154. Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are of equal historical value and none of them are the original version. 8. Beowulf Beowulf is the most famous heroic poem (written down 8-9cc) Beowulf is a war-leader from Scandinavia.He rescued the land of the Danes from a man-like monster Grendel. The monster kills the hero.The poet describes the funeral and how warriors mourned their king. 9. The Vikings, their way of life. Sutton Hoo In 789 three ships carrying Northmen (Vikings vikingr = pirate, raider in the old Norwegian) landed on the coast of the kingdom of the West Saxon. Many were sailors who sailed looking for plunder, trade and land for new settlements. Their craftworkers made beautiful objects.
Years 1154-1485 Henry I was the first unquestioned ruler. One of the most important kings in the Middle Ages. He had lands in Britain & France. Then the government was the monarch, a person, not a place. He had more land than any pervious king. After his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, he also ruled the lands south of Anjou. His empire stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees. England provided most of its wealth, but the heart was Anjou. Henry II began to regain royal control. During the war some barons had become very powerful. He pulled down some of their castles. He tried to restore law & order. He wanted the same kind of justice to be used everywhere. He appointed his own judges to travel around the country
officially the Portuguese Republic, Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country located in Southwestern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are Portuguese territory as well. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale. SETTLEMENT The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times
1) INDIAN ROCK ART: A NATIONAL TREASURE IN DANGER Unrecognized, unprotected, this priceless legacy of primitive art has endured the ravages of nature only to fall victim to wanton destruction by ,,civilized" man. Like the huge stone statues of Easter Island and prehistoric cave paintings of Altamira and Lascaux, North American Indian rock art is surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery. Although examples of rock art exist at some 15000 sites in canyons, deserts, caves and river gorges. Nowadays, however, primitive rock art in the United States has become a new field of scientific study. Klaus F Wellmann wrote two books about rock art. He is a professor of medicine. Rock art represents the history of aboriginal Americans
a `providentia' and the monster Grendel is an embodiment of evil fighting against Christian militant. This contrast corresponds to the poem itself. The poet is looking back from his own Christian times to an old society with different customs and beliefs. The poem is set, as it is announced in the very first line: `in days gone by'. For instance, the poet and his fellow Christians who can know that Grendel belongs to the race of monsters descended from Cain. For the Danish king he is the only a mysterious creature, for he doesn't know the Bibel. Again, when aged B. is killed by the dragon, the poet observes that his soul departs from the body. Yet the hero's people, the Geats, in the pagan manner burn his body and bury his ashes with much treasure. This is what commanded in a dying speech of a pagan who cannot hope for anything more than earthly remembrance after death. Important thing about is that
I Native Americans · Origin of Native Americans Origin is debatable Siberia->Alaska Crossed the land bridge around 14,000 years ago "ice-free corridor" Hunters, searching for fresh grounds · Different tribes and their way of life In tents, dark skin, hair is long, black and straight, women-agriculture, men- hunting. bands(chief. Travelled together) and tribes land was owned by the tribe that occupied it. 200 different tribes Apache- "enemy"- hunted buffalos, oil and natural gas from their land Cherokee- largest tribe Cheyenne- from Minnesota and S & N Dakota. High system of laws
escaped slavery on September 3, 1838, boarding a train to Havre de Grace, Maryland dressed in a sailor's uniform and carrying identification papers provided by a free black seaman. After crossing the Susquehanna River by ferry at Havre de Grace, Douglass continued by train to Wilmington, Delaware. From there Douglass went by steamboat to "Quaker City"--Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His escape to freedom eventually led him to New York, the entire journey taking less than 24 hours. Abolitionist activities Douglass joined various organizations in New Bedford, Massachusetts, including a black church, and regularly attended Abolitionist meetings. He subscribed to William Lloyd Garrison's weekly journal, The Liberator, and in 1841, he heard Garrison speak at the Bristol Anti-Slavery Society's annual meeting. Douglass was inspired by Garrison, later stating, "no face and form ever impressed me with such sentiments (the hatred of slavery)
Seattle, Washington; up into Canada, to Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia; back into the U.S. to Yellowstone National Park; down to Salt Lake City; then east to Omaha, Nebraska and on to Chicago, Illinois; then to Beaver, Pennsylvania on the Ohio River to visit the Hill family; from there he went to Chautauqua with Professor Hill, and later to Niagara Falls, Toronto, Washington, D.C., New York and Boston. In the course of this journey he met Mark Twain in Elmira, New York, and felt much awed in his presence. Kipling then crossed the Atlantic, and reached Liverpool in October 1889. Soon thereafter, he made his début in the London literary world to great acclaim. Career as a writer In London, Kipling had several stories accepted by various magazine editors. He also found a place to live for the next two years. In the next two years, and in short order, he published a novel, The Light that
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