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English literature is one of the oldest literatures in Europe; dates back to the 6th century AD. Oral literature, i.e. not written down, spread from person to person. In 449 AD Anglo-‐Saxon tribes invaded England – beginning of the Anglo-‐Saxon period in English literature. The first form of literature was folklore, carried by scops and gleemen, who sang in alliterative verse (a kind of simple poetry). Prose developed much later. The first form of recorded English literature was the epic Beowulf, which was produced sometime near the end of the 7th and beginning ?
Enlightenment. Vernacular literature. More people went to school. Imitation of classical models (Homer, Cicero, Virgil, Horace). In verse, tight heroic couplet, in prose essay and satire predominant forms. Qualities of order, clarity, and stylistic decorum. Represented in Pope’s Essay on Criticism. Insist that nature is the true model and standard for writing. Nature for Augustans: a rational and comprehensive moral order in the universe. 20. The Grand Tour and its impact on British culture 18th C theme: transference of the classical tradition from the seat of its Latin origins, Italy, to the island of Britain. Very few who had actually travelled and seen ancient Rome (Arundel), because of wars, theological divide, it was to change. Peace with France, travel easier, more money. Essential part of education of ambitious young man – to see the home of the classical heritage which they cherished. From
century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion. American Enlightenment a gradual but powerful awakening that established the ideals of democracy, liberty, and religious tolerance in the people of America. If there were just one development that directly caused the American Revolution and uplifted the intellectual culture of the continent while it was only a British colony, it would be the American Enlightenment. Broadly, the Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that changed the fundamental perspective of the masses, urging them to foster skepticism and apply scientific principles in matters of religion and morality. Its chief values were: Liberty, Democracy, Republicanism, Religious Tolerance. The movement gained momentum with the publication of landmark texts like Thomas
Negative colouring is made stronger by constant epithets and emphatic constructions (e.g. "You filthy swine", "You lazy dog"). Adjectives when used as nouns become colloquial (e.g. "come on, lovely (noun)"). When abstract nouns begin to stand for people they become emotional (metonymy) (e.g. "The little eccentricity." an eccentric child). Possessive case the suffix apostrophe "`s" may be added to a phrase or sentence and the result is humor or colloquial touch. The ending of the plural may be added to the sentence with the same effect. Abstract nouns when used with the plural become very expressive. ARTICLES: the article with a proper name ads a colloquial touch (e.g. "He was engaged to a Mrs. Haggard."). Indefinite article: - with a family name creates evaluative meaning (e.g. "I do not claim to be a Caruso."). - with names of common people suggests a contemptuous attitude toward them.
UNO SOOMERE ESTONIAN SYMPHONIC MUSIC. THE FIRST CENTURY 1896-1996. AN OVERVIEW With a Historical and Cultural Summary IN MEMORY OF THE GREAT ESTONIAN COMPOSERS CONTENTS ESTONIA AND THE ESTONIANS FOREWORD IN THE FOLD OF TSARIST RUSSIA. EMERGENCE AND FIRST STEPS ON THE CLASSICAL-ROMANTIC PATH. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION I. MUSICAL LIFE IN TARTU AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. TRAILBLAZERS: ALEKSANDER LÄTE, RUDOLF TOBIAS, ARTUR KAPP. II. THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 20TH CENTURY. ARTUR LEMBA: THE BEGINNING OF ESTONIAN SYMPHONY AND OPERA. III. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CULTURAL AND MUSICAL LIFE: THE END OF THE TSARIST PERIOD. THE INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA: THE INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIONS FROM WESTERN ART AND THE EVOLUTION OF NATIONALLY ORIENTED MUSICAL TRENDS. IV. THE TWENTIES. ARTUR KAPP: ROMANTICIST AND DRAMATIST. V. THE INFLUENCE OF NEW WESTERN MUSICAL TRENDS. HEINO ELLER: A PROGRAMME PAINTER.
become colloquial (e.g. "Listen, my sweat (noun)", "come on, lovely (noun)"). When abstract nouns begin to function as personal (stand for people) they become emotional (dealing with metonymy) (e.g. "The old oddity." an old odd person; "The little eccentricity." an eccentric child; "He is a disgrace to his family." he is a disgraceful son). Possessive case the suffix apostrophe "`s" may be added to a phrase or sentence and the result is humor or colloquial touch (e.g. "She is the boy I used to go with`s mother." "He is the niece I told you about`s husband."). The ending of the plural may be added to the sentence FGI 1081 Stylistics (I. Ladusseva) 7 with the same effect (e.g. "One I-sorry-for-you is worth twenty souls ..."). Abstract nouns when used with the plural become very expressive (e.g. "Here reigned maenesses, cruels, ..."). ARTICLES:
Ameerika Kirjandus 30.01.13 Naturalism · France, Emile Zola · Put down his theory in 1879: Le Roman Experimental, attempt to explain the development of human society throuch biological laws · Outlook is deterministic, pessimistic, fatalistic (fate or biology) · Man as an animal-clever than other beasts, still explainable within the framework · Man is not a free agent, is govern by something · Unable to determine his own faith · Hereditary · Naturalists tried to apply in fiction the processes of natural sciences · Writers task is to record facts, systems of behaviour, living conditions, never revealing any natural unbiased (completely natural) · Point of view: amoral-outside the category of morality, neither good or bad · Naturalist find it absurd to blame the wicked. These criminals are doing what nature, environment, their unconscious tells them to do. Naturalists do not judge their characters, they sim
LL URKI Carol Stack I~I ZAPADOCESKA W I,, , ""-,", , ", , , ",,"" UNIVERZITA v Plzni ;Q;3 i 43(194873:9: NENIC MNE! BasicBooks A Subsidiary of Perseus Books, L.L.c. CON,EN,S Dedicated with respect and admiration to my parents, Ruth and Isadore Berman, to my friend Acknowlcdg men ts vii "Huby Banks," and to the other people of The Introduction ix Flats I. The Flats 1 ZapadoCi',,"
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