Beginning Old legend - the hill of Toompea was heaped up, stone by stone, by Linda The earliest buildings confirmed by historical data originate from the 9th century A settlement of tradesmen and artisans began to develop at the foot of Toompea hill Farmers from the neighbouring counties, were the masters In 1219 King Valdemar II of Denmark conquered the stronghold From that time on the stronghold of Toompea belonged to foreign rulers After the subjugation, the Danes immediately set out to fortify it In the following years, the Danish stronghold was repeatedly besieged All attempts ended in failure Timeline Occupied in 1227 by the Order of the Brethren of the Sword In 1238 the rights of the Danes in North Estonia were restored and Toompea was once again ruled by Danes In 1346 Denmark sold its possessions to the Teutonic Order
Today Setomaa is divided between three administrative units: Võru and Põlva counties of Estonia and Pechorsky district of Russia. On the territory of Estonia, Setomaa comprises four municipalities: Misso, Meremäe, Värska and Mikitamäe municipalities. According to the latest archaeological finds the area of Setomaa has been inhabited for as long as 8 400 years.The ancestors of the people speaking the Võro-Seto dialect belonged to the Balto-Finnic eastern tribes. In old chronicles they have been mentioned probably under the name of the Chudes. Seto people are their lineal descendants. In 1920, the Treaty of Tartu between the Republic of Estonia and the Russian Federation was concluded. According to the Treaty, Setomaa was linked with Estonia. The folk have divided Setomaa into twelve parts, or communities (nulk). Names for the communities have been derived either from the central village or settlement: e.g
tulevikus will have tegusõna kolmas põhivorm moodustatakse reeglipärastel tegusõnadel lõpu -ed, lisamisega. Seega sarnaneb ta tegusõna teisele põhivormile (lihtminevikule) Algvorm III põhivorm Play Played Finish Finished Belong belonged Näide!! Olevik: John has arrived. John on saabunud. I have read this book. Ma olen seda raamatut lugenud. Minevik: John had gone out. John oli välja läinud. Tuleviku: I will have finished it by six o´clock. Ma lõpetan selle kella kuueks.
Tallinn Gate The so called Tallinn Gate used to mark the beginning of the postal road from Pärnu to Tallinn and was built during the Swedish period in the 17th century. The medieval fortification system of Pärnu was almost fully destroyed in the preceding Livonian War. Ammende Villa Villa Ammende is one of the best examples of early art nouveau style in Estonia. The grand villa with a large garden was built in 1905 and belonged to the Ammende merchant family. Ammende Villa The house has been also used as a summer casino and a club. The villa has now been restored and turned into a luxurious hotel and restaurant. Monument to Raimond Valgre The musician Raimond Valgre who played in Pärnu in 1930s and brought the town a lot of fame, can today be found sitting in the park near Kuursaal,
Emperor Peter I (1672-1725) expanded the borders of the Russian Empire in the course of the Northern War and managed to annex the whole Estonian territory by the year 1710. Therefore the protection of the new border areas became the priority of the ruler and he paid a lot of attention to the reconstruction of ports in Tallinn and Paldiski and visited Tallinn several times. Together with the site of the would-be palace, a summer estate and a 17th-century cottage that had belonged to town councillor von Drenteln were purchased for the emperor's use in 1713. The small cottage was enlarged with a wing and the outcome was a building with a hall, a kitchen and four rooms. The small summer residence was in use until the emperor's death. The succeeding rulers used the Palace of Kadriorg that had been completed only after Peter's death and the small building was neglected. The building was restored at the order of Emperor Alexander I after he visited Tallinn in 1804
"Could become as important a journalistic tool as the Freedom of Information Act." Time Magazine Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Journey to this stage of life Parents ran a touring theatre company Stepfather belonged to a New Age group called Santiniketan Park Association moved 30 times before he turned 14 after turning 16, Assange began hacking under the name "Mendax" Child custody issues for 10 years WikiLeaks was founded in 2006 Awards Economist Freedom of Expression Award (2008) Amnesty International UK Media Award (2009) Sam Adams Award (2010) Public appearances Media conferences Officials trying to determine whereabouts
Tartumaa Tartumaa People began to live in Tartumaa about 5000 years ago. At the end of the first millennium in place Toomemäe in Tartu was Estonians castle. From 13 century, Tartu belonged to the Hanseatic League. Tartumaa´s flag. Tartu Tartu is the capital of Tartumaa. At first Tartu is associated with knowledge and studing. There`s about 103,284 peoples live in Tartu. Area of Tartu is about 38.8 km2. Mayor of Tartu is Urmas Kruuse.
All thanks to the help she received form Shug. I believe that Shug brought Celie back to life as she taught her about self-esteem and self-worth. I think that deep inside Shug was actually a good and caring person, not like it seemed in the beginning of the novel. I also notice some empathy for Celie. Shug was always there for her and supporting her. However, she had some problems with staying with one person. She later fell in love with a yough 19-year-old man. Her heart never fully belonged to one person, she couldn’t love and stay with only one single person. As Shug had many responsibilities, she tried to share her time between her loved ones and work etc. All in all, I consider her a strong woman who defied her low position in American culture. She Liisa-Maria Pihlak, 12B didn’t care much about what others thought about her or her preferences. There was a quote that got stuck in my head: Finally, Shug is the color purple personified
ending. The movie has an actual problem that is known for nowadays society as well in Indian regions for example when parents decide who their offsprings marry to simply because they find it suiting or useful(for example when daughter marries to richer man ) Just like in the movie when Viola de Lesseps was supposed to marry Lord Wessex because his father had already arranged her betrothal, even though she was searching for true love and her heart belonged to William Shakespeare. Everything was exactly in balance, all of the actors played their roles well, they fit into their roles perfectly and I doubt there are many actors who could have done better job. The plot was built up well, it was so interesting and it just kept you stuck in the movie without even letting you loose for a minute. Scenery, clothing and all that background activity suited perfectly for the 16'th century when it all took place. And definitely have to mention the witty
In the five halls of the stronghold the history of the town of Narva of the period from the 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century is on display: products of local craftsmen, flags of the guilds, arms, commodities, architectural details. · Palmse manor, situated in the heart of the Lahemaa National Park, is one of the most unique restored manor ensembles in the Baltic States. The mighty manor building, dating from the 18th century, which belonged to the von Pahlens family, has been restored. The manor ensemble is surrounded by a park, where rare, old trees grow and swan lakes and park pavilions can be found. There is a museum in the manor building and the Visitor Center of the Lahemaa National Park in the stable. · A.H.Tammsaare Museum. The Museum was opened in 1958 in the Village of Vetepere, in the house where Anton Hansen Tammsaare, the most famous literature classic of Estonia, was born
A settlement of tradesmen and artisans began to develop at the foot of Toompea hill. Farmers from the neighbouring counties, mainly from Rävala County, were the masters of Toompea stronghold and used it only in the event of danger. This also explains how in 1219 King Valdemar II of Denmark conquered the stronghold with ease. From that time on the stronghold of Toompea, and about ten years later the whole of Estonia, belonged to foreign rulers until the Republic of Estonia established its centre of power on Toompea in 1918.
(Wales), and shamrocks (Ireland). The dressmakers used fresh needles every three hours, and washed their hands every half an hour to avoid marking the fabric. Pulmad Kate arrived at the church, Rolls-Royce (car brand), a car factory, presented the Queen with the 1977th . The vehicle has a reinforced steel doors, security windows, and even riding with empty tires. Prince William gave Kate Middletonile 18 degrees to the engagement ring that belonged to his mother Princess Diana. Ordinary English wedding costs around 25,000 pounds (about 25,565 euros). Royal wedding costs around 10 million pounds (about 8,547,009 euros). Kate and William's wedding was allegedly of Beyonce and Jay-Z (their favorite singers). Kate and William have asked their guests not to bring gifts, but asked that they would support the royal wedding charity fund, which are placed in 26-charitable fund. William got engaged to Kate in October 2010, but married 29 April
has owned since the events of the previous adventure, chronicled in The Hobbit, and give the ring to his young heir. The Ring has special powers, the most obvious of which is to make the wearer invisible. Then Bilbo disappears. For many years Frodo lives in Bilbo's home at Bag End. Just like Bilbo, Frodo appears not to he aged. In his fifties, he grows restless. One day Gandalf comes to Frodo and tells him that he is in danger. It seems that the Ring originally belonged to Sauron, the Dark Lord. Sauron wants the Ring back so that he can conquer the world. Sauron is using Gollum, an evil hobbit who also wants the Ring, to find out who has it and where it can be located. Gandalf tells Frodo that the ring is a corrupting power, and that anyone who uses it will ultimately be destroyed by it if they do not part with it. Further, he tells Frodo that the Ring can only be destroyed by tossing it into a volcano at Mount Orodruin
modern dance. It does not have fixed rules and because of that it is easier to show real feelings and emotions. It was also quite extraordinary and interesting, that in one scene there took part the National female chorus. ,,The Goblin" makes you think what is really inmportant in life and what makes people happy. The story teaches, that having more money than you need is unlikely to increase your level of happiness. In the ballet there were two types of people. To the first type belonged the Farmer, whose most important life goal was to get more money. It can't be said that he was happy, because the process of gaining money hindered his relationships with others. He had no positive emotions or feelings and even his daughter did not love him because of his greediness. The second type of people were the peasants. In spite of they poverty, they were caring and cheerful. They sang and danced a lot and enjoyed their life without huge amounts of money. They could
Before that time, theatre had mostly been staged in German for the benefit of the local nobility and merchants. Theatre in Estonian emerged in various song and drama societies, the strongholds of national thought. In the early 20th century, these societies turned into professional theatres, some of which, the national opera Estonia for example, function even today. The scheme from society to theatre is a general phenomenon, because all the present state theatres once belonged to societies. Theatre played an important role in advancing and safeguarding the spirit of Estonians during both the period of last century's national awakening and the oppression of the Soviet regime. After the restoration of Estonia's independence, theatre lost its political significance and became one area of culture amongst many others. Nowadays, theatre has to prove its worth by means of art only. Estonian theatre arts is a mixture of German and Russian theatre.
century bc, the most famous wall was built during 220-206 bc King Zheng conquered the last of his opponents and unified China as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty. He ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's northern frontier. ● The great wall was built when seven powerful states appeared at the same time, to defend themselves. At that time the wall was 3107 miles and each part of wall belonged to different part of the states. In 221B.C the Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi ordered to connect the walls (built by all the states) also he added a part of his section because he was afraid from the northerns- that were called Xiongnu. Facts ● It is located in Northern China. ● The Great Wall was built over 2300 years. ● When all the sections were measured it combined a total of 21196.18km (13170.7mi). ● It was built to prevent invasions. ●
Is one of the oldest working pharmacies in Europe and the oldest company in Tallinn Was first mentioned in 1422 There were also sold other goods like: ground bats, dried frog feet etc You can try spiced wine claret which was known and valued during the middle ages Bread passage Smallest square in Tallinn Name earned by the numerous bakeries that made delicious bread during the Middle Ages Cute miniature shop where the bakery was belonged to a former whose family coat of arms are still decorating the door. The Holy Spirit church It was built in 1360.This church plays an important role in Estonian cultural history. The first sermons in Estonian language were held in this church in order for the local people to understand the Bible stories. The church's altar is made by the famous Lübeck master Bernt Notke. The Great Guild house
and smart * Mahbub Ali- horsetrader and spy for the British, good friend of Kim , clever and selfish * Hurree Babu- dumb and easily foolable * Colonel Creighton- British army officer, superior of Kim, disciplined and strict * Reverend Arthur- the Church of england * Takes place in different places of India, 1893-1898 * Kim grows up independently in the streets of India * Meets a wandering Tibetan lama who is in search of an arrow river * Joins lama * Meets the army regiment that his father had belonged to * Colonel recognizes Kim's talent * Kim as a part of army * Kim in military school * In war - free time * Joins Tibetian Lama in adventure to Himalayas * Lama conflicts with Russian * Kim steals maps, papers and other items from Russian * Lama finds his river of Arrow and gets his soul purification The Light that Failed * First novel * Published in 1890 * Victorian Period * about ta painter who goes blind
from Old Town. The premises came into the possession of the Puppet Theatre in 1955. In 1991, the whole building was given to the theatre. Renovation works took place in 2001-03. 5 17 Lai Street Lai 17, so-called Menshikov House was completed about 1685 in the Dutch Baroque style. The family coat-of-arms on the pediment was added in 1817 by then owner Count Stenbock (Sweden origin Russian brigade leader and estate owner). It belonged to Prince Alexander Menshikov, the governor- general of Estonia in 1710-19. He was born in the family of a groom at the Russian Royal court, and at the age of 13 became a personal servant and later a close assistant to Czar Peter I. After Peter's death he helped the czar's widow, Catherine I, to the throne and became the actual ruler of Russia for a couple of years until he was defeated in the power struggle and banished into exile. 23 Lai Street
Belle. She was loved by men and attracted attention, many of drunkards stopped in the street when Jeanette’s mother walked past and raised their hats to her. She was very religious person. Louie considered church as her family more than her own family. “My mother stood up and said she believed this was right: that women had specific circumstances for their ministry, that the Sunday School was one of them, the Sisterhood another, but the message belonged to the men.” She believed that praying could solve all the problems and people like her were meant to be separated from others. She did not have many friends because people did not understand her, not even Jeanette. But Jeanette looked up to her because she had had always an answer, knowledge why did things happen. Louie saw the world in two categories: friends and enemies. “She had never heard of mixed feelings.” Devils were daily talking point and she could find them anywhere
most important citizens · In 1607 his daughter Susanna married dr John Hall · In 1608 Shakespeare's granddaughter Elizabeth Hall was born · Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616 and is buried in Holy Trinity Church in Stratford · Not till 7 years after Shakespeare's death was ,,the Folio"; the first attempt at an authentic edition of his works, published · The 1623 edition, containing 36 plays, was printed from stage manuscripts od the company to which Shakespeare had belonged. This Folio of 1623 is the most important book in English literature Theatre · The Globe was an octagonal building, with a thatched roof covering only the perimeter of the area · Under the roof were 3 levels of galleries that surrounded a yard about 65-feet in diameter · The galleries looked down on the stage, a rectangular platform of 27 by 43 feet that occupied about a third of the yard at one end
the tower. It is said that when his body hit the ground, a snake and a toad crawled out of his mouth. 5. Blackhead's house Pikk tn 26 - Reneissance, 14. cent. It is the house of the brotherhood. It used to unite single young and foreign merchants. 6. Kanuti Gild - 13.cent. It is a union of german craftsmen in Tallinn. Its was at it's best 16 cent. Above the door is the founder of the union, king Knut 7. Suurgildi hoone - gothics. Belonged to Tallinn's Suurgildile, where were the town's most powerful and richest merchants. Hoone Ehitus kestis 14071410, siseviimistlus lõpetati 1417. 8. Holy ghost church - 14. Century. One of Tallinn's oldest churches, and the only sacred building that preserved its original form.and still retains its original exterior, except for the Baroque spire. The clock in northern side is one of the oldest in Tallinn and though it has been blanched with rain and window,
We missed the bus, but luckily we got to school in time. 3 Meil on kooriproov üle nädala. We have choir practice every other week. 4 Klassijuhataja tunnis me arutame päevakohaseid probleeme. In the class teacher´s lesson we discuss topical problems. 5 Kellelegi ei meeldi õpetaja pailapsed. Nobody likes teacher´s pets. 6 Kas sa sõbruned kergesti? Do you make friends easily? 7 Ma ei ole kunagi mingisse kampa kuulunud. I have never belonged to any groups. 8 Mul jäi suu lahti, kui ma teda pärast suvevaehaega nägin. My mouth fell open when I saw her after the sumer holiday. 9 Meie üllatuseks õpetaja ei karistanud meid üldse. TO our suprise the teacher didn´t punish as at all. 10 Me jäime ajahätta ja ei jõudnud testi lõpetada. We were run out of time and we couldn´t finish the test. _______________________________________________________________ UNIT 4: Töövihikust harjutus 8. 1 Ära ärritu
) Journey to this stage of life · Parents ran a touring theatre company - His biological father was John Shipton. Mother Christine married theatre director Brett Assange. They ran a touring theatre company. His stepfather, Julian's first "real dad", described Julian as "a very sharp kid" with "a keen sense of right and wrong". "He always stood up for the underdog... he was always very angry about people ganging up on other people." · Step-father belonged to a New Age group called Santiniketan Park Association couple had a son, but broke up in 1982 and engaged in a custody struggle for Assange's half-brother. His divorced mother fled her boyfriend across Australia, taking both children into hiding for the next five years. moved 30 times before he turned 14 · after turning 16, Assange began hacking under the name "Mendax" - Group International Subversives.
Telegraph lines, magazines and newspapers became a part of every day. In the 1840s, when Britain was struck by famine, millions of citizens had to live in overcrowded tenements and their work regimes came close to slavery. The Victorian Age Encompass / n'kmps / ümbritsema, hõlmama Inconsolable / nkn'slbl / lohutamatu Withdraw / w'dr: / taanduma, tagasi tõmbuma The Victorian Age lasted from 1837 to 1901, when the throne belonged to Queen Victoria. She liked to be involved in the affairs of state and this resulted in Britain being the most powerful nation in the world and the British Empire having a quarter of the world´s territory and population. Queen Victoria had nine children during her 20-year marrige to Albert. After her husband´s death, she built many memorials to him. Florence Nightingale Nightingale was the first woman to run a field hospital
sheep jumbuck cinema pictures postbox letterbox trainers runners freeway main road The First people in Australia were Aborigines. They arrived there about 12,000 years before from southern Asia. They had very rich forms of art, painting, song, poetry and mythology. The lives of aborigines stayed almost the same for thousands of years until the Europeans came to live in Australia in 1778. In 1770 J. Cook landed in eastern Australia and declared that it belonged to Britain. In 1778, the British government began sending the first prisoners to Australia. Overtime many people arrived from Britain and Europe. Life was difficult. There was very little water and the climate was very hard. The Europeans suffered a lot in Australia but the Aborigines suffered a lot more. Europeans stole their land and killed thousand of Aborigines. They also brought new diseases with them. In parts of Australia, not one Aborigine survived. Today
e) Keith couldn't stomach his new boss 5 He was rather rude. f) Harry backed his boss 6 He didn't say anything. g) William kept poking his nose in 7 He interfered in other people's business. h) Graham thumbed a lift to work 8 He hitchhiked. i) Charles put his foot in it 9 He missed home j) Jack's heart ached to be where he belonged 10 He didn't like him 7) Complete each sentence with one suitable word. a) I am afraid she is suffering from an incurable disease. b) I was.............. agony all night with earache. c) I think you've put.............. a lot of weight lately. d) The effect of this drug will slowly wear .............. e) You really get.............. my nerves sometimes! f) After Jack fainted it was several minutes before he.............. round. g) Is Carol being operated .............
and because of that, he himself was executed) St. Olaf’s Church ● Built in 13th century; legend of the name; wanted to seem powerful, 124 metres tall. The Short and the Long Leg ● Two streets leading up to the Toompea Hill - The Short and the Long Leg, that is why some say that the town is limping. Pikk jalg - in 14th century, connecting upper and lower town, dangerous place, not an easy road; Lühike jalg; in 14th century, belonged to the lower town and only used by pedestrians because it is and was only a stairway street. Due to the conflicts between the merchants in the towns, Wall of Mistrust; all traffic closed at 9pm. St. Nicholas’ Church ● Built in the 13th century, bombed in 1944. Restaurated ever since. Museum of religious architecture, concert hall. The duke Charles Eugene de Croy was taken prisoner by the Swedish king. He died in 1703, but since nobody was willing
It is said that one nixie lived in that well and it was believed that the nixie will float Tallinn. Because of that the habitants sacrificed every year many cattles, especially many dead cats. Because of that the well got its name Kassikaevu. After many years the well was closed. The other story about the Ratsakaevu street is about the wedding of the devil. There is a story about one precise house on that street. The house owner, to whom the house belonged to the past, dropped his fortune so recklessly, that he no longer knew what to do. One evening, he was so desperation that he decided to end his life. But just at that moment came in the room someone unknown, who asked to be allowed to throw a party on the upper floor of the house. In return of a favor, the stranger promised riches, but only on condition that one does not hear the 6 celebrations, otherwise the listener dies
Oldest plays were called mysteries and miracles, played by clergyman, showed scenes from Christ's life and saints lives. Were performed on religious holidays in church and they both encluded many choral elements (singing). Often formed cycles, several strories about same event . 14th century guilds became responsble for performing certain parts of saints lives and they performed them on cart that were pushed around in town. People who belonged to guild were actors, craftmen. At the end of 14th morality plays appeared and they were single plays. Aim was to teach people a moral lesson. Often dramatized these plays the conflict between good and evil. Characters were different vices and virtues. Bestknown morality was "Everyman" written 1485. In the 16th century more human themes were dealt with in plays. Different types of palys. Interludes are one act plays, staged in richman houses and the aim was to entertain.
Another Dutch - Abel Tasman sailed to the south and discovered Tasmania in 1642. By the middle of the seventeenth century most of the north, west and south coasts had been charted. But the Dutch were disappointed with their new discoveries. The first British captain who saw the new continent was William Dampier who visited the north western coast in 1688 and 1689. In 1770 the British sailor Captain James Cook landed on the east coast at Botany bay, and said Australia now belonged to Britain. Of course nobody asked the Aborigines about this - it was the beginning of a terrible time for them. Narrowly escaping shipwreck on the Great Barrier Reef, Cook sailed home to England. He reported a land with abundant fresh water and lush vegetation and very suitable settlers. Britain soon started to send convicts to the new country. In May 1787 eleven ships left England for Australia carrying about 1,500 people, half of whom were convicts and the other half their guards
It was paved with cobblestones already in the 14th century and was considered quite a dangerous place in the old times. It was certainly not recommended to walk along it after dark and it was not an easy road to be taken on a carriage, as the steep rise often proved too difficult for the horses and going down usually required excellent coachman´s skills. The present day 5-storeyed gate tower dates from 1380. Lühike Jalg (Short Leg) was first mentioned in 1353. This street belonged to the lower town and was used by pedestrians only because it is and was only a stairway street. The relations between the Upper and Lower towns were tense at the best of times as both the rich merchants of the Lower Town and the noblemen and knights of the Upper Town wanted to obtain more power. Due to the conflicts between the two towns the merchants in the Lower Town were afraid of raids from the Upper Town and had the street connecting the two Towns fortified with a wall and gatehouses
The towers date back to the 16th century and are among the oldest in Tallinn. They also offer impressive views of the city. NunnaTower Nunna tower was built in 1311 until 1320. It has diameter of 9,65 and height of 24,5 meters. Sauna Tower Sauna tower is konsol tower (kaitseehitistel väike konsoolidele toetuv kahele poole müüri ärklina eenduv torn müüri ülaosas), which was founded in 1371-1372. Until 1422 it belonged to nunnery. Tower was elevated in 1380 and in 1422 when it reached it's peak - 12 meter. It was restaurated in 1898, until that it was in ruins. Today only medieval thing left is lower part of the tower. Kuldjala Tower Kuldaja tower is a part of Tallinn's city wall. It was probally built in 1311-1320 in the city's west wall corner tower. It is located in a former nunnery yard. At first it was 9 meter in height and 7 meters in diameter.
Britain's. ❆ Because India was so far away, and the journey from Britain took so long, these British officials spent most of their working lives there and so developed a distinctly Anglo-Indian way of life ❆ They imposed British institutions and methods of government on the country, and returned to Britain when they retired. ❀ Large parts of Africa also belonged to the empire. ❆ Except for South Africa, where there was some British settlement, most of Britain's African colonies started as trading bases on the coast, and were only incorporated into the empire at the end of the century. ❀ The empire included numerous smaller areas and islands aswell. ❀ There was an enormous increase in wealth during the century, so that Britain became the world's foremost economic power.
Inuits. They are believed to be in Canada since about 10000 BC. The Inuits came to Canada from Asia crossing the Bering land bridge. The earliest discoveries in Canada were made by the Vikings. In AD 985 Vikings sailing from Iceland to Greenland were blown westward off their course and the Vikings sighted the coast of Labrador peninsula. The report of forested areas encouraged further exploration because the colonies in Greenland which belonged to the Vikings lacked lumber. In AD 1000 Leif Ericson became the first European to land in North America. The first colony was established what was described as Vinland by the Vikings. It was located on the northernmost tip of todays Newfoundland. There has also been a theory that the Vikings penetrated Hudson Bay and reached the Great Lakes region but recent investigations have cast serious doubt on it. The Greenland colony died out during the 15th century and the Viking
labour is dignified. It is a dream allegory. A young maiden named Youth, Greed is an old witch. The greatest writer of this period and the whole of medieval times Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400): · The father of English poetry · The creator of English versification · The first poet to use various metres · Laid the foundation of the new literary English language · Wrote in Middle English · An active man of affairs, who belonged to the middle class · Spoke Latin, French, Italian the important languages of the time · Worked as a diplomat for a time · Translated works into English (from Latin, French, Italian) · Favourite of the royal court · At the time of his death was regarded as a great poet and was buried in Westminster · As a writer he was very prolific · His early works show a strong influence of French and Italian poets, especially the
2 Towns (Upper & Lower Town) Tallinn used to be divided into 2 parts - Upper Town where lived the aristocracy, gentry and the clergy; and Lower Town with traders, craftsmen and merchants. Legend says the Toompea Hill is actually the tumulus mound of the great Kalev. Linda carried rocks to his grave. It is a naturally- formed limestone hill. Lower Town was a merchantile centre, Tallinn also belonged to the Hansaetic League (1285). It is often referred to as the town of citizens. Any grown-up, married and economically independent person, born in a legal marriage between two free people and having lived in the town for at least 3 months, could apply to the Magistracy for citizenship. Serfs could escape from serdom after having successfully hidden in town for a year and a day. Two parts remained separated until the end of the 19th century. Four Names
been narrowed down to either a Labradoodle or Portuguese Water Dog, and they hoped to find a shelter animal. On April 12, 2009, it was reported that the Obamas had adopted a six-month- old Portuguese Water Dog. Obamas' pet The name of the First Family's dog is "Bo." Malia and Sasha picked the dog's name. Bo was born on October, 9, 2008. He is a Portuguese Water Dog from the same breeders of the Portuguese Water Dogs that belonged to the late Senator Ted Kennedy. Senator Kennedy recommended the breed when he found that the President was looking for a dog breed that is usually not a problem for those with dog allergies. The Obamas added Bo to the family when he was just a puppy and he has grown into a beautiful specimen of the breed. The White House refers to Bo as the "First Dog". Racism A race is a group of people that come from a common background. That group is generally determined based on skin color
galled (340) Angry, upset; Bitterness of feeling; rancor; Something bitter to endure Lipsha wants to run away. He doesn't want to go back to the reservation where everyone knew his background. He was too galled. to crimp (348) To mark sth(a card); To press or pinch into small regular folds or ridges: crimp a pie crust.; To bend or mold (leather) into shape King and Lipsha started playing poker. Lipsha decided that he belonged and that he was a real kid now. Then he crimped himself an ace. harrowing (354) - Extremely distressing; agonizing When Lipsha told Gerry his name, Gerry started to laugh. Lipsha felt joy and comfort, but for King and Lynetteit was harrowing. to ascertain (359) - To make certain, definite, and precise The police were looking for Gerry. They were standing in the door and it took a quick look to ascertain that Gerry wasn't in the apartment.
Topic London Tallinn English College Tallinn 2007 1. Introduction London is the capital city of the United Kingdom and the largest urban area in England. The ancient City of London, to which the name originally belonged, still maintains its medieval boundaries, but the name "London" has long applied more to the whole metropolis that has grown up around it. London has been an important settlement for over two millenniums. It is also one of the world's leading business, financial and cultural centres and its influence in politics, education, entertainment and even fashion contribute to its status as a major global city. London is a major tourist attraction with four world heritage sites, several royal parks
Estonian Maritime Museum and the Seaplane Harbour For years the Estonian Maritime Museum had been searching for a harbour for its growing museum fleet, which as a result was scattered. The idea and opportunity to develop a harbour for the museum arose in August 2003, when it became clear that the contract to keep the ice breaker ,,Suur Tõll" at the Admiralty basin in the city centre was about to expire. Part of the seaplane harbour belonged to the Ministry of the Environment and the ownership of the other part was under dispute. The seaplane harbour was in a very bad condition, but after some basic maintenance the first ship was ready to be transferred. The ice breaker ,,Suur Tõll" arrived there on January 26th, 2004. By October 2004, all other museum's ships submarine ,,Lembit", mine vessel ,,Kalev", patrol boat ,,Grift" and the research vessel ,,Mare" - were brought to the Seaplane Harbour. By July
According to tradition, a shrine was first founded here in 616. The historic Abbey was built by Edward the Confessor between 1045-1050 and was consecrated on December 28, 1065. · Westminster Cathedral in London is the mother church of the Catholic community in England and Wales and the Metropolitan Church and Cathedral of the Archbishop of Westminster. It is dedicated to the "Most Precious Blood of Jesus Christ". The site on which the cathedral stands originally belonged to the Benedictine monks who founded Westminster Abbey. Since then, it has been variously used as a market, a garden, a waste dump, and a prison. · Westminster Hall is the oldest building on the Parliamentary estate. In and around the Hall, grew up the major institutions of the British state: Parliament, the law courts and various government
Then began a long chain of occupation and control by foreign powers. In the 1200s the German crusaders converted Estonia into a Christianity by force and took control over South Estonia. In 1219 Denmark conquered Northern Estonia. About a century later, in 1346 Denmark sold its territory to Germany. By the 1500s German nobles owned much of Estonia's land. After the Livonian War (1558-1583) the northern part of Estonia went under Swedish control, the southern part belonged to Poland and the islands to Denmark. Only in1629 the whole mainland Estonia became subject to Sweden. Under Swedish rule the University of Tartu was founded in 1632 and also the oldest school working on the same premises was founded in Tallinn (GAG).After the Northern War (1700-1721) Estonia became a province of Russia. During that period the gentry of Baltic-German origin prevailed in Estonia. They kept estates in Estonia until 1919.
Landeskirche in the Estonian and Livonian territories, the Lutheran church long maintained a de facto predominance. The most important organ of Baltic German local government was the Diet, consisting of all the noble families who had been `selected' in a list of the eligible. Although jealously guarding their privileges, the knighthoods still never became entirely closed. Between sessions of a Diet, the legislative power of the knighthoods belonged to the Council of the Diet. The towns were governed by the Town Councils, which supplemented their ranks from among the representatives of merchants and lawyers. The citizens and the inhabitants of a town did not coincide -- most of the population had no civic rights. The lower class mainly consisted of Estonians. While an special status secured the supremacy of the Baltic knighthood and the German upper classes
monarch, are subject to the law. Peasants' Revolt The Peasants' Revolt of 1381 is one of the most dramatic events of English history. It began as a local revolt in Essex and quickly spread across much of the south east of England. The causes of the Peasants Revolt: No peasants could be paid more than the wages paid in 1346. No lord or master should offer more wages than paid in 1346. No peasants could leave the village they belonged to. On June 14th, the king met the rebels at Mile End. At this meeting, Richard II gave the peasants all that they asked for and asked that they go home in peace. Some did. Others returned to the city and murdered the archbishop and Treasurer - their heads were cut off on Tower Hill by the Tower of London. Richard II spent the night in hiding in fear of his life. On June 15th, he met the rebels again at Smithfield outside of the city's walls. It is
other Estonians, the heavyweight wrestlers Georg Lurich, Aleksander Aberg and Georg Hackenschmidt were famous at the turn of the century. Before independence, Estonians were the best in the whole Russian empire in athletics (16 records out of 29), wrestling and weightlifting. Estonian sport was therefore born before the independent state. Actually, it was an important factor in our national awakening. Several great figures of national politics, among them the first president Konstantin Päts, belonged to the sports association "Kalev" (1901). Because of that it is no surprise that sportsmen have always been held in high regard in Estonia. The most popular fields of sport are light athletics (Olympic winners Jüri Tarmak and Jaak Uudmäe); basketball (Olympic winner Tiit Sokk, Martin Müürsepp in NBA); chess (grandmasters Jaan Ehlvest and Lembit Oll); sailing (double Olympic winners Tõnu and Toomas Tõniste); and cycling (Olympic winners Aavo Pikkuus and Erika Salumäe).
ENGLISH LITERATURE Ancient Britain Lived on the British Isles in the 1st millenium. They most probably came from Eastern Europe and belonged to the Celtic race and also spoke Celtic. They were primitive hunters- gatherers, farmers. Some Celtic words are still used in modern English, however they are used mostly in place names. For example: · avon river · cumb valley · ford shallow place in the river Ancient Britons had their own religion and priests or druids and temples. In the year 55 BC Britain became a Roman province. Romans were highly developed and
we are familiar with. Some parts of the continent were richer in vegetable food, but there were no cultivated crops or animals that could be domesticated such as cattle and sheep. As Australia was isolated from the rest of the world, Aboriginals had very little contact with other people from whom to borrow tehniques, to trade good, to acquire crop seeds or animals. Each clan grouping occupied a welldefined area of land. The group belonged with, or to the land as well the animals and plants. They had no idea of being able to buy or sell land, the land was given long ago, in the Dreamtime. Aborigines were limited to the food, which they had growing naturally in their area. But they knew when, where and how to find anything edible. But food was not obtained without effort. Inland, the search for water was a life and death matter. Aborigines survived where the others would have died
farmers. The farms that in the beginning were lonely, were brought together by the railway built in 1869. In the 15th century there were about two million Indians in America but due to diseases brought by Europeans and wars fought between them, by 1900 there were only about 250,000 natives left. The Indian wars finally ended in 1890 with the Battle of Wounded Knee and after it the government gave the Indians reservations, pieces of land that belonged to them. At the beginning of the 19th century many settlers came to America, in search for a better life. By the middle of the 19th century there were already 34 states in the U.S.A. The United States grew to be one of the great powers of the world. The nation fought in the First World War. After the war women got the right to vote for the first time. In 1929 the Great Depression began with the stock market crash. Banks, factories
them land and from 1862 to 1900 they became farmers. The farms that in the beginning were lonely, were brought together by the railway built in 1869.In the 15th century there were about two million Indians in America but due to diseases brought by Europeans and wars fought between them, by 1900 there were only about 250,000 natives left. The Indian wars finally ended in 1890 with the Battle of Wounded Knee and after it the government gave the Indians reservations, pieces of land that belonged to them.At the beginning of the 19th century many settlers came to America, in search for a better life. By the middle of the 19th century there were already 34 states in the U.S.A. The United States grew to be one of the great powers of the world. The nation fought in the First World War. After the war women got the right to vote for the first time.In 1929 the Great Depression began with the stock market crash. Banks, factories and farms shut down and many Americans were unemployed
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