energy for heating and lighting. Picture 2.5. How energy is used in commercial buildings Electricity and natural gas are the most common energy sources used in commercial buildings. Commercial buildings also use another source that you don't usually find used in residential buildings--district energy. When there are many buildings close together, like on a college campus or in a big city, it is sometimes more efficient to have a central heating and cooling plant that distributes steam, hot water, or chilled water to all of the different buildings. A district system can reduce equipment and maintenance costs, as well as save energy. 9 Picture 2.6. Types of energy used in commercial buildings Retail and service buildings use the most total energy of all the commercial building types. This isn't too surprising when you think of all the stores and service businesses in most towns
Tartu Miina Härma gymnasium Biogas The source of future energy Report Tartu 2010 Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................... What is biogas?................................................................................................... Producing process............................................................................................... Nowadays............................................................................................................ Areas where biogas is used in............................................................................. Biogas as replacement of fuel.......................................................................... Other benefits....................................
vi Contents 12. Smoking 231 Zdzisław E. Sikorski and Edward Kol ´ akowski 13. Meat Packaging 247 Maurice G. O’Sullivan and Joseph P. Kerry 14. Novel Technologies for Microbial Spoilage Prevention 263 Oleksandr Tokarskyy and Douglas L. Marshall 15. Plant Cleaning and Sanitation 287 Stefania Quintavalla PART II. Products 299 16. Cooked Ham 301 Fidel Toldrá, Leticia Mora, and Mónica Flores 17. Cooked Sausages 313 Eero Puolanne 18. Bacon 327
period and responsible momentum 2 Three forces to attack the waves There are three forces that are responsible for wave formation. Two of them (gravitational force and Coriolis force) are supporting the formation, one of them (surface tension) reduces the high of waves. At first the gravitational force: This one out of four forces in physics is dominant for wave generation. The gravitational force drives the water from the crest of a wave to wave through. Because of this the potential energy of the elevated water masses is converted into kinetic energy of the waves. The coriolis force is a minor one. This force force is caused by the rotation of the earth. Waves which are caused by this force are very long. The wavelength could be about one km. The surface tension works against the two forces mentioned above. The force caused by the tension of the surface is low and provokes more smaller waves.
various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, it is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and undergo intense heat and pressure. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of porosity and permeable structures). It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol (or gasoline) and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of
of these can vary considerably. Some technologies are already mature and economically competitive (e.g. geothermal and hydropower), others need additional development to become competitive without subsidies. This can be helped by improvements to sub-components, such as electric generators. The table shows an overview of costs of various renewable energy technologies. For comparison with the prices in the table, electricity production from a conventional coal-fired plant costs about 4¢/kWh. Though in some G8 nations the cost can be significantly higher at 7.88p (~15¢/kWh).Achieving further cost reductions as indicated in the table below requires further technology development, market deployment, an increase in production capacities to mass production levels,and of the establishment of an emissions trading scheme and/or carbon tax which would attribute a cost to each unit of carbon emitted; thus reflecting the true cost of energy
going stay bolts. Two central bores, one at the top and one halfway down inside the cylinder block, enclose the cylinder liner. The upper part of the cylinder block forms part of the cooling water space around the central part of the cylinder liner, whereas the lower part forms the scavenge air space. A central bore in the bottom of the cylinder block encloses the piston rod stuffing box. The bottom is double with a hollow space through which cooling water is circulated. On the exhaust side of the cylinder block there is a circular opening leading into the longitudinal scavenge air receiver of the engine. Furthermore, there is an inlet pipe for cooling and lubricating oil. The cylinder block is provided with cleaning and inspection covers for the cooling water and scavenge air spaces. VOCABULARY tighten tihendama, pingutama , stay bolt ankrupolt bore ava; puurima ;
............10 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................12 References..........................................................................................................................................13 Introduction What is nuclear power? Nuclear power is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions. The most common method today is through nuclear fission, though other methods include nuclear fusion and radioactive decay. All utility-scale reactors heat water to produce steam, which is then converted into mechanical work for the purpose of generating electricity or propulsion. In 2007, 14% of the world's electricity came from nuclear power. More than 150 nuclear-powered naval vessels have been built, and a few radioisotope rockets have been produced. Nuclear life cycle
3.53.9 Lethal to salmonids, although acclimated roach can survive for longer 3.03.4 Most fish are killed within hours at these levels Environmental effects Very obvious environmental effect of acid rain is the loss of fish in acid sensitive lakes and streams. Loads of fishes are not able to survive in acidic water. There are 2 ways acid rain effects lakes and streams: chronic and episodic. The first one is long-term process and this acidification is result from years of acidic rainfall. Episodic, on the other hand, is rapid change sudden jump in the acidity of water. Acid deposition may influence forest vegetation and soils. It removes soil nutrients such as calcium and magnesium from soils in high elevation forests. Acid rain may also help weaken natural defenses of some trees, making them more vulnerable to some diseases and pests. Acid rain
Moving on, What is clay? (slide 4) Clay is fine-grained, firm earthy material that is plastic when wet and hardens when heated. Clay minerals are size of (point zero one mm)0,01mm. It is consisting primarily of hydrated silicates of aluminum and widely used in making bricks, tiles, and pottery. Clay minerals are typically formed over long periods of time by the gradual chemical weathering of rocks, by low concentrations of carbonic acid and other solvents. These solvents, usually acidic, migrate through the weathering rock after leaching through upper weathered layers. In addition to the weathering process, some clay minerals are formed by hydrothermal activity. Clay deposits may be formed in place as remainder deposits in soil, but thick deposits usually are formed as the result of a secondary sedimentary deposing process. Clay deposits are typically associated with very low energy depositional environments such as large lakes and marine basins. (slide 5)
Depending on the plant, starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight. Glycogen, the glucose store of animals, is a more highly branched version of amylopectin. In industry, starch is converted into sugars, for example by malting, and fermented to produce ethanol in the manufacture of beer, whisky and biofuel. It is processed to produce many of the sugars used in processed foods. The biggest industrial non-food use of starch is as an adhesive in the papermaking process. Starch can be applied to parts of some garments before ironing, to stiffen them. Mixing most starches in warm water produces a paste, such as wheatpaste, which can be used as a thickening, stiffening or gluing agent. Slide 3 Starch is the major component of natural food, sometimes taking about 70% of the mass. Therefore it is important to know how starch content and its characteristics like size, cell thickness change starch digestion in gastrointestinal tract. Slide 4
It differs from it by a very flat flow profile. Since the driving force along the capillary (i.e on its inner walls), is homogeneous, the pressure drop across the 8 capillary is absent. This effect explain a very slight broadening of the bands observed in the CE (Fig. 4). Separation process Band separation in zone electrophoresis is based on a combination of electrophoretic mobility and electroosmotic flow of ions. In electroosmosis effect voltage value, ionic strength, viscosity of a buffer, additives in eluent and different coatings of the capillary walls. Electrophoretic mobility of positive,
✘ There are many hybrid varieties of livestock, plants, and poultry available today. The livestock and poultry are injected with hormones and other chemicals to increase the yield. Alternatives? Organic Farming: We are all well-accustomed to this concept of farming. It produces good quality food without using any chemical fertilizer or pesticides, helps reduce diseases, and lowers the environmental impact. Hydroponics: In this method, plants are grown not in the soil but in water containing dissolved nutrients in greenhouses. This technique eradicates diseases caused by soil organisms but the plant needs constant support, supervision, and is grown in areas where there's no soil. Biological Control: Using a predator intentionally to fix the pest population size is known as biological control. This technique demands utmost caution and thorough study, as it could go all wrong, if not managed properly.
Eng http://waterhammer.hopout.com.au/ Provide an insight into what piping designers need & expect Define the role of the supplier & designer Learn some fundamentals of piping design Discover failure analysis techniques Share experiences of problems A Course In the Design of ABS Piping What We Shall Look at This Week ABS Material Properties Thermoplastic Pipe Design Waterhammer Analysis Typical Applications of ABS Pressure Pipe Some Anticipated Events Stages of the Design Process Representation-Drawings & Specification Calculation-Engineering & Assumptions Visualisation-Presentation of Information Validation-Testing & Commissioning Role of the ABS Pipe Supplier What the Customer Expects Avoid the following: Material Properties Accept design risk for a sale Design Criteria Accept MTO risk Design Guidance What you should do Material take off (MTO) Provide only accurate Applicable Standards information
[A very low] does not. max 3 [3] 6. (a) (i) award both marks for correct answer 10 000 / 800 000 (× 100); 1.25 / 1.3 / 1(%); 2 (ii) R any reference to energy / light missing the plant reflected (off plant) / only certain wavelengths of light can be, absorbed / used; ora absorbed by / hits, non-photosynthetic parts; e.g. bark passes through leaf / misses chlorophyll / misses chloroplasts; some is heat that is used in evaporation / respiration; max 2 (iii) bacteria / named bacterium decomposer; (Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas) 1
When water saturates the upper surface, bogs and ponds may form, providing moisture for plants, and breeding thousands of insects that attract many migrating birds. Animals are adapted to handle cold winters and to breed and raise young quickly in the very short and cool summers. Some animals have grown thick fur that turns white in the winter. Others find a place to hibernate during the winter months. Many plants have dark red leaves that allow the plant to absorb more heat from the sun in the cold tundra climate. All of the plants are adapted to sweeping winds and disturbances of the soil. Many plants grow in a low, tight clump - this growth habit helps protect them from the cold and snow. They can carry out photosynthesis at low temperatures and low light intensities. The growing season is short and most plants reproduce by budding and division rather than sexually by flowering. There are no
Wind turbines make noise. Slowly rotating blades can kill birds and bats. Wind is variable: if it's not blowing , there's no electricity generated. Wind turbines are expensive. Hydroelectric power Hydropower is electricity generated using the energy of moving water. Hydropower is the cheapest way to generate electricity today. It's a clean fuel source that is renewable yearly by snow and rainfall. Hydropower is readily available; engineers can control the flow of water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand. In addition, reservoirs may offer recreational opportunities, such as swimming and boating. A typical hydro plant is a system with three parts: an electric plant where the electricity is produced; a dam that can be opened or closed to control water flow; and a reservoir where water can be stored. Hydroelectric power provides almost onefifth of the world's electricity. China, Canada, Brazil, the United States, and Russia were the five
The perfect coffee. That is, to extract and put into solution, the coffee oils and the soluble (and semi-soluble compounds) that are formed when the coffee bean is roasted.18%-22% is the optimum extraction rate for good coffee. Under Extraction occurs when the brewing time is too short and not enough coffee soluble are extracted into solution. This can occur if the water is not hot enough or if the water passes through the ground coffee too quickly. An insipid, thin brew lacking in body and flavour will result. Over Extraction occurs when the water is in contact with the ground coffee for too long and too much of the coffee soluble are extracted than is desirable. A harsh tasting bitter brew will result. Freshness Coffee is best enjoyed as soon as it has been brewed. Oxygen in the atmosphere causes the taste to rapidly deteriorate and the beverage loses its aromatic oils and may soon
The autumn leaf fall provides for an abundant and rich humus which begins to decay rapidly in spring just as the growing season begins. The humus content gives soil horizons a brown colour. Temperate rainforest: This forest has nutrient-rich soil because there is a lot of dead organic matter on the ground. This dead material is being slowly digested by the fungi, insects, and bacteria that live here. Temperate Grasslands: Calcification is the dominant soil-forming process in semiarid regions. When this process works on a loess that itself is rich in calcium, the world's most fertile soils are created, the chernozems (A Russian term meaning black soil). Taiga: The low temperatures inhibit bacterial and fungal action, so the decomposition rate is low and the leaf litter relatively deep.The soil in the taiga is thin, acidic and not very nutrient rich. It also is rocky. 6. What is permafrost
causing melting of polar ice caps, rise in sea levels and also flash floods, excessive snow or desertification. FIND OUT 5 WAYS HOW TO STOP GLOBAL WARMING. 3. Overpopulation: The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels as it faces shortage of resources like water, fuel and food. Population explosion in less developed and developing countries is straining the already scarce resources. Intensive agriculture practiced to produce food, damages the environment through use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. FIND OUT 5 WAYS HOW TO STOP OVERPOPULATION. 4. Waste Disposal: The over consumption of resources and creation of plastics are creating a global crisis of waste disposal. Developed countries are notorious for producing an excessive amount of waste or garbage and dumping their waste in the oceans and, less developed countries. Nuclear waste disposal has tremendous health hazards associated with it
2013): 1. Bacteria a) Heterotrophic bacteria, eg. symbiotic and non - symbiotic N2 fixers, ammonifier, cellulose decomposers, denitrifiers b) Autrotrophic bacteria, eg. nitrosomonas, nitrobacter, sulphur oxidizers, etc; 2. Fungus; 3. Viruses 4. Actinomycetes and stretomyces; 5. Algae eg. BGA, yellow gree algae, golden brown algae. The soil microflora largely depends on the type of soil, temperature, moisture, plant growth, nutrients, pH, and many other factors which may vary between locations but also within a single plot and over very small distances (OECD, 2007). Nevertheless of the quantity of microflora, biomass of all microorganisms living in soil play an important role in the functioning of entire soil ecosystems because their enormous biochemical activity (Barabasz et al. 2002). Soil microflora cycles carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, plays a role in soil structure
domestic livestock. As a result much of the world's savannas have undergone change as a result of grazing by sheep, goats and cattle, ranging from changes in pasture composition to woody weed encroachment. The removal of grass by grazing affects the woody plant component of woodland systems in two major ways. Grasses compete with woody plants for water in the topsoil and removal by grazing reduces this competitive effect, potentially boosting tree growth. In addition to this effect the removal of fuel reduces both the intensity and the frequency of fires which may control woody plant species. Grazing animals can have a more direct effect on woody plants by the browsing of palatable woody species. There is
In all cases, absorption appears to be limited to cell layers immediately adjacent to the point of contact. Entry of formaldehyde into the blood (i.e., systemic absorption) occurs to a very limited extent, if at all. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE In reviewing the fate of formaldehyde in the environment, it should be noted that the environmental factors that influence the bioavailability to humans of formaldehyde from contaminated air, water, or plant material have not been studied. Air Formaldehyde is removed from the atmosphere by direct photolysis and oxidation by photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Formaldehyde absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation at wavelengths of 360 nm and longer; therefore, it is capable of photolyzing in sunlight. A half-life of 6 hours has been measured for photolysis in simulated sunlight. There are two photolytic pathways, one producing H2 and CO, and the other producing H and HCO radicals
The sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is an annual(iga aastane) plant in the family Asteraceae, with a large flower head (inflorescence(õiekobar, õisik, õitseaeg, õidumine)). The stem(tüvi) of the flower can grow up to 3 metres tall, with the flower head reaching 30 cm in diameter. The term "sunflower" is also used to refer(nimetama, viitama, üle andma) to all plants of the genus(perekond, sugu) Helianthus, many of which are perennial(alaline, aastaringne) plants. What is usually called the flower is actually a head (formally(ametlikult) composite(liit-,
changes in different situations. The variables investigated were flow rate inside a submerged helical coil and agitation of the bath. To investigate the change in heat transfer coefficient in different situations, a simple experiment was set up. It consisted of a rectangular isolated tank, which was filled with water, submerged steel coil and an agitator. A rotameter was used to measure the flow rate, and a pump was used to force the water through the coil. A thermocouple was placed at each end of the coil to measure the inlet and outlet temperatures and another thermometer used to measure the overall temperature of the water inside the bath. Two different approaches were taken, one of them was investigating heat change coefficient in steady state and the other was studying it in an unsteady state. In steady state, a constant flow rate and agitation was applied until temperatures stayed constant, then were the readings taken
as polyp. There are more than 300 varieties of coral, which is a ultimate dream of every shell- collector. There are undersea observations, glass-bottomed boats and water scopes for undersea viewing, as well as skin-diving equipment. The Great Barrier Reef is and ideal place for a sunny holiday. The relief: Australia is an old and low continent with simple relief. Plains cover the greater part of the land. Most of the rocks have turned into sand and there are big sand deserts on the Western Plateau. In the centre of Australia are lowlands which are covered with sedimentary rocks. Deserts cover most of the land in Australia. Most of the deserts lie in the central and north-western part of the country. The deserts in Australia occupy 18% of the continent. The biggest deserts are the Great Victory Desert, the Great Sandy Desert, the Tanami Desert, the Simpson Desert and the Gibson Desert.
Most fish will naturally stop eating and hibernate at the bottom of the pond when the temperature of the water goes below 45 degrees. If you live in a climate where the pond will completely freeze over (even at the edges) you will need to create a hole in the ice for the fish to remain alive. · Will the winter cold kill my plants? Yes, if it goes below freezing in your area. Bring plants inside for the winter months. · Do I need to filter the water? That will depend on your climate and the design of your system. Ask a local dealer his recommendations for your geographical area concerning filtration. (look up in the Yellow Pages under ponds or water gardening) The action of water moving provides some natural filtration, so sometimes you can get away with only a fountain or waterfall. There are biological filters and cartridge filters available from pond supply outlets
The idea of unifying all the states first came to Earl Grey in 1847. It was only on January 1, 1901, that the Australian colonies federated to become the Commonwealth of Australia. As neither Sydney nor Melbourne was an acceptable new capital, a new city Canberra was built as a result of an architectural competition. Geographical position. The Commonwealth of Australia is on the Southern Hemisphere. The tropic of Capricorn goes through Australia. It is the only continent except Antarctica that is all south of the equator. Its name also means `southland'. It is the smallest continent of the World. Since it is all south of the equator its seasons are all opposite than ours. It is an island continent. The territory of Australia is 7.6 million square kilometres. Its coasts are washed by the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Australia has an even coastline. The northern coast is more idented (tasane)
(slide) Firstly, the concrete contains pores and capillaries which fulfill with water. In laboratories several test have been worked out to measure the permeability but in real life we have a similar situations in marine areas. Next, there are three major types of flow constants for concrete. (slide) Firstly there is permeability which is a rate of flow of fluid into a porous solid of concrete. Then comes diffusivity- a situation where gas or liquid will be transmitted through the substance. And finally there is sorptivity which is a process where liquid is absorbed by capillarity. When the concrete is drying, it is very important to cure it well. (slide) It means watering the concrete to keep all the previous factors as low as possible. (slide) Degradation of concrete is mainly caused by chemical affects such as reactions with sulfates, sea water, acids and alkalis and physical affects including frost, fire, wind and water erosion
How to Stop Water Pollution Water pollution is one of the biggest threats to the environment today. There are several sources of water pollution ranging from sewage and fertilizers to soil erosion. The impact of water pollution on wildlife and their natural habitat can be immense. While it may seem like preventing water pollution can be an overwhelming subject to tackle, there are also a number of things that the average person can do to help stop water pollution. Tips on Preventing Water Pollution The best solution for water pollution is prevention. While pollution that has already occurred is a current threat to all life on Earth, attempts to clean it up may cause even more harm.There are several steps that can be taken to help prevent water pollution from getting worse. Keep Machinery in Good Working Order The oil used to lubricate engines in all types of machines needs to be changed regularly. When the oil is changed, it presents
Then Re number increase, it means, that we have turbulent flow. In this conditions Navier-Stokes equation take form of Euler equation. Navier-Stokes equation consist of two parts. One part, that consist volume becomes greater and equation transform into linear. Another part, what consist viscosity, becomes smaller and transform into non-linear term equation. 4. What means asymptotic analysing of the problem? Asymptotic analysing is a method of describing limiting behaviour(boundary conditions). For example in physical system it describes behaviour in very large systems. We use this method then we operate with very high viscosity, much number and so on. 1 5. What gives introducing of Reynolds, Mach and other numbers in Fluid Dynamics? This numbers help us to divide flow into different cases. For example high Re number tell us, what we deal with turbulent flow. If Re number is low, we have laminar flow.
in a way, that when the water level exceeds some point, the sewage water will be sent directly to the outflow or in some cases to some biopools. There are a lot of straight drainage systems, ditches and dykes near the forests and farmlands which used to be excessively damp. This contributes a lot to the flooding in the spring, because the water will reach the main river in a very short time. The flood plain grasslands located along the riverbanks are the typical example of plant communities formed as a result of the joint influence of river floods and human activities. They used to maintain the grassland through hay-making but now the endorsements are very low and owners don't take care of the land at the river bank. Some scientists think that letting the grasslands grow untouched is good for the biodiversity, but this is not the case here. For example eagles, which hunt on these grounds just abandon these areas and move on to nest somewhere else
The engine room houses the vessel's prime mover, usually some variations of a heat engine - diesel engine, gas or steam turbine. On some ships, the machinery space may comprise more than one engine room, such as forward and aft, or port or starboard engine rooms, or may be simply numbered. 1.1)Main engine The engine room of a motor vessel typically contains several engines for different purposes. Main, or propulsion engines are used to turn the ship's propeller and move the ship through the water. They typically burn diesel oil or heavy fuel oil, and may be able to switch between the two. There are many propulsion arrangements for motor vessels, some including multiple engines, propellers, and gearboxes. Large engines drive electrical generators that provide power for the ship's electrical systems. Large ships typically have three or more synchronized generators to ensure smooth operation. The combined output of a ship's generators is well above the actual power requirement to
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