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Food Microstructure and Starch Digestion (0)

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Inglise keel - Kõik luuletused, mis on inglise keeles




  Slide 1   Good morning/afternoon/evening! My name is //////// and my topic is food microstructure 
and starch digestion. The presentation is approximately 7-10 minutes long and I will be glad 
to answer your questions at the end.  Slide 2  Starch is important carbohydrate in human diet containing in potatoes, maize, rice, cassava. 
It is produced by most green plants as energy source. Pure starch is a white, tasteless and 
odorless  powder  that  is  insoluble  in  cold  water  or  alcohol.    It  consists  of  two  types  of 
molecules: the linear and helical amylose and the branched amylopectin. Depending on the 
plant,  starch  generally  contains  20  to  25%  amylose  and  75  to  80%  amylopectin  by 
weight. Glycogen,  the  glucose  store  of  animals,  is  a  more  highly  branched  version  of 
amylopectin.  In  industry,  starch  is  converted  into  sugars,  for  example  by malting, 
and fermented to  produce ethanol in  the  manufacture  of beer, whisky and biofuel.  It  is 
processed  to  produce  many  of  the  sugars  used  in  processed  foods.  The  biggest  industrial 
non-food use of starch is as an adhesive in the papermaking process. Starch can be applied 
to  parts  of  some  garments  before  ironing,  to  stiffen  them.  Mixing most  starches  in  warm 
water produces a paste, such as wheatpaste, which can be used as a thickening, stiffening or 
gluing agent.  Slide 3  Starch is the major component of natural food, sometimes taking about 70% of the mass. 
Therefore it is important to know how starch content and its  characteristics like size, cell 
thickness change starch digestion in gastrointestinal tract.  Slide 4  In mammals starch is hydrolysed by enzymes into glucose through several steps. The first 
step  takes  place  in  the  mouth  were  the  salivary  alfa-amylase  reacts,  but  its  efficiency 
degrades  when  it  reaches  the  stomach.  In  the  stomach  different  digestive  fluids,  which 
contain  starch  degrading  enzymes,  do  the  hydrolysis.  The  third  step  and  the  majority  of 
starch hydrolysis takes place in small intestine where pancreatic alfa-amylase break the most 
bonds  and  creates  new  products.  The  fourth  and  last  stepi  s  hydrolysing  the  remaining 
oligosaccharides  by  the  brunch  border  enzymes  of  the  intestine.  The  starch  digestion  in 
mammals  and  humans  is  very  similar  due  to  the  build  of  the  gastrointestinal  tract  and 
enzymes in that tract.  Slide 5  The  microstructure  of  natural  foods  influences  how  the  chemical  and  mechanical  food 
processing is carried out. Cells of the raw food generally rupture but cells in cooked food 
separate  because  therma  processing  destabilizes  pectic  material.  The  texture  of  food  is 
influenced by parenchyma cell size, cell wall composition and thickness. The abudance of 
starch in cell and the shape and sizes of the granules is also important for the food texture. 
For example it is reported that in potatoes that have higher strach content and closely packed 


  cell arrangement, the fracturability is higher. Cooking or just thermal heating starch leads to 
an  increase  of  hydrolysis    and  therefore  makes  it  easier  for  enzymatic  attack  in  the 
gastrointestinaal tract.  Slide 6  Starch digestion is also  different in various foods with diferent  components. Proteins that 
attaches to starch granules may make harder to digest starch. Cooking starch with protein 
may also reduce effectness of digestion. Protein forms around starch and it is harder to break 
through to starch. Ohter study found out that adding sodium sulphite to starch can prevent 
enzyme-resistant polymers that increase the speed of digestion because amylotic enzymes 
can easily hydrolyse starch. Removing gluten may also work to increase digestion time, but 
adding it back doed not reverse the reaction.  Slide 7  This study found out how important is starch in our everyday life. Starch is one of the most 
important carbohydrates in our diet and therefore we studies how we can imprõve or decrease 
the digestion of starch by thermal treatment or adding different chemicals. Starch is easier 
to digest, when food is cooked and added components like sodium sulphite, but digestion 
increases when food is eaten raw and has much protein in it. But for specific overview of 
how starch acts with different components, I highly recommend to read the study yourself.  Slide 8  Here is my terminology, I will not stop here for longer.  Slide 9  And here are my references. My article is from book series „Advances in Food and Nutrition 
Research“  volume  70.  All  the  illustrative  pictures  are  taken  from  the  Internet  and 
terminology translated from Environmental Dictionary.  Thank you for your attention! Now I gladly accept your questions you may have. 
Food Microstructure and Starch Digestion #1 Food Microstructure and Starch Digestion #2
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Esitlus inglisekeelsest teadusallikast, käsitleb tärklise rolli seedimises ja kuidas tärklise lagundamine seedetraktis toimub
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