customers. Realistic supply chains have multiple end products with shared components, facilities and capacities. The flow of materials is not always along an arborescent network, various modes of transportation may be considered, and the bill of materials for the end items may be both deep and large. 1 To simplify the concept, supply chain management can be defined as a loop: it starts with the customer and ends with the customer. All materials, finished products, information, and even all transactions flow through the loop. However, supply chain management can be a very difficult task because in the reality, the supply chain is a complex and dynamic network of facilities and organizations with different, conflicting objectives. Supply chains exist in both service and manufacturing organizations, although the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to
− Controls, monitors, or supervises top management. − Reviews and approves the use of resources. − Cares for shareholders’ interests. − Assures that the corporation is managed in accordance with state laws, security regulations and conflict of interest situations. Role of the Board in Strategic Management • Monitor developments inside and outside the corporation. • Evaluate and influence management proposals, decisions and actions. • Set corporate strategy, the corporation’s overall direction, mission, and vision. Carroll’s (1979) four responsibilities of business in order of priority … • Economic (must do) • Legal (have do) • Ethical (should do) • Discretionary (might do) *agenditeooria suures ettevõttes, * mis on mission, EKSISTENTS – KES ME OLEMA JA MIDA VÄÄRTUSTAME *suure ettevõtte hierarhia *Mintzberg The 5 Ps of Strategy were created by Henry Mintzberg in 1987. Each of the 5 Ps
Fookus sisekeskkonnale: ressursid ja võimalused Fookus tulevikku: otsused, plaanid, muutused Strateegilise juhtimise baasteooriad: Ratsionaalse otsustamise vaade (nt Ansoff, LCAG mudel) Majandusteaduslik vaade (nt Property rights, Principal-agent, Mänguteooria, tööstusökonoomika) Ressursid ja teadmised (nt resource vased view, knowledge-based view) Organisatsiooni ökoloogia (nt Organization ecology) Evolutsiooniline ja tõlgendav vaade (nt strategy as practice) Strateegilise juhtimise tsükkel: Keskkonna kategooriad: Strateegiad moodustavad üldise kava selle kohta, kuidas äriühing täidab oma missiooni ja saavutab seatud eesmärgid, ning sisaldab nelja strateegia tasandit: Operatiivstrateegiad ehk funktsionaalsed organisatsiooni funktsionaalsete valdkondade eesmärgistatud plaanid, sisaldavad nt: o Teeninduse strateegia, Tootmise strateegia, Turunduse strateegia,
.....................................................................................10 4.2. Outstanding Tasks and Projects ......................................................................................10 4.3. SWOT Analysis of the IT Department ...........................................................................11 4.4. Risk Analysis ..................................................................................................................12 5. IT Strategy..............................................................................................................................14 5.1. Mission............................................................................................................................14 5.2. Vision..............................................................................................................................14 5.3. IT Balanced Score Card .........................................
Preparing for exam. Focus areas Defining innovation ● “An innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption.” (Rogers 1952) ● CIS survey: “Product innovations must be new to your enterprise, but they do not need to be new to your market”. ● “Companies achieve competitive advantage through acts of innovation. They approach innovation in its broadest sense, including both new technologies and new ways of doing things” – (Porter 1990) ● “An innovative business is one which lives and breathes “outside the box”. It is
Cost Accounting. Chapter 1 Management accounting measures, analyzes, and reports financial and no financial information that helps managers make decisions to fulfill the goals of an organization. Financial accounting focuses on reporting to external parties such as investors, government agencies, banks and suppliers. It measures and records business transactions and provides financial statements that are based on GAAP. Cost accounting measures, analyzes, and reports financial and no financial information relating to cost of acquiring or using resources in an organization. Value-chain analysis: sequence of business functions in which customer usefulness is added to products and services. 1. Research and development 2. Design of products, services, or processes 3. Production 4. Marketing 5. Distribution 6. Customer service.
Case Google 1. What were the key factors behind Google's early success? There were 4 main key factors behind Google's early success: · Perfecting an innovative search engine- clearly the most important factor for Google's success. Google stopped counting keywords like old search engines and started using famous Page Rank algorithm. A reliable searches through the number of websites that link to a page to weight search result relevance. · Google focusing on the user- Focus on the user and all else will follow. Attraction for users were the no-nonsense simple white search pages and distractive colorful logo with no ads or editorial content on the page lead to
ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page iii CHANGE YOUR THINKING, CHANGE YOUR LIFE How to Unlock Your Full Potential for Success and Achievement B R I A N T R AC Y JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page i CHANGE YOUR THINKING, CHANGE YOUR LIFE ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page ii ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page iii CHANGE YOUR THINKING, CHANGE YOUR LIFE
Effective management in a global economy, where information travels at Internet speed, requires a proactive approach. Today’s strategic and operational complexities require a continua dialogue with investors, customers, advocates, suppliers, and employees. Companies increasingly emphasize the importance of relationships with external parties, ranging from consumers to investors to community groups, as key to their business success. Sustainability reporting is a vehicle for linking typically discrete and insular functions for the corporation in a more strategic manner. The process of developing a sustainability report provides a warning of trouble spots – and unanticipated opportunities – in supply chains, in communities, among regulations, and in reputation and brand management. Sustainability reporting helps sharpen management’s ability to assess the organizations
EU structural support and regional implementing agencies, that are available for a businessman to apply for a fund. A successful student will be aware of and understand the EU fundraising possibilities in the frames of cooperation with Russian and Eastern Partnership countries, and able to define the financing criteria and priorities. The current reading material summarises the main aspects covered by lectures and structurises the information channels for the future. The course supports the other Traderun courses, especially the course related to EU cooperation with Russia and Eastern Partnership Countries. 4 1. UKRAINE 1.1. General information 1.1.1. Country Profile Capital: Kyiv. Total area: 603,550 sq. km (the largest country in Europe by area that is physically within Europe entirely). Population: ~ 45 million (declining). Major cities and estimated population (Good news! Not all the business and capital
Raadschelders and Rutgers (1996) have brought out five phases in their article “Evolution of Civil Service systems” that describes how civil service has evolved and become one of the most important part of governing. In different times civil service has supported monarchs, kings, presidents and governments in their work reigning, ruling and leading people. Role of civil service has increased by every age- becoming more and more wider in tasks, obligations and responsibilities, so have the cost that it all brings. Considering this, governments nowadays have a task to evaluate the work of their civil service, to make it more productive and cost-effective. For this, different methods have been discussed, being influenced by different contexts, religion and other factors. Constant pressure on civil service forces governments to improve its performance and make it more and more effective. With a “help” of New Public Management and its
do it, enabled us to make significant changes. His work has enabled us to gain significant competitive differentiation and advantage" -LAURENCE HOF, Vice President, Relationship Consulting, Advanta Corporation "This will help executives make better decisions and use their influence wisely ... Robert Cialdini has had a greater impact on my thinking on this topic than any other scientist." -CHARLES T. MUNGER, Vice Chairman, Berkshire Hathaway, Inc. If you're wondering why of Latin America, the Far East, and Central Europe. you should buy this new edition of Influence: o More neuroscience evidence of how the influence process works is inte-
state in which any public activity is decreased and, if at all, exercised according to business principles of efficiency. NPM is based on the understanding that all human behavior is always motivated by self-interest and, specifically, profit maximization. Epistemologically, it shares with STE the quantification myth, i.e. that everything relevant can be quantified; qualitative judgments are not necessary. It is popularly denoted by concepts such as project management, flat hierarchies, customer orientation, abolition of career civil service, depolitization, total quality management, and contracting-out. NPM comes from Anglo-America, and it was strongly pushed by most of the International Finance Institutions (IFI's) such as the World Bank and the IMF. It originates from the 1980s with their dominance of neo-liberal governments (especially Thatcher and Reagan) and the perceived crisis of the Welfare state, but it came to full fruition in the early 1990s
Similarly, where do concentration, reflection, analysis and criticism enter? Are they best taught individually, or learned wholly as byproducts of studying mathematics, geography, history, etc? It is obvious that such skills are more valuable than any single subject which might be used as the vehicle to develop them. Inequality. Some students, subjected to identical classwork, learn rapidly and progress, while others fail. How can we predict success or failure, and compensate the at-risk children? Few practical options may be available to teachers. It is inevitable in universal public schooling that the extreme students, either dull or bright, will be hurt by our emphasis on the average. It is horrible to admit, but our society cannot assume that all members are capable of being well educated. We have unequal physical, mental and environmental status, and the poorer fringe will always exist
variables and optimize the weights). The validation sample (e.g., 200 cases) is used to evaluate the results from the first set of estimates. Most AES developers use multiple regression to create their models, but one developer uses multiple statistical techniques, and then selects the one that explains the most variance. In the second approach, the evaluation of content may be accomplished through the specification of vocabulary (i.e., the evaluation of the other aspects of writing is performed as described above). Latent Semantic Analysis and its variants are employed by some developers to provide estimates as to how close the vocabulary in the candidate answer is to a targeted vocabularly set. The third approach is to develop models that are based on a "gold standard" formulated by experts. To date this mechanism for developing models is more theoretical than applied. If normative models can be created for the relevant dimensions of writing (i.e
as including national central banks (and also ECB in the euro area), credit institutions and non-credit institutions which receive deposits from general public (individuals and non-MFI firms) and grant credit and/or invest in securities. Major non-credit MFIs in Europe are money market funds. Credit institutions are defined in the directive 1 relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions as: a) undertakings whose business is to receive deposits or other repayable funds from the public and to grant credits for its own account; or 1 Directive 2006/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2006 relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do? uri=CELEX:32006L0048:EN:NOT 1 b) electronic money institutions within the meaning of Directive 2000/46/EC.
..........................................93 APPENDIX 1: CRUSELL BRIDGE CASE STUDY .........................................................................97 6 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION Over time the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry has become more complex and demanding. Clients are no longer expecting only to meet schedule, cost and quality objectives but also to guarantee safety, human satisfaction and minimal negative environmental impact (Vanegas, DuBose and Pearce 1996). Traditional construction project delivery methods and models have failed to satisfy the expectations of both contractors and clients. The main problems and their causes are analysed in the second chapter of this thesis. Thus people in the AEC industry, including scholars and
........................................................................... 45 7. ACCOUNTING ............................................................................................................................ 49 7.1 Levels of the system of accounting regulation in the Russian Federation ................................ 49 7.2. The Federal Law "On Accounting" ............................................................................................ 51 7.3. Chart of accounts and other documents .............................................................................. 52 7.4. Russian tax system ................................................................................................................ 53 7.5. Banking system in Russia....................................................................................................... 53 ABOUT TRADERUN PROGRAMME........................................................................................................
-All Member States must obey the Charter. -Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means. -Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force. -The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country. -Countries should try to assist the United Nations. The basic structure of the United Nations is outlined in an organizational chart. What the structure does not show is that decision- making within the UN system is not as easy as in many other organizations. The UN is not an independent, homogeneous organization; it is made up of sovereign states, so actions by the UN depend on the will of Member States, to accept, fund or carry them out. Especially in matters of peace-keeping and international politics, it requires a complex, often slow, process of consensus-building that must take into account national sovereignty as well as global needs. The organization won the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize, and a number of its
e. has market power) is partially determined by the price elasticity of demand in the relevant price range. Note that when the seller selects a price (price maker) the demand function determines the quantity that will be purchased. · The conditions of entry or barriers to entry (BTE) are also important determinants of market power. If there are significant BTE, a firm or firms may be able to sustain above normal profits over time because other firms are prevented from entry to capture the above normal profits. Monopoly is the market structure that is usually associated with the greatest market power. · The monopolist produces a good with no close substitutes(increased probability the demand is relatively inelastic) and there are barriers to entry. Firms in monopolistic competition or imperfectly competitive markets are more likely to have
1. OBJECT-ORIENTED PARADIGM The Model •The model defines an abstract view to the problem. This implies that the model focuses only on problem related stuff and that you try to define properties of the problem. These properties include: 1 •the data which are affected and 2 •the operations which are identified by the problem. Object-oriented Paradigm •Everything is an object •A program is a bunch of objects telling each other what to do by sending messages •Each object has its own memory made up of other objects •Every object has a type •All objects of a particular type can receive the same messages Domain Model •A domain model does not represent the entire domain as it is in the real world. It includes only the concepts that are needed to support the application. Object •Is a partitioned area of memory where object code is stored •The area of memory is protected
economic challenges due to economic liberalization reforms. In this direction, Georgian Govern- ment made several important steps: Tax -The administration of tax and customs systems has been simplified. The number and rates of taxes have been significantly reduced making it easier for local and foreign businesses to do business. Currently, there are only 6 taxes and no capital gains, inheritance, wealth, property transfer; social, branch remittance or any other taxes are in place in Georgia. The coming into effect of a new comprehensive Tax Code (including customs legislation) on January 1, 2011 con- stitutes a further milestone in the development of tax legislation. Licenses and permits - Georgia has dramatically reduced licensing and permitting requirements to ease constraints on business. The total number of licenses and permits was cut by 84% in re- forms that eliminated 756 licenses and permits and streamlined procedures. Currently, licenses
PRODUCTS and BRANDS 1. product catalogue - a list of different products of one company 2. product mix - a range of similar in some way products considered together 2. product range - different particular and specific products of a company 3. product lifecycle - the stages of product lifetime and amount of people who use it at each stage 4. product positioning - is how we see a product or how a company would like us to see it in relation to other products 5. product placement - hidden commercial of a product. Customer can see a product in films, music videos and so on. 6. raw materials - basic materials from which products are made or manufactured 7. finished goods - are goods(products) that have completed manufacturing process and are ready to be sold and used by the end user 8. consumer goods - goods which are produced to satisfy consumer current needs and are bought for individual use 9
letter gets delivered. Why is this so easy, because there are certain international conventions that regulate postal services. E.g. traffic signs are almost the same everywhere, why? Because of certain int conventions that require the states to have more or less unified traffic signs. States apply international regulations to national regulations and they have to be in accordance with each other, the states can always specify these regulations. Therefore, PIL regulates people indirectly. Another unique feature: domestic law sources have a clear pyramid (top to bottom: constitution, laws, individual contracts, they cannot contradict each other) and all sources are written. In PIL there is no such hierarchy, but there are primary sources (all are equally important) and secondary sources and all are not written. Primary sources: written documents
x Paika panema ettevõtte strateegia, üleüldise suuna, missiooni ja visiooni 4. Strateegia 3 etappi suures organisatsioonis hierarhia alusel. Variandid olid erinevates järjekordades ja variantides käis läbi: äristrateegia - keskkonnastrateegia - finantsstrateegia - organisatsioni strateegia. Tuli valida õige järjestusega variant. Ettevõtte e organisatsiooni s. äristrateegia finantsstrateegia - keskkonnastrateegia Strategy can be formulated on three different levels: y corporate strategy- corporate level strategy fundamentally is concerned with the selection of businesses in which the company should compete and with the development and coordination of that portfolio of businesses. y business startegy - a strategic business unit may be a division, product line, or other profit center that can be planned independently from the other business units of the firm
Price discrimination selling the same good or service at a number of different prices. - Answer Price discrimination is a marketing means to increase economic profit Methods of price discrimination · Discriminate among groups of buyers - works when different buying groups are willing - to pay different prices (on the average) for the same good or service Example: Airline travel prices target business travelers vs. leisure time travelers · discriminator is advance notice, shorter the notice, the higher the price Some Examples of Price Discriminations Doctors often charge rich patients more than poor patients · They may have one price for those with insurance and another price for those without insurance Movies in the evening cost more than those in the early afternoon
taxes. 6. shopping cart Shopping cart is where you put product you have purchased from online shop. 7. last mile problem how to deliver products, purcased on internet to the customers 8. bricks-and-mortar shop Brick and mortar shops are physical shops where customers interact face-to-face. They are opposite to online shops. TELEMARKETING 1. telemarketing for of direct marketing, where telemarketers call to their customers 2. cost per inquiry, cost per order its how they measure the success of telemarketing compaigns 3. cold calling It calling from a list where new customers are. 4. hot contacts people who are ready to buy 5. phone sales selling services over the phone 6. lead generation cold prospects, people who they havent called yet, 7. lead conversion - This is telemarketers trying to convert leads into sales. 8. voice broadcasting recorded message is played to the customers instead of a live
A boat or ship engaged in the tramp trade is one which does not have a fixed schedule or published ports of call. Ship agent’s responsibilities: Representing the shipowner; Act as mandatory of the shipper. engage pilots, tugs and boatmen for his pricipal; arrange for ship’s store and supplies and bunkers to be delivered; handle inward and outward clearance; arrange moorings(sildamine); pay harbour dues and other fees; arrange for the vessel to be loaded and unloaded; have the cargo stowed(paigutada) and lashed(sidemetega kinnitatud); handle personnel matters, such as the crew change; accept cargo for the shipment and much else besides. Front office work. They are kind of Marketing and Sales offices that mainly deal with canvassing(agitatsioon) and booking of cargo. Back office mainly carries out documentary processes, e.g. invoicing. Top 5 the largest markets share:
For example, the law says that the minor can’t drink alcohol, but in spite of that rule, they still do. Relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs – informal rules of social and moral behaviour. Customs are not made by governments and they are not written down. Sometimes we can break these rules without any penalty, but if we keep breaking the rules or break an important one, other society members may criticize us or act violently toward us. And some prescriptive laws are made by governments. When governments make laws they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce these laws. 2. Sources of law (general) Precedent – a decision about a particular legal case that makes it likely that other similar cases will be decided in the same way Solve a dispute – to find a solution to a disagreement; to adjudicate
to sell Alaska. The purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million ended Imperial Russia's colonial presence in the Americas. The Russian's legacy in Alaska (1784) can be seen in various forms. The introduction of new tools and technology helped with everyday tasks, and introduced new ideas to adopt. The use of larger farm animals can be beneficial in pulling larger sleighs and wagons, in comparison to the use of dogs. Iron and other metals brought to Alaska were prized for trading and making tools. Russia left a footprint in Alaska by establishing its first library and museums, as well as introducing Russian Orthodoxy to the locals(Alaska natives) (Russian Orthodox Church in Ninilchik, Alaska and also Chapel in Fort Ross, California). Some of the religious books were further translated into native languages. However, the Russians did great damage to the local environment by depleting the sea otter population. 4
giant of Africa. In the last 32 years, I have watched with horror and outright helplessness as the downward slide of the African race continues to escalate. But rather than address the problems, we resort to blaming the Caucasians, Asians and others for our misfortune. We are not men enough to accept responsibility for our actions. Africans blame either the British, French or little Portuguese/Spanish for their problems. Africans in America blame the Caucasians for all their problems, or any other ethic group they have allowed to take over their neighbours, a frequently recurring phenomena. Africans blame the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Group of 7, the former colonial masters for the abject poverty in our respective countries. We blame the wars ravaging several African sectors on the interference of our former colonial masters on “our internal affairs.” Ha! – some kind of independence!
Similarly, in October 1983, Middle Eastern terrorists bombed the Marine Battalion Landing Team Headquarters at Beirut International Airport. Their immediate victims were the 241 U.S. military men who were killed and over 100 others who were wounded. Their true target was the American people and the U.S. Congress. Their one act of violence influenced the U.S. decision to indicate the Marines from Beirut and it was therefore considered a terrorist success. There are three perspectives of terrorism: the terrorist's, the victim's, and the general public's. The phrase "one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter" is a view terrorists themselves would accept. Terrorists do not see themselves as evil. They believe they are rightful combatants, fighting for what they believe in, by whatever means possible. A victim of a terrorist act sees the terrorist as a criminal with no caring for human life. The general public's view is the most unstable
1. Society- people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture. The cultural bond may be ethnic or racial or geographical, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities. 2. Culture- beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society. 3. A unitary state- a state governed as one single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (subnational units) exercise only powers that their central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. 4. A federal state-- a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-
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