1. Beowulf. The dating of Beowulf is still controversial. The poem is one of the earliest and greatest monuments of the Germanic literatures. The main stories of the poem (the fights of B.) are versions of common folk-tales, but the poet also introduces many incidental stories, some of which belong to the world of ancient Germanic legend. He writes his folk-tales and legends in a web of other events, mainly set in the Baltic Kingdoms. He shows a very rich and leisurely portrayal of this Baltic world, providing many customs like the close relationship between lord and man in the war-band and others. All this encouraged the supposition that the unknown author of the poem was himself a bard of the ancient type
especially by Thomas Paine in "The Age of Reason" and by Thomas Jefferson in his short Jefferson Bible from which all supernatural aspects were removed. Benjamin Franklin was influential in America, England, Scotland, and France, for his political activism and for his advances in physics. The American Dream is a national ethos of the United States, a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility achieved through hard work. In the definition of the American Dream by James Truslow Adams in 1931, "life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement" regardless of social class or circumstances of birth. The idea of the American Dream is rooted in the United States Declaration of Independence which proclaims that "all men are created equal"
The historical period of the poem's events can be dated in the 6th to 8th century. Much of the material of the poem is legendary and paralleled in other Germanic historical-mythological literature in Norse, Old English, and German. GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340-1400) Politician and writer, fought in France during the 100 years war. He visited Genoa and Florence where he became acquainted with Italian literature and in particular with the works of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. The French period (up to 1370). early works were based mostly on French models. The Italian period (up to c. 1387). Was influenced by Italian literature, especially Dante and Bocaccio. The English period. Wrote Canterbury tales. CANTERBURY TALES This unfinished poem of about 17,000 lines was written mostly after 1387. The poem introduces a group of pilgrims who are journeying from London to the shrine of Thomas à Becket at Canterbury
colonisation to Englishmen back in the homeland. An example of this form of writing is John Smith's A True Relation of Virginia, which is widely recognized to be the first example of Am lit. The early years of colonisation produced a mass of utilitarian writings including biographies, accounts of voyages, diaries, sermons, pamphlets. Much of the material addressed the problems of Church and State. There were few examples of fiction, poetry or drama. Anne Bradstreet of Massachusetts published some lyrical poems of high literary quality (1650) and Edward Taylor, who was born in England but lived in Boston, wrote some poetry in the style of John Donne and the metaphysical poets. All 17 th cent Am writings were, both in content and form, similar to English lit of the same period. The great literary figures of the 18th cent were Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), Thomas Paine (1737-1809) and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826).
,,From whom the bell tolls" Hemingway. Spanish civil war. Franco vs the Republicans. Three days are described. Protagonist is Robert Jordan. American, but teaches Spanish, joins the Spanish guerillas-the spanish partisans, in the fight against the facist. He is wounded and left to die. We get this sense of betrayal-most powerful emotions. The bell tolls for everybody, the bell is symbolically the funeral bell, it conserns everybody. The message of the novel is presented through inner monologue. When jordan joins the war agains facist, he wants to fight all tyrannia and improve social conditions, he has all the typical features of Hemingway heroe, tough, competent, brave. Seems to be against all forms of governments, comes to conclusion that the republicans way is the best. He finds communism helpful. The question is wheter bloodshed is justified and humane. Unlike earlier hemingway heroes Jordan is an intellectual
Philip Larkin’s Poetry: Themes, Form, Style, Imagery and Symbolism Author: Sandra Olivares González Tutor: Jesús Marín Calvarro Degree in English Studies, English Department, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Extremadura Cáceres, 29th January 2016 Philip Larkin’s Poetry: Themes, Form, Style, Imagery and Symbolism The aim of this work is to obtain some characteristics of the poetry of Philip Larkin, such us the origin of his themes, the way in which he writes his poems and the symbolism he uses (which is a very controversial topic because some assume that he does use it, while some others say that he uses it in an ironic way). In this work we tried to make a revision on the vision of Larkin through the studies that had been made on him, and on the basis of it we can say, that the voice of Larkin still clearly contemporary
combination of cruelty and neglect he experienced there at the hands of Mrs. Holloway might not have hastened the onset of his literary life. She ruled the boarding house with fire and brimstone and Kipling was often beaten by her and her son. "Then the old Captain died, and I was sorry, for he was the only person in that house as far as I can remember who ever threw me a kind word."--ibid. Kipling soon learned to read and found solace in literature and poetry, voraciously turning to the magazines and books his parents sent him including Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. Wilkie Collins' The Moonstone and works by the likes of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Bret Harte also left an indelible impression on Kipling. Respite from the Holloway household was gained when he spent one month a year in London with his mother's kindly sister Aunt Georgie and her husband, pre-Raphaelite painter Edward Burne Jones and their children
THE PRE-RAPHAELITES The PRB was formed in 1848 in London and it was an association of painters, poets, critics, sculptors. It was founded by three Royal Academy students who wanted to brake free from the academic art and return to the moral and descriptive truthfulness that they felt was gone from art. (The Royal Academy of Arts is and institution with a purpose to promote the creation, enjoyment and appreciation of the visual arts through exhibitions, education and debate.). The founders were William Hunt, John Millais, Dante Rossetti. Because of the fact that they were all students they were also very young- the oldest one, Hunt, was 21. They were soon joined by William Rossetti(critic), James Collison(painter), Frederic Stephens (critic), Thomas Woolner(sculptor). The three youthful Pre-Raphaelites deliberately challenged the established view of art, drawing up a
the country. Court in cultural isolation. Ben Jonson. King and courtiers were close to universally recognised ideal types (conflict with the reality). Mysticism. Emergence of perspective view, stage machinery, artificial light, revolution. The stage cast the monarch in the focal point (the lines of perspective of the stage met there. Inigo Jones. Masque an educative vehicle, towards classical antiquity and architecture. Tide towards absolute monarchy. Masque – linked poetry and moral philosophy into art. Music, dance, poetry, lavish illusionistic scenic display to express the doctrines of divine kingship. Great impact. Like gods come down to earth. 2. The Caroline masque Charles decided on subject matter, and acted and danced in masques. Now the regal divinity even more obvious. Ben Jonson. Divine minds of this incomparable pair. Arts role – to set a noble ideals, to strengthen practice of virtue. He and queen living incarnations of ideals
Romantic ideal is the organic world. Romanticism: · Returns to nature and belief in the goodness of mankind · Exaltation of the senses and emotion overcome reason and intellect is the time when novels became more important · Imagination is very important, it is a God-like creator (W. Blake: "I know that this world is a World of Imagination and Vision") 3. Romantic image of the poet The poet was a learned man who also knew how to appreciate nature. He was in spiritual marriage between the mind and the external world. Poets believed that emotions were universal and almost inexpressible. They were always looking for smth. new, but also fought against previous literary styles and argued with philosophers from the 18th c and earlier. Romantic poet keeps the image of a nation alive and is: · A visionary · A free spirit whose most important sense was seeing
British authors from the United Kingdom, which includes England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man Includes early works written in Gaelic, Welsh, and Latin, works in Old, Middle, and Modern English, each of which represents a different period Full of great works British works in Latin Venerable Bede He lived between 673 and 735 AD The greatest of all the AngloSaxon scholars He's the earliest English historian, whose work has shed light on a period of English history that would have otherwise been unknown ,,The Father of English History" Wrote / translated about 40 books on almost every area of knowledge, i.e. nature, astronomy, and poetry His best known work is "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People" Starting with the Roman invasion in the 5th century, he recorded the history of the English up to his own day Old English Cædmon ,,The Father of English Hymn"
With this in mind, the revolution in science which emerged [ kerkis esile ] in the 16th and 17th centuries has appeared as a watershed in world history. The long term effects of both the Scientific Revolution and the modern acceptance and dependence upon science can be felt today in our daily lives. And not with standing some major calamity science and the scientific spirit will be around for centuries to come. There are numerous questions we could ask ourselves about the Scientific Revolution: why it occurred? what forces produced it? why was it so revolutionary? why was it stronger in the Protestant North? But to my mind, before we can even begin to cope with these questions we must ask a much more basic question: What is science? [ On mitmeid küsimusi, mida me võiksime küsida endalt selle revolutsiooni kohta: Miks see toimus? Mis seda
well as a vigorous social campaigner. Considered one of the English language's greatest writers, he was acclaimed for his rich storytelling and memorable characters, and achieved massive worldwide popularity in his lifetime. Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Portsmouth in Hampshire, the second of eight children to John Dickens n 7 February 1812. The 12-year-old Dickens began working ten hour days in a Warren's boot-blacking factory. In May 1827, Dickens began work in the office of Ellis and Blackmore as a law clerk. At the age of seventeen, he became a court stenographer and, in 1830, met his first love, Maria Beadnell. Maria's parents disapproved of the courtship and effectively ended the relationship when they sent her to school in Paris. In 1834, Dickens became a political journalist, reporting on parliamentary debate and traveling across Britain by stagecoach to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronice.
metaphors. He only has one sonnet that conforms to traditional rules; his songs are not lyrical at all. He introduces sex, death and erotic love into poetry. John Milton (1608–74) – poet; introduced the blank verse into English poetry. Best known for epic poem Paradise Lost; story of the fall of man and the eventual expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Literature after the Restoration (of Monarchy in 1660) – rich and many-‐sided, covering
that the Church of England was beyond reform. Escaping persecution from church leadership and the King, they came to America. Of Plymouth Plantation Of Plymouth Plantation is the single most complete authority for the story of the Pilgrims and the early years of the Colony they founded. Written between 1620 and 1647, the journal describes the story of the Pilgrims from 1608, when they settled in the Netherlands, through the 1620 Mayflower voyage, until the year 1647. The book ends with a list, written in 1650, of Mayflower passengers and what happened to them. The Age of Reason The Age of Reason: Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology , a deistic treatise written by eighteenth-century British radical and American revolutionary Thomas Paine, critiques institutionalized religion and challenges the inerrancy of the Bible. Published in
Philip Larkin poetry analysis For my poetry analysis paper I chose Philip Larkin's works, because he was the first British poet whose works I read. I think that his poems are interesting. They reveal much about Larkin's life and about the social issues in the 20th century. Larkin is also considered to be one of the greatest English poets in the 20th century. I think that Larkin was quite interested in politics. For example his poem ´´Talking in Bed´´
41. Some of the worst warmongers are frustrated peacemakers. 42. Stuff that's "over your head" is only a problem if you don't look up. 43. Technology should be made idiot-proof but it should not thereby be made genius-proof. 44. The bullshit isn't all in one place. 45. The fact that there's demand for your stuff does not mean that it's true, beautiful, or ethical. 46. The heart must go out but it must not bleed. 47. The mind must be used to navigate through the complications of the mind. 48. The only animal in the forest that deserves to be hunted is the hunter. 49. The only real superpower is the power to pay attention. 50. The only thing wrong with strong epithets is their misapplication. 51. There's a stupid way of thinking that would make doing the right thing contingent on whether the right thing has been done in supposedly-analogous cases. It's simply irrelevant. You should do the right thing no matter what the rest of the world does
Literature of the 14th century The highpoint of medieval literature, the best writer of late medieval lived then. William Langland 1332-1376 the last important poet of alliterative verse. His masterpiece "The Vision of Piers Ploughman" how important working hard is, the labour of peasants is the base of the welfare of the people. A passionate protest against social injustice. A time when peasants were slowly rising against their feudal lords. Descriptions of different social classes. Religious mysticism. Two great principles: 1) all men are equal before God; 2) honest labour is dignified. It is a dream allegory
Denial of conventions, traditional structure, plot and presentation of character. The stream of consciousness. Allusiveness. Virginia Woolf's Modern Fiction as a theoretical platform for Modernism. Criticism of Realist literary method. Literary modernism: end of the 19th century-1920 (reached its height) and ended 1940s. A self- conscious break with traditional aesthetic forms. Rejecting the sentiment and discursiveness typical of Romanticism and Victorian literature for poetry that instead favored precision (täppis) of imagery and clear, sharp language. Modernist writers embraced the unconscious fears of a darker humanity. Sub movements: surrealism, formalism, avant-garde, symbolism, imagism Structuralism: Writers used myth and music as a part of the books structure. J. Joyce "Ulysses". Deep structure is the same as in "odyssey" and T.S. Elliot "the fisher king"-more complicated experiment
as a partner instead of Kitty, who is shocked and heartbroken. Kitty realises that Vronsky has fallen in love with Anna, and that despite his overt flirtations with her he has no intention of marrying her and in fact views his attentions to her as mere amusement, believing that she does the same. Anna, shaken by her emotional and physical response to Vronsky, returns at once to Saint Petersburg. Vronsky travels on the same train. During the overnight journey, the two meet and Vronsky confesses his love. Anna refuses him, although she is deeply affected by his attentions to her. Levin, crushed by Kitty's refusal, returns to his estate farm, abandoning any hope of marriage, and Anna returns to her husband Alexei Alexandrovich Karenin, a senior government official, and their son Sergei ("Seryozha") in Petersburg. On seeing her husband for the first time since her encounter with Vronsky, Anna realises that she finds him repulsive,
over Russian linguistics. Part 1. Linguistics Linguistics is often said to deal with language as a universal human faculty. Nonetheless, scholarly reflection on language and linguistic inquiry strongly interact with society: on the one hand, societal developments determine the linguistic agenda to a greater extent than linguists are prepared to admit; on the other hand, linguistic reflection sometimes sets the agenda for changes in a society, especially through educational systems. This is particularly true in the Eurasian area, where the Russian national language has been constructed out of a diglossia situation as a top-down process in a partly multi-lingual environment. Over the last few centuries, the development of society and its political upshots have produced agendas for linguistic inquiry and discourse on language, some of which have had an impact on the development of Russian and contingent languages and their social
According to the Qur'an all Muslims have to believe in God, his revelations, his angels, his messengers, and in the "Day of Judgment". Also, there are other beliefs that differ between particular sects. The Sunni concept of predestination is called divine decree, while the Shi'a version is called divine justice. Unique to the Shi'a is the doctrine of Imamah, or the political and spiritual leadership of the Imams. Muslims believe that God revealed his final message to humanity through the Islamic prophet Muhammad via the angel Gabriel. For them, Muhammad was God's final prophet and the Qur'an is the revelations he received over more than two decades. In Islam, prophets are men selected by God to be his messengers. Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine, though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim. Islamic prophets are considered to be the closest to perfection of all humans, and are uniquely the recipients
Front and serves as the mouthpiece for Remarque's meditations about war. Throughout the novel, Paul's inner personality is contrasted with the way the war forces him to act and feel. His memories of the time before the war show that he was once a very different man from the despairing soldier who now narrates the novel. Paul is a compassionate and sensitive young man; before the war, he loved his family and wrote poetry. Because of the horror of the war and the anxiety it induces, Paul, like other soldiers, learns to disconnect his mind from his feelings, keeping his emotions at bay in order to preserve his sanity and survive. As a result, the compassionate young man becomes unable to mourn his dead comrades, unable to feel at home among his family, unable to express his feelings about the war or even talk about his experiences, unable to remember the past fully, and unable to conceive of a future without war
............................................................................................ Quotations................................................................................................................................. My Opinion............................................................................................................................... Orson Scott Card He was born on the 24th of August, 1951 in Richland, Washington. Card's writing career began primarily as a poet, studying at Brigham Young University. During his studies as a theatre major, he began "doctoring" scripts, adapting fiction for theatre production, and finally writing his own one-act and full-length plays. Later he has worked both as a freelancer and a contracted writer. He first wrote the short story "Ender's Game" while working at the BYU press. Ender's Game and its sequel Speaker for the Dead were both awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula
i this book required reading for movie executives, screenwriters, playwrights, fiction and non-fiction writers, scholars, and fans of pop culture all over the world. Discover a set of useful myth-inspired storytelling paradigms like "The Hero's Journey," and step-by-step guidelines to plot and • character development. Based on the work of Joseph Campbell, The Writers Journey is a must for all writers interested in further developing their craft. This updated and revised Third Edition provides new insights and observations from Vogler's ongoing work on mythology's influence on stories, movies, and man himself. In revealing new material, he explores key principles like polarity and catharsis, plus:
Jake's physical malady has profound psychological consequences. He seems quite insecure about his masculinity. The fact that Brett, the love of his life, refuses to enter into a relationship with him compounds this problem. Jake, with typical subtlety, suggests that she does not want to because it would mean giving up sexual intercourse. Jake's hostility toward Robert Cohn is perhaps rooted in his own feelings of inadequacy. In many ways, Jake is a typical member of what poet Gertrude Stein called the "lost generation," the generation of men and women whose experiences in World War I undermined their belief in justice, morality, manhood, and love. Without these ideals to rely on, the Lost Generation lived an aimless, immoral existence, devoid of true emotion and characterized by casual interpersonal cruelty. Part of Jake's character represents the Lost Generation and its unfortunate position: he wanders through Paris, going
3) JAMES WATT He was born in the small port of Greenock on the river Clyde in Scotland in 1736. His father was a mathematical-instrument maker and also kept a shop to supply ships with goods for their voyages. James was a delicate boy and often suffered from headaches. That is why he could not go to school at the age when other children did. His mother taught him to read and his father taught him writing and arithmetic. He had very good memory and a natural love of work. He liked mathematics and was also fond of designing and making things. James was an observant and thoughtful boy. When James was able to go to school, he was sent to a private school. He learnt many subjects there. In his spare time James began to make experiments. He built a small electrical apparatus with which he gave his friends shocks that made them jump. When James was 18 he decided to become a professional instrument- maker. He could not find anyone to teach him, so he went to London
by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God. By the teachings and normative example of Muhhamad, considered by them to be the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called Muslim. Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and the purpose of existence is to worship God. Muslims are beliving that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed before many times throughout the world, including notably through Noah, Adam, Abraham, Jesus and Moses, whom they consider prophets. They belive that the previous messages and revelations have been partially misinterpreted or alerted over time, but consider the Arabic Koran to be both the unalerted and the final revelation of God. Religious concepts and practices include the five pillars of Islam, which are basic concepts and obligatory acts of worship, and following Islamic law, which touches on virtually every aspect
Harold defeated the Norwegian invasion at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in September 1066, but he was defeated and killed shortly afterwards at the Battle of Hastings. The victorious William claimed the throne. 4.What is Domesday book all about ? William the Conqueror started recording England, because he wanted to know how much tax he could raise in order to fund his armies. 5.What do you know about Bayeux Tapestry? It is a long piece of art on cloth about William's journey to England. 6.What langauges were spoken at that time? French 7.What was the role of church in the middle ages? Back during the Middle Ages religion played a major role in the daily life of the Europeans. The major religion that ruled Europe during this time was Christianity. The only church that existed during the Middle Ages was the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church had a great control over the European people. The church was very powerful and could even control the kings of the land. 8
Grendel then goes to the castle every night and kidnaps a man. This went on for 12 years. Beowulf, a young viking, decides to put an end to it. He chooses 14 men to join him and sails across the strait with no weapns, mind you, because Grendel fought unarmed and Beowulf was an idiot however according to the rules of fiction he defeats Grendel. To reward him the king gave Beowulf armour of precious metals. At night Grendel's mother come for revenge at night, Beowulf defeats her as well with a magic sword. At the beginning of part II 50 years have passed. Beowulf is a wise king of Jutland when a fire dragon comes to exact revenge for the theft of its precious cup. B. summons his men to battle the dragon, but only one man shows up. Despite that Beowulf manages to defeat the dragon. However he is badly injured and dies. He is buried. THE END. William SHAKESPEARE
THE CREATIVE EVOLUTION OF ARVO PÄRT. XIX. THE SEVENTIES. STYLISTIC DIVERSIFICATION. THE MATURE STYLES OF HEINO JÜRISALU, ANTI MARGUSTE AND EINO TAMBERG. XX. ALO PÕLDMÄE: FULLNESS OF COLOURS AND MULTITUDE OF DETAILS. XXI. MATI KUULBERG: SPECTACLE, BRILLIANCE, LIGHTNESS. XXII. RAIMO KANGRO: ROCK, POP AND NEO-CLASSICISM. XXIII. LEPO SUMERA: DEEP NATIONAL SPIRIT, EVOCATIVE AND PHILOSOPHICAL THINKING. XXIV. ERKKI-SVEN TÜÜR: LYRICIST SEARCHING FOR HIS PATH THROUGH SYNTHESIS. XXV. THE EIGHTIES. SUMMARY OF THE OUTPUT OF THE SOVIET PERIOD. RIPENING OF THE PRESUMPTIONS FOR A NEW HISTORICAL TURN. THE RE-ESTABLISHED REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA. XXVI. THE NINETIES AND THE FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPOSERS. XXVII. THE SPECIFIC FEATURES AND TRENDS OF ESTONIAN NATIONAL SYMPHONISM. XXVIII. THE PERFORMANCES OF SYMPHONIC MUSIC: THE ORCHESTRAS OF TARTU AND TALLINN. XXIX. ESTONIAN SYMPHONISTS ABOUT CREATIVITY. CONCLUSION APPENDIXES
He was good at diplomacy.He could avoid quarrels and wars with neigbouring countries. France, Spain - greatest enemies.So he could save much money and thus laid a good economic basis for his state. Besides that he built a merchant fleet (kaubalaevastik) England begun to dominate in international trade. Unfortunately the king got old and died. Next king was Henry Vlll, second son of the family, wasn't prepared to become a king. Had to take the role as his elder brother died. Was prepared to come a clergyman got good education: languages, music, literature. Brother jumped off horse into a river, died in bed. Elder brother was already married. Henry Vlll married with his brothers widow.Catherine of Aragon, she came from Spain, she was arden(innukas) Catholic. At first they had good relations. Soon there were big problems. Had daughter Mary, couldn't get a son. Needed a new king. Henry decided to get a divorce. Henry wrote a long letter to Pope for a divorce. Pope said no. Then Henry
Lewis Carroll 27 January 1832 14 January 1898 Charles L. Dodgson Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (27 January 1832 14 January 1898), better known by the pseudonym Lewis Carroll, was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the LookingGlass, as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, and fantasy, and there are societies dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life in many parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and New Zealand. Family
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