Punctuation Vocabulary: colon, semi-colon, dash, hyphen, exclamation mark, comma, quotations marks, inverted commas, full stop/period, slash, apostrophe. 1. Semi-colon. Between two separate thoughts that are linked in meaning. Mel is a nice person; she visits her granny every day. 2. Colon. Before an explanation or a list. John felt nervous: he hated the dark. 3. Dash. Informal. It is sometimes used instead of colon or a semi-colon. I’m having a great time – there’s lots to do here. 4
2. Väljend be used to (doing) sth thendab ´millegagi/ millegi tegemisega harjunud olema'; väljend get used to (doing) sth tähendab ´millegagi/ millegi tegemisega ära harjuma (hakkama)'. Neid väljendeid võib kasutada kõigis ajavormides. I'm getting used to my new school. Ma hakkan oma uue kooliga ära harjuma. But I haven't got used to walking school yet. Aga ma ei ole veel jalgsi kooli minekuga ära harjunud. PUNCTUATION Punkt Full stop 1 lause lõpus: I was at home yesterday 2 kaudküsimuse lõpus: He asked me where I lived. 3 Lühendites, aga viimasel ajal (eriti Briti inglise keeles) jäetakse punkt lühendites sageli ära: e.g. Jan./ Jan Mr 4 Kümnendmurdudes 4.5 Koma Comma 1 loetelus. Kui loetelu sisaldab kolm või rohkem elementi, pannakse koma
tulemusi, tuleb oma otsinguid laiendada märksõnadega nagu semantiline veeb (web semantics) ja MVC (model-view-control). Kokkuvõttes saame oma esse tehtud arvatavasti erinevate pdf raamatute sissejuhatustest. Praktiline töö nr 3 Infootsing otsisüsteemides Google Search Help Search operators: Google You can use search operators and other punctuation to get more specific search results. Except for the examples below, Google Search usually ignores punctuation. Punctuation & symbols Even though you can use the punctuation marks below when you search, including them doesn’t always improve the results. If we don't think the punctuation will give you better results, you'll see suggested results for that search without punctuation. Symbol How to use it Search for Google+ pages or blood types
NT: His love letters I returned to the detective. The adjective or several adjectives come after the noun they modify (gives a solem and little archaic touch). NT: I saw the first spring flowers, cold and shy and wintry. NT: In some places there are yellow tulips, slender, spicky and Chinese-looking. POOLELI LK 33 DETACHMENT DETACHMENT means a syntactic separation of a word or phrase from the rest of the sentence to emphasise the isolated part. Isolation is signalled by punctuation (comma, dot, dash, semicolon, full stop) that are not actually needed according to rules of punctuation. The effect is strongest when the full stop is used. NT: I saw him. In his car. NT: I have to break you for money daily. NT: They were heard again, immediately. SSD-s that are based on SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES BEYOND ON SENTENCE The term is not too adequate (accurate) because the devices discussed in this group may occur within on sentence as well. PARALLELISM
communicate with other cats, humans and other animals. · Communication methods include postures, movement, auditory and chemical signals. Meowing · A meow is a sound used by cats to signal a request to their mother or owner. When communicating with human beings, adult cats express variations of this tone to demand food or attention, register complaints, and convey bewilderment. An alteration in tone, pace, or punctuation changes the meaning, however slight. Purring · A purr is a sound made by most species of felids, but most large felines like tigers do not. A tonal buzzing can characterize differently between cats. · Purring is often understood as signifying happiness; however, cats sometimes purr when they are ill, or during tense, traumatic, or painful moments. Body language · Cats communicate a variety of messages using body
Waverley and other to follow within the first five years all followed Scottish historical setting Always published novels under the name Autho r o f Wave rle y. Many years after he used the name The Wizard o f the No rth When he published ivanhoe he steered away from Scottish history to English romance in 12th -century. Wrote several books which were sympathetic towards J ews. He was granted title of the baronet, which became Sir Walter Scott. Included little punctuation in his drafts . Famous Works Writing Influence Work is influenced by the 18th century Enlightenment His work is popular throughout Europe during his time period Believed every human was practically decent regardless of class, religion, politics and ancestry Major theme in historical works is tolerance Waverley novels express belief in need for social progress First novelist to portray peasants realistically and equal to merchants, kings and soldiers
issue, topic etc) If the matter is urgent, you may write so on the "Subject" line Start and end your email properly (also making sure the other person knows who you are) "you" is spelled with a capital letter only at the beginning of a sentence, NEVER in the middle In official emails do not abbreviate (e.g., "I am" instead of "I'm", "do not" instead of "don't", "cannot" instead of "can't" etc). Also, do not use colloquial expressions such as "fyi" etc. Pay attention to punctuation and spelling use spell check. Specifics beginning a letter If you don't know the name of the recipient: Dear Sir/Madam, To whom it may concern, If you know the name of the recipient: Dear Mr/Ms Jones, If you know the name and it's informal (or you have been writing emails to each other back and forth quite a lot already): Hello! Hello, Mary, Dear Mary, Specifics ending a letter
The companies who make them will say that any relation to drugs is just one (7 INTERPRET) of the advert, and not one that they (8 INTENTION) When I complained about this ad, I was told that it didn't contain any (9 CONSCIOUS) messages. I thought that was a bit rich - I think the message in it is blatantly obvious! And I don't think we should be giving TV viewers any (10 ENCOURAGE ) in that respect.' 7. In most lines of these letters, there is either a spelling or punctuation error. For each line, write the correctly spelled word, or show the correct punctuation. Indicate correct lines with a tick. Dear Editor, I am writing to express my disatisfaction with the pictures, recently DISSATISFACTION published in your newspaper, of the soap actress Kathy Walter, shown V sunbathing, topless on a beach in the Mediterranean. Was the approval SUNBATHING TOPLESS
Making corrections and editing your essay is much easier on the computer. While writing Microsoft Word automatically corrects minor spelling errors and capitalizes words for you. This helps me immensely. When I type I hardly ever stop to capitalize and without spell check I would leave many words misspelled and have many more fragmented sentences. By typing on a computer you can get all of your ideas onto your page without having to be distracted by grammar and punctuation because the word processor will do the work for you and fix your mistakes. I also like that you can highlight and move sentences and paragraphs in a way that you cannot do on paper.The downside to becoming so used to the computer working for you is when the computer misses your mistakes. The word processing software is not perfect and often misses mistakes that we over look and assume have been corrected. Personally, I struggle with this and tend not to proof read as carefully as I should
references, I would be happy to provide any further information, if you wish me to attend an interview, I am available at any time, Thank you for considering my application. NB! I look forward to hearing from you. Sign-of Yours faithfully (if you don’t know the name) Yours sincerely (if you know the name) Register/vocabulary/grammar Language appropriate for the task, no contracted words, no slang, a wide range of vocabulary and grammatical structures, spelling and punctuation (a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence, a full stop to finish sentences, avoid exclamation marks), use of linking devices (but not the ones you would definitely use in an essay) Letter of complaint Salutation Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms… Dear Sir or Madam Paragraph 1 Reasons for writing: state the subject of your complaint CLEARLY in the first paragraph. I am writing to complain about a holiday I booked with your company.
colouring (your bloody principles) · The use of certain intensifiers (too, too much, horribly, perfectly, so, only) (too clean, too new) · We may have a repetition of a word in a sentence (always preaching, preaching, quietly, quietly) · Graphical presentation: in the inverted commas (this "sweet" lady is a killer); uncommon use of punctuation. · Exclamatory and interrogative sentences (women and votes!) · The writer indicating the quality of the characters voice ("Society," he said grimly. Positive adherent connotation: · Proximity of words with pos AC (my hands "beautiful" "big, red and brutal") · A comparison, a part of which the word becomes (Youth is so much more valuable than experience: it is also far more intelligent)
At least 2 linking words per paragraph (separate them from the rest of the sentence by commas!) that show the connection between paragraphs. Make references to other sources (Police officials believe that…) Give examples, not personal thoughts (expressive intake of alcohol can damage liver) if you use statistics, be sure of the source! Avoid clichéd introductions, make it more original (hook) Consistent personal pronoun use (if you use “we” or “you”, do it throughout the essay) Punctuation (NB! When joining 2 simple sentences, use “;”, NO COMMA BEFORE “THAT” Paragraph 1: introduction Hook (question, interesting observation, unique scenario, quote and surprising statistics) to capture the reader’s interest. Connecting information Clear thesis statement (the points/point of view that you will discuss/explain in length in the later paragraphs) In other words, the reader, having read the introduction, should know exactly what to expect in the body of the essay
If you quote a piece of prose a quotation of more than 4 lines should be presented differently (longer quotation (more than 4 lines) should be a separate paragraph and it should be indented (NB! 10 spaces from left margin). Quoting poetry: a poetic piece of 3 lines is a part of your paragraph, you are presenting it as prose only that you need to indicate the end of the line by a slash ( / ), more than 3 lines should have 10 spaces from left margin. MECHANICS Punctuation: full stop (.) has space after it, comma (,) should have a space after it too. Quotation marks ("...") have no space ( "Author X ..... about this fact" ), also there is no space between last quotation marks and a punctuation mark (e.g. ".....", ). FGI 1811 Proseminar I. Ladusseva 3 Works Cited (earlier it was called "Bibliography"), it may also be named References. It is usually placed in the middle. NB
Care about the pronunciation of the terms. Books: - I. Galperin "Stylistics" - I. Ladusseva "Rhythm and Text" - I. Ladusseva "Vocabulary and Style" - I. Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I. Ladusseva "A Guide to Punctuation" EXAMINATION TOPICS: 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies 2. Inherent connotations. Phonesthemes Use lecture notes 3. Adherent connotations 4. Stylistic morphology: articles, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, number * 5. Expressiveness on the level of word-building
writing to, you have to use ,,Dear Sir/Madam" or ,,Dear Sir or Madam" In case you know you are writing to a female person, but not her name, you have to use: ,,Dear Madam" In case you know you are writing to a male person, but not his name, you have to use: ,,Dear Sir" In case you know who you are writing to (for example John Doe or Jane Doe) you have to use: ,,Dear Mr Doe" or ,,Dear Mrs Doe"/,,Dear Ms Doe". NB! There is no punctuation after abbreviations ,,Mr", ,,Mrs" or ,,Ms". In case you are writing to a female person and you do not know wheter she has been married or not, it is not important whether you use ,,Ms" or ,,Mrs". You have to use one of them. 1. The first paragraph is meant for saying why you write, where did you get the information from and what the advertisement was about. In case newspaper's name is not mentioned in the task, it would be good if you could make one up. P1: General information
3. Vulgar words in the context lend their negative charge normally to the following word. 4. The same do certain intensifiers, such as: merely, only, too, too much, horribly, perfectly, so, etc. 5. Repetition of a word in a sentence makes the negative charge stronger. 6. Graphic presentation the inverted commas, quotation marks (e.g. "This `sweet' lady has killed five husbands."). 7. Uncommon use of punctuation. 8. Exclamatory and interrogatory sentences (e.g. "Women and votes!). 9. The writer may indicate the quality of the character's voice (e.g. "Society," she said blackly (shows speaker's negative attitude). "Society" becomes negatively because of "blackly"). Positive adherent connotation 1. The closeness and neighbourhood of words with inherent positive overtones. 2. We may have comparison a part of which the word becomes. 3. Words "hope", "wish", etc
3 The neighbourhood of vulgar words: e.g And you couldn't forget your bloody principles for one night. 4 With the use of certain intensifiers: merely, only, too, too much, horribly, perfectly, even, so. e.g They were too clean, too neatly arranged, too new. 5 Repetition of a word in a sentence, e.g You are sitting here, comfortably preaching about it everlasting preaching, preaching, words, words, words. 6 Graphic presentation ,,This sweet (negative meaning) lady has killed five husbands." Punctuation used uncommonly ,,But I have alwyas had to fight for my children while he sat over his books and played." (uncommon dash) 7 Exclamatory and interrogative sentences e.g Women and votes! It's the last stage of decomposition of the world! The writer indicating the quality of the character's voice, then the writer may add ,,he add" in remarks. e.g And in twenty years do you know what those people will be? Society, she said blackly. Positive adherent connotation
E17 selection, different from natural selection / for benefit of humans; E18 starter population, small / not representative; A founder principle max 4 ‘explain’ E marks AVP either D or E mark; e.g. ref to use of, IVF / surrogate, with reason ref to loss of alleles / genetic erosion max 8 QWC - legible text with accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; 1 [9] 65. (a) (i) cow superovulated; treated with, hormone / FSH / named proprietary brand; washed out of oviduct (A uterus) / collected from ovary; detail washing; detail collection; max 3
Each paragraph should deal with one aspect of the subject and start with a topic sentence which gives the main idea of the paragraph. Tenses Present Perfect and Past Simple are often used in letters giving news. The Present Perfect is used to refer to recent activities and the Past Simple to refer to activities which happened at a stated time in the past. TASK 7 Read the following letter and correct the mistakes. Write S for spelling, P for punctuation, WO for word order, G for grammar or WW for wrong word. Dear Jenny , How are you ? I hope that you're very well. I've got so many to tell you that I don't know where to begin! Visiting Kenya was fantastic so far! The beaches are absolutely wonderfully. The sea is like glass and the white sand is as soft like powder. I've collected loads of shells already and yesterday I have ridden on an elephant. The local people also are very friendly and almost every night
Dickinson wrote almost 2,000 poems, mostly short lyrics in simple quatrains and almost all untitled and undated. In her poetry she scrutinised the material world that surrounded her and the inner world of her emotions. The subjects of her poems are traditional love, nature, religion and mortality. However, her treatment of these subjects is highly original. The language is cryptic and dramatic; the imagery and metaphors are strikingly original. Early publishers corrected her eccentric punctuation, which included the frequent use of dashes, seemingly random capitalisation of nouns, ungrammatical sentences and broken metre. Metaphysical influence The influence of the 17th cent Metaphysical poets can be seen in the intensity of the emotions she expressed and her use of startling metaphors. Inner struggle and nature Her poetry often reveals a painful inner struggle that may have been caused by religious doubt. Although she could not accept the doctrines of
The Imperative 141 The Articles 71 The Subject and the Object 143 Demonstrative Determiners 73 Direct and Indirect Objects 144 Interrogative Determiners 74 Positive and Negative Sentences146 Possessive Determiners 75 Questions 147 7 Verbs and Tenses 79 14 Punctuation 150 The Simple Present Tense 80 Period 150 Am, Is and Are 83 Comma 151 The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152 Have and Has 93 Question Mark 152 The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153 1 What is Grammar?
paragraph and state that idea in the first sentence. It’s OK if the resulting paragraph is short. People would rather read several small blocks of text than one big block. Page 7 of 9 Figures, Tables and Equations Technical reports almost always have figures, tables and equations. Use a profession style for captions, referencing figures and equations and for equation placement and punctuation. The best way is to follow the format and style that you find in one of your engineering textbooks. For example, pay close attention to the caption format (Plain? Italic? Centered? “Fig. 1” or “Figure 1”), how a figure is referenced in the body (“Figure 1”? “Fig. 1?”), how equation variables are described and so on. Format Your client may have requirements for the report format. If not, use 1 inch margins, single spacing, blank
1) Students in groups put the ideas generated in the previous stage onto a 'mind map'. 2) The teacher then draws a mind-map on the board, using ideas from the different groups. (At this stage he / she can also feed in some useful collocations - this gives the learners the tools to better express their own ideas). 3) Tell the students to write individually for about 10 minutes, without stopping and without worrying about grammar or punctuation. 4) Learners then compare together what they have written, and use a dictionary, the teacher or each other. Organising ideas Offer your learners typical examples of the genre then they can go about organising their own ideas in a similar way. · Studentsin groups draft a plan of their work, including how many paragraphs and the main points of each paragraph. These can then be pinned up around the room for comment and comparison.
Dickinson was a prolific private poet, though fewer than a dozen of her nearly eighteen hundred poems were published during her lifetime. The work that was published during her lifetime was usually altered significantly by the publishers to fit the conventional poetic rules of the time. Dickinson's poems are unique for the era in which she wrote; they contain short lines, typically lack titles, and often utilize slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and punctuation. Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality, two subjects which infused her letters to friends. Walter Whitman Walter Whitman (May 31, 1819 March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was very controversial
bark, metal sheets--was used for writing. Alphabetic writing emerged in Egypt about 5,000 years ago. The Ancient Egyptians would often write on papyrus, a plant grown along the Nile River. At first the words were not separated from each other (scriptura continua) and there was no punctuation. Texts were written from right to left, left to right, and even so that alternate lines read in opposite directions. The technical term for this type of writing is 'boustrophedon,' which means literally 'ox-turning' for the way a farmer drives an ox to plough his fields. 1/15 Scroll Egyptian papyrus showing the god Osiris and the weighing of the heart.
It has specific features which can make it difficult for the nonlawyer to understand. Legalese is quite difficult to understand. For example, legalese uses a lot of lend words, especially from Latin, which are unknown for non-lawyers. People also do not understand specialized words, because they might have completely different meaning. Another downside are the long complex sentences with very little punctuation. Legalese is a way for lawyers to show their competence in legal field which makes them more trustworthy. Using legalese helps to prevent loopholes, because lawyer's drafted documents might be tried to be construed. Legalese helps to educate people and protects their rights, because everyone must sign a legal document at some point of their life. Legalese can be confusing to many, but it must be used to protect the rights of people. People should be
Based on these two intermediate © 2013. Fédération des Traducteurs (fit) Revue Babel All rights reserved 412 José Luis Martí Ferriol results, the code divides the latter by the former, thus obtaining a value expressed in CPS for each of the subtitles. As far as words, the piece of logic has been pro- grammed to consider a "word" as any set of alphanumeric characters preceded and followed by a blank character. In the case of punctuation signs, if they are placed next to the word with no blank spaces in between (like the usual subtitling practice of putting hyphens at the beginning of a line to indicate that dialogue be- tween more than one speakers will be included in the same subtitle), the logic con- siders them as part of the word they precede or follow (a similar logic will be ap- plied to comas following words). It is now intended to illustrate the process of using this macro with one prac-
Judicial – involving a law court Treaty – a written agreement between two or more countries, formally approved and signed by their leaders Court judgment – a decision reached by a judge or a jury Legal writing or legalese can for non-lawyers often be difficult to understand. Legal English differs greatly from standard English in a number of ways. For example a lot of technical and Latin terms are used (e.g. ad hoc), ordinary words are used with specific meanings, punctuation is often absent, use of old-fashioned words (hereafter, herein) There are different kinds of legal writing: for example, academic legal writing as in law journals, juridical legal writing as in court judgments, and legislative legal writing as in laws, regulations, contracts, and treaties. The formal language of legal documents is often difficult for the non-lawyer to understand, because it is characterised by specific features. For example using Latin terms like ad hoc, de
morphology, etymology, and grammar; and, like that of most living languages, has its share of inconsistencies and controversial points. A number of rigid spelling rules introduced between the 1880s and 1910s have been responsible for the former whilst trying to eliminate the latter. The current spelling follows the major reform of 1918, and the final codification of 1956. An update proposed in the late 1990s has met a hostile reception, and has not been formally adopted. The punctuation, originally based on Byzantine Greek, was in the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the French and German models. According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: ("lock" "castle"),
When I heard the astronomer where he lectured with much applause in the lectureroom...(l.14) Whitman uses parallelism in this poem when he repeatedly states "When" at the beginning of each line. Whitman suggests that the working class is valued highly in his opinion because the astronomer in this poem seems to be a hard worker who earns his applause in the lectureroom. The poem has no periods or ending punctuation except at the end. It is all one long sentence. Whitman is the father of Modern Poetry; his work suggests the revolutionary power of democracy and literary art. When Whitman stated "The United States themselves are essentially the greatest poem," I believe he meant that the diversity of geography, culture, beliefs and work all combine to create a wonderful country. Whitman's subject matter and style tie together to reflect his values
girl, gambles on a stock market, finally is driven out of his house, family, business and loses everything. Finally commits suicide in car crash. The last novel is all about greed, the governing emotion. Dos Passos beocme less radical in the end of his life. Became almost a right wing activist. He is remembered for his USA trilogy and the way he shows human disintregation. The Body of American. Richard Roe and John Doe-if the identity is unknown. Polysyndeton, direct speech, lack of punctuation, contrast of styles, fragmentation. Steinberg. 06.03.13 1930's. Time of unemployment and crisis and so on. John Steinberg. Like Dos Passos he was critical of american social order but his philosophy was different. He is more optimistic, believes that life goes on and that is indestructable. Although many individual lives were ruined, the life goes on, everything is not material success. Racial minorytis, who do not have all the rights, the have nots, the simple, the poor, the idiots
twisted them through devious paths, would print out the cipher-text. Deciphering was the same, though the machine irritatingly printed the plaintext in the five-letter groups of the ciphertext input. The Alphabetical Typewriter worked on roman letters, not kata kana. Hence it could encipher English as well as romaji—and also roman-letter codetexts, like those of the J codes. Since the machine could not encipher numerals or punctuation, the code clerk first transformed them into three-letter codewords, given in a small code list, and enciphered these. The receiving clerk would restore the punctuation, paragraphing, and so on, when typing up a finished copy of the decode. The coding wheels and plugboards produced a cipher of great difficulty. The more a cipher deviates from the simple form in which one ciphertext letter invariably replaces the same plaintext letter, the harder it is to break
v. demonstrate adj. demonstrative* Syn. display adj. demonstrable The demonstration clarified the procedure for everyone. The lawyer was demonstrative in making his impassioned plea before the jury. ingredients n. things combined to make something; the contents of something Syn. elements The ingredients of the product are kept secret. Good style, punctuation and grammar are important ingredients of a good essay. involuntarily adv. in an unthinking manner; not chosen adj. involuntary Syn. automatically He involuntarily agreed to work overtime. Reflexes are involuntary reactions to external stimuli. marvel n. something that surprises or impresses adv. marvelously Syn. wonder adj. marvelous The Great Wall of China is one of the world's marvels.
A Return may feel out of focus if the dramatic questions, raised in Act One and tested in Act Two, are not answered now. Writers may have failed to pose the right questions in the first place. W i t h o u t realizing it, a writer may have shifted the theme. A tale that started out as a love story may have turned into an exposé of government corruption. T h e writer has lost the thread. T h e story will not seem focused unless the circle is closed by Returning to the original themes. PUNCTUATION T h e final function of Return is to conclude the story decisively. T h e story should end with the emotional equivalent of a punctuation mark. A story, like a sentence, can end in only four ways: with a period, an exclamation point, a question mark, or an ellipsis (the three or four little dots that indicate your thoughts have just trailed off vaguely. Example: Do you want to go now, or... ) . T h e needs of your story and your attitude may dictate ending with the feeling of a
Traf-O-Data develops a primitive microcomputer based on Intel's 8008 microprocessor for recording automobile traffic flow on a highway. 5 1/4 inch diskettes first appear. Xerox decides to build a personal computer to be used for research. Project "Alto" begins. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across a distributed network. In 1972 Ray Tomlinson modifies email program for ARPANET where it becomes a quick hit. The @ sign was chosen from the punctuation keys on Tomlinson's Model 33 Teletype for its "at" meaning. First computer-to-computer chat takes place at UCLA, and is repeated during ICCC, as psychotic PARRY (at Stanford) discusses its problems with the Doctor (at BBN) Two important programming concepts introduced: The first object-oriented language Smalltalk developed at XEROX PARC, bsaed on ideas by Alana Kay. The first logic programming language Prolog developed by Alan Colmerauer at University of Marseilles
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