Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Mikrokontrollerid ja robootika homework 2". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
voltage, signal, ratio, value, code, following, reference, motor, linear, power, digital, error, phase, frequency, bits, required, circuit, dual, pipeline, disadvantages, terms, sinad, mean, effective, harmonic, spurious, functionng, 0003, 2852, digits, draw, flash, slope, complete, takes, expensive, components, binary, 2340, 4096, relativeWeek 4 homework. Question 1: 1. SNR – Ratio of root mean square signal to root mean square. 2. SINAD – Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean of value of the root sum square. 3. ENOB – The effective number of bits and relates to SINAD. 4. THD – Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of RSS of its harmonics. 5. SFDR – Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. 6. Channels – multiple analog signal inputs to the ADC that can be individually selected or selected through a multiplexor. 7. Linearity – Describes how an ADC conveter follows a linear function. 8. Operating temperature – A temperature at which the ADC functions optimally, usually given by the manufacturer. 9. Power dissipation – The proportion of power dissipated (through heat) when the ADC is working. Question 2: An 8 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 5V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 1.2V
Microcontroller homework for week 04 1. SNR - Ratio of RMS signal to RMS SINAD - Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean value of the root-sum-square (RSS) ENOB - The effective number-of-bits and relates to SINAD THD - Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the RSS of its harmonics. SFDR - Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. Channels related to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. Linearity relates to how a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend non-linearity. Temperature is measurement, which in optimal state for ADC-s, lets them function correctly. Power dissipation refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operating. 2. The output code is 001111012 and the voltage of the LSB is 0,0195V 3
Question 1 (in wiki and in terminologies) 1. SNR is a calculated value that represents the ratio of root- mean-square (rms ) signal to rms noise. 2. SINAD stands for Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio. It is a measure of the quality of a signal from a communications device, often defined as: where is the average power of the signal, noise and distortion components. SINAD is usually expressed in dB. For examples to calculate the ratio of 1 kW (one kilowatt, or 1000 watts) to 1 W in decibels, use the formula 3. ENOB is the effective number-of-bits related to SINAD and the quality of a digitized signal. The 6.02 term in the divisor converts decibels (a log10) to bits (a log2) The 1.76 term comes from quantization error in an ideal ADC 4. THD - Total harmonic distortion is the ratio of the root-mean-square (rms)
Strain Gauge 90 4 Time-Based Measurements 93 Measuring Period versus Frequency 95 Mixing 97 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters 99 Clock Resolution 102 5 Output Control Methods 103 Open-Loop Control 103 Negative Feedback and Control 103 Microprocessor-Based Systems 104 On-Off Control 105 Proportional Control 108 PID Control 110 Motor Control 123 Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops 130 6 Solenoids, Relays, and Other Analog Outputs 137 Solenoids 137 Heaters 143 Coolers 148 Fans 149 LEDs 151 7 Motors 161 Stepper Motors 161 DC Motors 180 Brushless DC Motors 184 Tradeoffs between Motors 198 Motor Torque 201 vi Contents
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Treshold, noise, range, stability, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, hysteresis Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if R T = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. R70 30 c =R H =9,2 kV RH 9,2 k V O= ∙ V DD= ∙ 2,5 = 0,388 V (R T + R H ) ( 50 k +9,2 k ) Hint: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 2 Week 04 Homework Question 3
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Solution: 1. Thershold. 2. Sensitivity. 3. Full Range. 4. Linearity. 5. Accuracy. 6. Precision. 7. Stability. 8. Hysteresis. 9. Noise. Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if RT = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. Solution: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at: http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 2 Week 04 Homework - Solutions Check Thermistor - Wikipedia.pdf at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor Calculate the Humidity Sensor resistance at 30°C T = 273.15°C +30°C = 303.15°C T0 = 273.15°C +25°C = 298.15°C R60% 30°C =25.5858 kΩ
Mitsubishi · · The electromagnetic torque is born in air gap · What kind of drives the majority of drive systems present low accuracy · The induction machines are associated with the names of Dolivo-Dobrovolsky Tesla · One of the first eletrical motors has been built by Jacobi · Electromagnetic efficiency is measured in tesla · Time constants are measured by ms s hours · Who is the author of the first electrical motor Henry · Which rectifier cannot be built without a transformer 3-phase midpoint · Call the benefits of 3-phase rectifiers upon the 1-phase ones output voltage · Which rectifier has more diodes 3-phase bridge · In the case of high-pass filter before the load, what can you tell about the current higher · What is the difference between the construction and operation of a rectifier and an inverter input wave output wave
Cat. No. W317-E1-11 SYSMAC CPM1A Programmable Controllers OPERATION MANUAL CPM1A Programmable Controllers Operation Manual Revised October 2007 iv Notice: OMRON products are manufactured for use according to proper procedures by a qualified operator and only for the purposes described in this manual. The following conventions are used to indicate and classify precautions in this manual. Always heed the information provided with them. Failure to heed precautions can result in injury to people or dam- age to property. ! DANGER Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. Additionally, there may be severe property damage.
An Anode has positive potential and therefore collects electrons in the device. Cathode has negative potential and therefore emits electrons to anode. The symbol looks like an arrow that ponts from the anode to the cathode, and reminds that conventional current flows easily from the p side(anode) to the n side(cathode). BIASING. Forward biasing. If the current in a diode is too large, excessive heat will destroy the device. Even approaching the burnout current value without reaching it can shorten its life. Therefore manufacturer's data sheet specifies the maximum forward current, that diode can withstand. This average current IF is the rate a diode can handle up to the forward direction when used as a rectifier. Another entry of interest in the data sheet is the forward voltade drop UF(max) when the maximum forward current occurs. An usual diode has this value 0.7-2.0V. Diode conducts easily when forward biased. Reverse biasing
Mictrocontroller Week 03 Numbering systems 1. Convert the decimal number 123.456 to the following formats, taking whole numbers and fractions into account. Show calculations. a) binary b) hexadecimal c) base-5 d) BCD === 1. a) 0111 1011.0111 01002 b) 7B.7416 c) 443.2125 d) 0001 0010 0011.0100 0101 01102 === 2. Extend the following unsigned 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 2. a) 006B b) 00B5 === 3. Extend the following signed two’s complement 8-bit binary numbers to their 16-bit equivalents and convert the result to hexadecimal. a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 3. a) 006B b) FFB5 === Logic and arithmetic 4. Using two’s complement arithmetic, calculate the following (choose a suitable number of bits for the representation): a) 121 – 185
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering Report on laboratory work 1 on General Course of Electrical Drive SENSORLESS DRIVE POWER FLEX (ALLEN BRADLEY) Jüri Lina 666BMW Group M16 Variant 2 Tallinn 2014 1. Functional Diagram 2. Tables of observations Task Operation/Record Observation 1 Reverse the motor speed. How long Time to reverse was 16 does the motor reverse
Test VIII - cumulative test by Piigli, Mets, Parker, Kauler "Top delusion" question / answers are red. Test I The induction machines are associated with the names of Dolivo - Dobrovolsky, Tesla. The synchronous machines are associated with the name of Ferraris. The DC machines are associated with the names of Jacobi and Henry. The electromagnetic torque is born in air gap. The torque is proportional to the current in dc motor. Which equations are correct? P = sW; oomega = tuletis fii'st The angular frequency is 2*pi()*n / 60 ja 2*pi()f The motor torque is equal to TL + J * oomega tuletis aja järgi The inductor supplies the motor with flux. The leading companies in the world market of electrical drive engineering are: Mitsubishi. The energy balance is described by energy conservation law. The armature supplies the motor with current. The cheapest and the most reliable is induction motor.
Homework-04 Solution (100 marks) Read Chapter_4_Time_Based_Measurements.pdf Question 1 (10 marks) When converting an analogue value to a frequency, consider the following diagram describing the system. The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at an interval of 2ms. How many counts does the microprocessor detect at, a) 20 MHz? b) 18 MHz? What is the difference in terms of number of counts detected by the microprocessor? Solution: 1 1 a) Converse 20 MHz to time length: T 0.00005ms f 20,000,000
LCP Frame types detected -> remove `0' prior to input into SIPO normally FCS data (prior EOF) subjected to same bit obtain bit synchronization. 3. scheme: bit-encoding violations ( also used w/ SAPs are 7b: shortage -> SNAP above LLC stuffing LANs) · 1.5 bit manchester (3 signal pulses) -> no transition in 1st bit · no signal Typical network protocol evolution: · extend one protocol by O Asynchronous Transmission Independent transmit & receive clocks. receiver explicitly transition -> illegal manchester code J: signal level remains same as previous for tacking on parts (in this caseanother protocol)
Digital Signal Processing Summary and Vocabulary Guide to Digital Signal Processing by Steven W. Smith. Read up to page 10, preface included. https://users.dimi.uniud.it/~antonio.dangelo/MMS/materials/Guide_to_Digital_ Signal_Process.pdf Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is a powerful technology that will shape science in the twenty-first century. Changes have already been made in various fields of study: communications, medical imaging, and high fidelity music reproduction, to name just a few. Each of these disciplines has developed a deep DSP technology, with its own algorithms and specialized techniques. This combination of breadth and depth makes it impossible for any one individual to master all of the DSP technology that has been developed
Advanced Communications Function ACH Automated Clearing House ACIAS Automated Calibration Interval Analysis System ACIS American Committee for Interoperable Systems ACK Acknowledgment ACL Access Control List + Asynchronous Connection-Less (link) ACM Association for Computing Machinery Audio Compression Manager [Microsoft] ACMS Application Control Management System ACP Ancillary Control Program + Auxiliary Control Process ACPI Advanced Configuration and Power Interface ACR Allowed Cell Rate ACROSS Automated Cargo Release and Operations Service System ACS Access + Access Control Set + Access Control System + * Advanced Computer System [IBM] + Anti Curl System + Asynchronous Communication Server ACSS Audio Cascading Style Sheets ACTLU Active Logical Unit ACTPU Active Physical Unit ACTS Automated Computer Time Service ACTT Advanced Communication and Timekeeping Technology [Seiko] ACU Automatic Calling Unit
Mictrocontroller Week 03 Numbering systems 1. Convert the decimal number 123.456 to the following formats, taking whole numbers and fractions into account. Show calculations. a) Binary Fractional part : Reading direction Integral part: Reading direction 0,456 x 2 = 0,912 0 123 / 2 = 61 1 0,912 x 2 = 1,812 1 61 / 2 = 30 1 0,812 x2 = 1,624 1 30 / 2 = 15 0 0,624 x 2 = 1,248 1 15 / 2 = 7 1
Vaata näited ja proovi ka muuta: http://math.hws.edu/TMCM/java/labs/xTurtleLab3.html http://math.hws.edu/TMCM/java/xTurtle/index.html Tutvu Tanel Tammeti näidetega: http://www.lambda.ee/images/7/77/Itsissejuhatus_calc.html http://www.lambda.ee/images/6/61/Itsissejuhatus_xmcssjscriptnaited.zip Tutvu e-Government Academy´ga: http://www.ega.ee/?lang=ee kuula helisalvestisi: http://www.tehnokratt.net/2006/06/09 Kas JavaScript on W3C standard? Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 1. Jah 0% 2. Ei 100% Score: 0/10 2. Milline allolevatest tagidest defineerib tabeli välja? Student Value Correct Answer Feedback Response 1.
called make-before-break. The interval, during which the two connections are used in parallel, may be brief or substantial. For this reason the soft handover is perceived by network engineers as a state of the call, rather than a brief event. Soft handovers may involve using connections to more than two cells: connections to three, four or more cells can be maintained by one phone at the same time. When a call is in a state of soft handover, the signal of the best of all used channels can be used for the call at a given moment or all the signals can be combined to produce a clearer copy of the signal. The latter is more advantageous, and when such combining is performed both in the downlink (forward link) and the uplink (reverse link) the handover is termed as softer. Softer handovers are possible when the cells involved in the handovers have a single cell site. (umts – 3g, gsm – 2g) UMTS-is:
Connector header - a series of two or more metal pins on the motherboard or other PCB; used to attach a cable to indicator lights, switches, and/or other devices in the computer Jumper header - two pins or a series of two-pin groups where jumpers are used. BIOS - Pronounced "bye-ose," an acronym for basic input/output system. The BIOS is built- in software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk. On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number of miscellaneous functions. The BIOS is typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the computer (it is often called a ROM BIOS). This ensures that the BIOS will always be available and will not be damaged by disk failures. It also makes it possible for a computer to boot itself. Because RAM is faster than ROM, though, many computer manufacturers design systems so that the BIOS is copied
of substances in an electric field. Principle of CE devices is very simple and is shown in Fig. 1. Analysis sequence is also very simple. Both ends of the capillary with electrodes immersed in the electrolyte container. The capillary is filled with buffer, to which the sample solution is applied on one side. Then, sample components are separated by an applied voltage, as they move in a buffer at different speeds. Fig. 1: Diagram of capillary electrophoresis system The principle of electrophoresis is strictly obeys Ohm's law. For the electrophoretic separation must be keeped a constant voltage. The buffer is needed to provide an electrolytic
[vaata | 1. Füüsikaliste suuruste mõisted, definitsioonid ja ühikud muuda] Voolu töö ja võimsus. Joule-Lenzi seadus. Potentsiaal ja pinge. Elektriväli, suund ja tugevus. Voolu tugevus ja tihedus. Takistus, selle sõltuvus juhi mõõtmetest. Eritakistus. Laeng ja mahtuvus. Induktiivsus. Vooliuallika elektromotoorjõud, lühisvool ja sisetakistus. Voolu töö ja võimsus. Voolu töö on võrdeline voolutugevusega I, pingega U juhi otstel ja ajaga t. [ J ] Võimsus on ajaühikus tehtud töö. [ W ] A p= t Joule-Lenzi seadus. Joule-Lenzi seadus : elektrivoolu toimel juhis eralduv soojushulk Q on võrdeline voolutugevuse I ruuduga, juhi takistusega R ja voolu kestusega t ning kus voolu töö on võrdelin
false negative results would be expected, as the goal of testing is to rule out the presence of disease. Screening tests should be used to screen for diseases that (1) have serious consequences if left undetected, (2) are reasonably prevalent within the population, and (3) have treatment options readily available. Should a positive result be obtained, a more accurate, confirmatory test should then be performed. One example of a screening test would be the urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio (Cort:Crt)u, which is used to screen symptomatic patients for canine hyperadrenocorticism.[1,2] The (Cort:Crt)u ratio tests for the presence or absence of urinary cortisol excretion and is noninvasive and inexpensive. It also has a high diagnostic sensitivity, which means that a negative result strongly indicates that the patient most likely does not have the disease.[1,2] Urinary cortisol excretion can be caused by both pathologic and physiologic processes,
-5- the interactive voice menu (IVR), the centre of processing of calls - statement of calls to turn and their distribution on agents using various algorithms, record CDR and other functions. On the one hand, the server is connected with telephone lines and can incorporate to any phone of the world. On the other hand, the server is connected with the Internet and can contact any computer in the world. The server accepts a standard telephone signal, digitizes it (if it initially not digital), considerably compresses, breaks into packets and sends through the Internet to destination point with use of the protocol TCP/IP. For the packets coming from the Network on a telephone server and going out in a telephone line, operation goes upside-down. Both making operations (a signal input in a telephone system and its exit from a telephone system) occur practically simultaneously that allows to provide fullduplex conversation.
Mhs required to produce one unit 2 mhs 5 mhs Contribution margin per MH 120/mh 75/mhr (240/2; 375/5) Total contribution margin for 600 Mhz 72000 45000 (600*120; 600*75) Adding or dropping costumers or business segments/branches, relevant-revenue and relevant-cost analysis, page 403. Equipment replacement decisions - book value and depreciation of old machine is irrelevant, loss on disposal that is the difference between book value and disposal value of old machine is irrelevant, relevant are current disposal value of old machine and cost of new machine. Keep Replace Difference (1-2) Operating costs 1600000 920000 680000
HatYai, Songkhla 90112 E-mail: [email protected] Draft: 14th January 2003, #2 Abstract This article looks at the advantages and disadvantages of using Java and Java 3D for games programming. It assumes the reader is familiar with Java, but presents short overviews of gaming, the low-level APIs OpenGL and DirectX, and Java 3D. No programming examples are included here, although links to online code are supplied. 1. Background to Gaming Giving a definition for `computer game' is problematic, due to the wide range of game types. For example, the ArcadePod site (http://www.arcadePod.com) divides its hundreds of Java games into more than ten categories: 3D games, multiplayer, action, classic, indoor sports, board, outdoor sports, card, mind, casino, educational, and the useful `miscellaneous' catch-all. This makes it difficult to pin down the typical
Copyright © 1967, 1973 by David Kahn All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information address The Macmillan Company, 866 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-16109 Crown copyright is acknowledged for the following illustrations from Great Britain's Public Record Office: S.P. 53/18, no. 55, the Phelippes forgery, and P.R.O. 31/11/11, the Bergenroth reconstruction. Published by arrangement with The Macmillan Company FIRST PRINTING SECOND PRINTING THIRD PRINTING FOURTH PRINTING FIFTH PRINTING SIXTH PRINTING SEVENTH PRINTING EIGHTH PRINTING NINTH PRINTING TENTH PRINTING SIGNET TRADEMARK: REG. TJ.S. PAT. OFF. AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES REGISTERED TRADEMARK---MARCA REGISTBADA HECHO EN CHICAGO, U.S.A.
r w gametes C , C ; F1 genotypes and phenotypes 1 mark: r w F1 genotypes (all) C C F1 phenotypes (all) pink; F2 genotypes and phenotypes 1 mark: r w r w gametes C , C C , C ; r r r w r w w w F2 genotypes C C C C C C C C F2 phenotypes red pink (pink) white; F2 ratio 1:2:1; accept other symbols if key given. accept r and w as symbols without key. 6 (c) (i) 65; 130; 65; 3 (ii) 0.138 + 0.007 + 0.061; (or other suitable working) 0.206 – 0.208; 2 marks for correct value if no working shown
1. View the surface and decide whether profile is periodic or non- periodic. Upper limit - the 16% rule (Default) 2. When the tolerance limit is specified, use the table shown on the left Measure on the most critical surface. If not more than 16% of all value for condition. based on sampling length are exceed the limit, surface is acceptable. 3. When the tolerance limit is not specified. - The first value does not exceed 70% of the limit. 3
Achieving cost reduction or profit improvement at the expense of their supply chain partners does not make companies more competitive. Transferring cost upstream or downstream leads to "logistics myopia" as all costs ultimately will make way to the final market place to be reflected in the price paid by the end user. Therefore, the leading edge companies seek to make the supply chain as a hole more competitive through the value it adds and the cost it reduces overall. Thus today the real competition is not the companies against the companies but rather supply chain against supply chain. DEFINITIONS Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements as efficiently as possible. Supply chain management
............................................................................................27 SOLAR ENERGY..............................................................................................................27 8.1 Photovoltaic energy...................................................................................................... 28 8.2 Solar thermal heat.......................................................................................................29 8.3 Solar thermal power plants......................................................................................... 30 8.4 Solar energy and the environment..............................................................................30 WIND ENERGY.................................................................................................................31 9.1 The History of Wind ..................................................................................................31 9
The image is transmitted to this screen and then to a pentaprism located above, which inverts the image a second time before the photographer sees it through the viewfinder. Focusing is basically manipulating the amount of light entering the lens. The photographer achieves proper focus by rotating the lens on different axis. In case of auto-focus cameras, this is done automatically using a microprocessor, a rangefinder and a miniature motor, which rotate the lens by sensing the amount of light present and the range of focus. This type of camera has a moveable mirror behind the lens which reflects an image through a five-sided prism (pentaprism) or pair of mirrors, onto a glass screen (the viewfinder). This means the photographer sees exactly the same image that will be exposed on the recording medium (film or digital CCD). When you press the shutter button, the main mirror is flipped out of the way so
.................................................................................27 3.2 THE TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM (TPS) .....................................................................................30 3.3 PHILOSOPHY OF LEAN CONSTRUCTION ...........................................................................................34 3.3.1 TFV views as the foundation for Lean Construction ..............................................................35 3.3.11 Value in construction projects ...........................................................................................36 3.3.12 Flow in construction ..........................................................................................................38 4 3.3.13 Waste identification in construction ....................................
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